This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in (...) the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Recognition and UnemploymentThis paper aims to explore the case of unemployment from the perspective of recognition theory as it was conceived by Axel Honneth. In the first part I present a shortened form of recognition theory and afterwards, in the second part, its take on work and labor in modern societies. Finally, the third part elaborates how unemployment can be understood and evaluated from this viewpoint. I argue that unemployment itself is not a form of misrecognition and therefore not moral (...) evil. But what has to be criticized are the negative effects of unemployment and the degrading treatment of unemployed people. (shrink)

Avec les innombrables inedits, la volumineuse correspondance de Leibniz represente l'indispensable complement a l'etude de son oeuvre publiee. La correspondance avec Jakob Thomasius (Professeur a l'Universite de Leipzig et premier maitre de Leibniz), presentee pour la premiere fois de maniere exhaustive, s'etend de 1663 a 1672. Elle revele les principales preoccupations du jeune philosophe et permet d'apprecier le point de depart de ses reflexions, specialement en physique. Nourri d'un aristotelisme eclaire, en rupture avec la scolastique, Leibniz esperait jeter les bases (...) d'une Reforme de la philosophie naturelle, analogue a celle que Luther, au siecle precedent, avait realisee en theologie. (shrink)

Redigee en 1666 a des fins universitaires (obtention d'un doctorat dans les deux Droits), la Disputatio De Casibus Perplexis in Jure de Leibniz aborde la question de l'ordonnancement juridique, a l'occasion d'une etude consacree aux enonces circulaires apparaissant dans le cadre des affranchissements, des legs et des suretes. Elle montre que leur suppression consiste a retablir un ordre de priorite chronologique ou normatif entre les termes en presence, par la maitrise des relations genre/espece et la formulation de regles justifiant les (...) exceptions. La hierarchie des normes et l'insertion des dispositions derogatoires dans un veritable jus commune, deviennent alors les pierres de touche d'une analyse encore actuelle, dont l'originalite tient au fait qu'elle applique les techniques d'interpretatio legis des Commentateurs du mos italicus, et parvient a les integrer dans une veritable organisation classificatrice du Droit conduisant directement a la codification. Le rationalisme juridique de cette Disputatio devient ainsi l'expression par excellence de trois siecles de doctrine consacres a l'argumentation topique et a la suppression des cas perplexes par l'introduction des circonstances dans l'evaluation des rapports sujet/predicat. (shrink)

Leibniz construit, teste et vérifie sans cesse la pertinence et la cohérence de sa philosophie en la rapportant aux conclusions des autres disciplines. Cette méthode heuristique nourrit son dialogue avec les sciences mathématiques et physiques; moins connus, les enjeux révélés par la réforme moderne de la médecine et la chimie suscitent une interrogation sur la vie et la qualité. Ces sciences expérimentales s'avèrent en effet cruciales pour une philosophie de la nature qui cherche à concilier le mécanisme et le finalisme (...) à travers les concepts d'entéléchie et de monade. Elles obligent en outre à préciser la logique de l'expérience, la fonction de la raison, le statut des principes explicatifs (loi, cause, éléments, analogie). Enfin, elles exigent un fondement qui permette de rapporter les phénomènes organiques à leur véritable origine: la vie. Ce programme se réalise de façon systématique dans la controverse qu'entretiennent Leibniz et Stahl au sujet d'une philosophie de la nature capable de prendre acte des découvertes modernes de la médecine et de la chimie, tout en fondant ces connaissances sur une théorie générale de la substance et de la vie. (shrink)

One of the most important works of the Enlightenment—in the first new, unabridged English translation in more than two centuries Published in four volumes between 1784 and 1791, Herder’s Ideas for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind is one of the most important works of the Enlightenment—a bold, original, and encyclopedic synthesis of, and contribution to, the era’s philosophical debates over nature, history, culture, and the very meaning of human experience. This is the first new, unabridged English translation of (...) the Ideas in more than two centuries. Gregory Martin Moore’s lively, modern English text, extensive introduction, and commentary bring this neglected masterpiece back to life. The Ideas—which engages with many of the leading thinkers of the eighteenth century, such as Montesquieu, Kant, Gibbon, Ferguson, Buffon, and Rousseau—is many things at once: an inquiry into the unity and purpose of history, a reflection on human nature and the place of humans in the cosmic order, an examination of what was beginning to be called “culture,” and a narrative of cultural progress across time among different peoples. Along the way, Herder considers a dizzying variety of topics, including the formation of the earth and solar system, species change, race, the immortality of the soul, the establishment of society, and the pursuit of happiness. Above all, the Ideas is an anthropology—what Alexander Pope had termed an “essay on man”—pervaded by an appropriately humane spirit. A fresh and much-needed modern translation of the complete Ideas, this volume reintroduces English readers to a classic of Enlightenment thought. (shrink)

Evolutionary models consider hunting and food sharing to be milestones that paved the way from primate to human societies. Because fossil evidence is scarce, hominoid primates serve as referential models to assess our common ancestors’ capacity in terms of communal use of resources, food sharing, and other forms of cooperation. Whereas chimpanzees form male-male bonds exhibiting resource-defense polygyny with intolerance and aggression toward nonresidents, bonobos form male-female and female-female bonds resulting in relaxed relations with neighboring groups. Here we report the (...) first known case of meat sharing between members of two bonobo communities, revealing a new dimension of social tolerance in this species. This observation testifies to the behavioral plasticity that exists in the two Pan species and contributes to scenarios concerning the traits of the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo. It also contributes to the discussion of physiological triggers of in-group/out-group behavior and allows reconsideration of the emergence of social norms in prehuman societies. (shrink)

"This volume in Religion and Public Life, a series on religion and public affairs, provides a wide-ranging forum for differing views on religious and ethical considerations. The contributions address the decline of social capital-those patterns of behavior which are conducive to self-governance and the spirit of self-reliance-and its relation to the demise of the civic-humanist tradition in American education. The unifying theme, is that classical studies do not merely result in individual mastery over a particular technique or body of knowledge, (...) but also link the individual to the polity and even to the whole of the cosmic order. At the same time, American republicanism, in its exaltation of the common man from the Jeffersonian agrarian soldier to the apotheosis of Lincoln tempers the classical ideal into something less exalted, if more democratic. The effects on the contemporary state of the liberal arts curriculum are demonstrated in articles critical of the market-model university. Two essays explore the historical and philosophical significance of the discipline of rhetoric, that has suffered under the hegemony of rationalistic philosophy. A concluding contribution, invokes Giambattista Vico as an eloquent defender of the humanities. Humanities and Civic Life includes: "Rome, Florence, and Philadelphia: Using the History of the Humanities to Renew Our Civic Life" by Robert E. Proctor; "The Dark Fields of the Republic: The Persistence of Republican Thought in American History" by David Brown; "Unleashing the Humanities" by Robert Weisbuch; "Liberal Arts: Listening to Faculty" by Dennis O'Brien; "Historical Consciousness in Antiquity" by Paul Gottfried; "Taking the Measure of Relativism and the Civic Virtue of Rhetoric" by Gabriel R. Ricci; "The River: A Vichian Dialogue on Humanistic Education" by Randall E. Auxier."--Provided by publisher. (shrink)

Was macht ein Kind zu einem Kind? Sind Kinder ihren Eltern zur Dankbarkeit verpflichtet? Ist die Schulpflicht eine legitime staatliche Vorgabe? Gibt es ein Recht darauf, Kinder zu haben? -/- Das Handbuch liefert einen systematischen Überblick über die zentralen Konzepte und Theorien sowie die wichtigsten Diskussionsfelder der Philosophie der Kindheit. Zur Debatte stehen neben dem moralischen, rechtlichen und politischen Status von Kindern auch Fragen nach dem instrumentellen oder intrinsischen Wert der Kindheit sowie nach historischen Veränderungen im gesellschaftlichen Umgang mit Kindern.

In seinem Briefwechsel mit Des Bosses – geführt in den letzten zehn Jahren bis zu seinem Tod – erörtert Leibniz alle Aspekte seines komplexen philosophischen Systems von der Metaphysik über die Ontologie bis hin zur Religionsphilosophie. Ein ›Muߋ für jeden Leibniz-Interpreten. Diese Ausgabe erfüllt ein Desideratum: Sie bietet erstmalig eine durchgängige Übersetzung und Aufarbeitung des Briefwechsels zwischen Leibniz und Des Bosses aus den Jahren 1706 bis 1716, eine der wichtigsten Grundlagen für das Verständnis der Philosophie Leibnizens im Stadium ihrer Vollendung! (...) Die Ausgabe von Cornelius Zehetner reiht sich würdig an frühere kommentierte Übersetzungen: den durchlaufenden Gedanken, i.e. die Herauslösung des dynamisch gestuften verbindlichen »vinculum substantiale« – ein zweifaches, oft esoterisch entrücktes Komplement zu Erkenntnislehre, Ontologie und Metaphysik sowie zu Religionsphilosophie, Unionstheologie der pax fidei und Theodizee – zu Tage zu bringen, ist jetzt durch die umfassende Wiedergabe der Korrespondenz in ihrer ursprünglichen Folge gelungen. Erst durch diese Präsentation und die beigegebenen Analysen, befruchtet durch das weit verzweigte Schrifttum, sind nun Leibniz’ späte Einsichten auch für deutschsprachige Leser eröffnet: Themen und Wendungen, welche aus logisch-mathematischen, naturwissenschaftlichen, gesellschaftstheoretischen wie geisteswissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen in steter Auseinandersetzung mit offen liegenden als auch verborgenen Strömungen philosophischer und theologischer Denkmuster resultieren. Lösungsstrategien wie die im vernetzten Dialog mit dem Pater Bartholomé SJ aufbrechenden Kontroversen manifestieren sich in diesem einzigartig nachdenklichen, sowohl freundschaftlichen wie unnachgiebigen Austausch aus peripatetischen und suarezianischen gegenüber postcartesianischen Ansätzen. (shrink)