We study Schauder equivalence relations, which are Borel equivalence relations induced by actions of Banach spaces with Schauder bases. Firstly, we show that and are minimal Schauder equivalence relations. Then, we prove that neither of them is Borel reducible to the quotient where T is the Tsirelson space. This implies that they cannot form a basis for the Schauder equivalence relations. In addition, we apply an argument of Farah to show that every basis for the (...) Schauder equivalence relations, if such exist, has to be of cardinality. (shrink)

We develop some parts of the theory of compact operators from the point of view of computable analysis. While computable compact operators on Hilbert spaces are easy to understand, it turns out that these operators on Banach spaces are harder to handle. Classically, the theory of compact operators on Banach spaces is developed with the help of the non-constructive tool of sequential compactness. We demonstrate that a substantial amount of this theory can be developed computably on Banach spaces with computable (...) Schauder bases that are well-behaved. The conditions imposed on the bases are such that they generalize the Hilbert space case. In particular, we prove that the space of compact operators on Banach spaces with monotone, computably shrinking, and computable bases is a computable Banach space itself and operations such as composition with bounded linear operators from left are computable. Moreover, we provide a computable version of the Theorem of Schauder on adjoints in this framework and we discuss a non-uniform result on composition with bounded linear operators from right. (shrink)

Mundici has recently established a characterization of free finitely generated MV-algebras similar in spirit to the representation of the free Boolean algebra with a countably infinite set of free generators as any Boolean algebra that is countable and atomless. No reference to universal properties is made in either theorem. Our main result is an extension of Mundici’s theorem to the whole class of MV-algebras that are free over some finite distributive lattice.

Even though the talk of causal bases is commonplace in traditional and contemporary discussions about dispositions, the concept of causal bases has never been systematically investigated. This paper aims to fill this gap by developing the causal-grounding account. This account takes two roles as definitory for causal bases. First, causal bases are possible causes of disposition manifestations. Second, causal bases are metaphysical grounds of disposition instantiations. In this paper, we show that the causal-grounding account (CGA) (...) achieves crucial distinctions (for example between causal bases and manifestation conditions), captures relevant traditional features of causal bases, and can be invoked to support the causal efficacy of disposition instantiations. At the same time, CGA does not require that causal bases have to be categorical or intrinsic. This, in turn, allows us to remain neutral concerning fundamental properties, the existence of dispositional or extrinsic causal bases, multi-track dispositions, and the reducibility of dispositions. This neutrality grants the suitability of our account for different philosophical projects and discussions. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é explorar a noção de liberdade enquanto parte ontologicamente intransferível do direito natural humano. Não estamos falando da plena liberdade do sábio, que poucos têm de maneira prevalente, mas de uma liberdade de pensar imaginativamente, conforme seu próprio engenho, sua própria índole, e não apenas conforme o engenho do governante, ainda que este tenha o poder de definir o que é justo e piedoso. Examinaremos as bases ontológicas deste tipo de liberdade, bem como suas consequências (...) políticas retratadas no capítulo final do Tratado Teológico-político. Esta liberdade de opinar, decorrência necessária da natureza humana, é acompanhada da exigência de compartilhar as opiniões com os outros, exigência tanto maior quanto maior é a virtude do indivíduo. Desse modo, conforme afetos ativos embrionários operam no ânimo, a parte intransferível dessa liberdade amplia-se num movimento virtuoso que limita o poder do governante de reprimir a expressão pública das opiniões. (shrink)

In this paper, I distinguish two often-conflated theses—the thesis that all dispositions are intrinsic properties and the thesis that the causal bases of all dispositions are intrinsic properties—and argue that the falsity of the former does not entail the falsity of the latter. In particular, I argue that extrinsic dispositions are a counterexample to first thesis but not necessarily to the second thesis, because an extrinsic disposition does not need to include any extrinsic property in its causal basis. I (...) conclude by drawing some general lessons about the nature of dispositions and their relation to their causal bases. (shrink)

We provide a finite basis for the class of Borel functions that are not in the first Baire class, as well as the class of Borel functions that are not $\sigma $ -continuous with closed witnesses.

Resumo: Pretende-se, neste trabalho, discutir o lugar que a educação ocupa no debate entre liberais e comunitaristas. Com este objetivo, o texto é dividido em três partes, a saber: na primeira parte, apontam-se as dificuldades para que se demarquem os partidários das correntes liberal e comunitarista, de um lado, destacando o liberalismo igualitário e o libertarianismo e, de outro, discutindo as principais críticas que o comunitarismo faz ao liberalismo. Na segunda parte, explora-se o lugar da educação na crítica comunitarista, definindo (...) a concepção de educação e de escola, assim como a ideia de educação para a cidadania e a nececssidade de um currículo comum. Finalmente, na última parta, aponta-se para a agenda comunitarista na educação. Palavras-chave: Liberalismo; Comunitarismo; Educação; Cidadania; Currículo Comum. The normative bases of education: the place of education in the communitarian critique of liberalism Abstract: It is intended in this work, discuss the place that education occupies in the debate between liberals and communitarians. For this purpose, the text is divided into three parts, namely: in the first part, point out the difficulties in demarcating supporters of the liberal and communitarian currents, on the one hand, highlighting egalitarian liberalism and libertarianism and, on the other, discussing the main criticisms that communitarianism makes against liberalism. In the second part, it explores the place of education in communitarian criticismo, defining the concept of education and school, as well as the idea of education for citizenship and the need for a common curriculum. Finally, in the last section, we point to the communitarian agenda in education. Keywords: Liberalism; Communitarianism; Education; Citzenship; Commom Curriculum. Las bases normativas de la educación: el lugar de la educación en la crítica comunitaria del liberalismo Resumen:En este trabajo, se pretende discutir el lugar que ocupa la educación en el debate entre liberales y comunitaristas. Con este objetivo, el texto se divide en tres partes, a saber: en la primera parte, se señalan las dificultades para demarcar a los partidarios de las corrientes liberales y comunitarias, por un lado, destacando el liberalismo igualitario y el libertarismo y, por otro, discutiendo las principales críticas que hace el comunitarismo contra el liberalismo. En la segunda parte, se explora el lugar de la educación en la crítica comunitaria, definiendo el concepto de educación y escuela, así como la idea de educación para la ciudadanía y la necesidad de un currículum común. Finalmente, en la última sección, se señala la agenda comunitaria en educación. Palabras clave: Liberalismo; Comunitarismo; Educación; Ciudadanía; Currículum Común. Data de registro: 15/04/2022 Data de aceite: 13/12/2022. (shrink)

Excellent introduction to the practice of lntegral Yoga.

RESUMEN Recientes intentos por conectar la ética y la biología aristotélicas marcan una suerte de continuidad entre el carácter de los animales no racionales y de los seres humanos, de modo tal que en la descripción de los caracteres de los animales no racionales puede identificarse el punto de partida biológico del propio ser humano en el desarrollo de su carácter moral. En este artículo, propongo señalar los límites de este tipo de lectura, ya que, entendida de cierto modo, ella (...) implica una continuidad entre la normatividad natural y la normatividadpráctica propia de un naturalismo fundacionalista que no puede atribuirse a Aristóteles. En conexión con ello, sostengo que el concepto de virtud natural no es un concepto natural, sino ético, tal que sólo cobra sentido en el marco de la normatividad práctica; la virtud natural, en este sentido, no forma parte de una explicación genética de la virtud sino de un análisis que va del todo a las partes, de acuerdo al cual ella no es anterior sino posterior a la virtud ética. ABSTRACT A recent trend in Aristotelian scholarship tries to link ethics and biology. Within these attempts, some sort of continuity between the character of non-rational animals and that of human beings has been proposed, so that the starting point ofmoral development could be identified in Aristotle’s description of animal’s character. In this article I argue that this reading should strongly qualified, for understood in some ways it entails a sort of continuity between natural normativity and practical normativity that belongs to an Archimedean ethical naturalism, which cannot be reconstructed from Aristotle’s writings. Connected to this, I argue that the concept of natural virtue is not a natural concept, but an ethical one that only makes sense from within the realm of practical normativity; natural virtue, thus understood, is not part of a genetic explanation of virtue, but emerges from a conceptual whole-part analysis. In this manner, natural virtue is no prior, but posterior to ethical virtue. (shrink)

In philosophy, a debate can live forever. Nowhere is this more evident than in ethics, a field that is fueled by apparently intractable dilemmas. To promote the wellbeing of many, may we sacrifice the rights of a few? If our actions are predetermined, can we be held responsible for them? Should people be judged on their intentions alone, or also by the consequences of their behavior? Is failing to prevent someone’s death as blameworthy as actively causing it? For generations, questions (...) like these have provoked passionate arguments and counterarguments, but few clear answers. Here, we offer a psychological account of why philosophical dilemmas arise, why they resist resolution, and why scientists should pay attention to them. Building on a family of recent proposals (Cushman & Young, 2009; Greene, 2008; Sinnott- Armstrong, 2008), we argue that dilemmas result from conflict between dissociable psychological processes. When two such processes yield different answers to the same question, that question becomes a “dilemma”. No matter which answer you choose, part of you walks away dissatisfied. This explanation of philosophical dilemmas has an important payoff for psychological research, and we discuss two specific cases in which it has yielded promising results. In each case, social neuroscience has played an important role in distinguishing the psychological processes responsible for producing a dilemma. This, we suggest, is no accident; cognitive neuroscientific methods are particularly well-suited to dissociating independent psychological processes (Henson, 2006). Consequently, philosophers’ dilemmas provide a reliable guide toward productive cognitive neuroscience by identifying the contours of distinct psychological process. The research we review below focuses particularly on moral dilemmas, which is our own area of expertise. The psychological processes that contribute to moral judgment are of interest in their own right, and play a central role in social cognition.. (shrink)

We describe and try to motivate our project to build systems using both a knowledge based and a neural network approach. These two approaches are used at different stages in the solution of a problem, instead of using knowledge bases exclusively on some problems, and neural nets exclusively on others. The knowledge base (KB) is defined first in a declarative, symbolic language that is easy to use. It is then compiled into an efficient neural network (NN) representation, run, and (...) the results from run time and (eventually) from learning are decompiled to a symbolic description of the knowledge contained in the network. After inspecting this recovered knowledge, a designer would be able to modify the KB and go through the whole cycle of compiling, running, and decompiling again. The central question with which this project is concerned is, therefore, How do we go from a KB to an NN, and back again? We are investigating this question by building tools consisting of a repertoire of language/translation/network types, and trying them on problems in a variety of domains. (shrink)

This article provides a much‐needed review of the neural bases of implicit statistical learning. Batterink, Paller and Reber focus on the neural processes that underpin performance in experimental paradigms employed in implicit learning and statistical learning research. An important insight is that learning across all paradigms is supported by interactions between the declarative and nondeclarative memory systems of the brain. They conclude with a helpful discussion of future directions of research.

Discutir a Educação do Campo criticamente perpassa pelo estudo de suas bases filosóficas e epistemológicas. Nesta perspectiva, esse artigo objetiva discutir os aspectos filosóficos e epistemológicos da Educação do Campo no bojo das tendências pedagógicas contra-hegemônicas contemporâneas. Para tanto, recuperou-se o balanço da produção do conhecimento sobre a Educação do Campo, atualizando-o. Constatou-se a hegemonia dos estudos que utilizam a expressão Educação do Campo em detrimento ao uso do termo Educação Rural, sinalizando a necessidade de novos estudos sistemáticos. Afinal, (...) a adoção do termo não indica, necessariamente, o comprometimento com o campo pedagógico crítico. (shrink)

Hyperbase est un logiciel d’Analyse de Données Textuelles (ADT) qui offre une suite d’outils statistiques dédiés à l’étude de corpus. Initialement développé sur ordinateur de bureau, il se décline depuis 2015 en plateforme web offrant une interface à l’ergonomie travaillée pour un usage tourné vers les sciences humaines et sociales. Après un rappel méthodologique de l’ADT, cette contribution présente Hyperbase Web version 2024, à partir d’exemples concrets d’usages, de notes techniques ainsi que des entrées par le menu (manuel d’utilisateur). Cette (...) présentation sert de référence pour la prise en main du logiciel ou l’utilisation avancée des méthodes d’ADT. (shrink)

This article has two goals. First, it synthesizes and critically assesses current scientific knowledge about the cognitive bases of human tool use. Second, it shows how the cognitive traits reviewed help to explain why technological accumulation evolved so markedly in humans, and so modestly in apes.

Biological and Cultural Bases of Human Inference addresses the interface between social science and cognitive science. In this volume, Viale and colleagues explore which human social cognitive powers evolve naturally and which are influenced by culture. Updating the debate between innatism and culturalism regarding human cognitive abilities, this book represents a much-needed articulation of these diverse bases of cognition. Chapters throughout the book provide social science and philosophical reflections, in addition to the perspective of evolutionary theory and the (...) central assumptions of cognitive science. The overall approach of the text is based on three complementary levels: adult performance, cognitive development, and cultural history and prehistory. Scholars from several disciplines contribute to this volume, including researchers in cognitive, developmental, social and evolutionary psychology, neuropsychology, cognitive anthropology, epistemology, and philosophy of mind. This contemporary, important collection appeals to researchers in the fields of cognitive, social, developmental, and evolutionary psychology and will prove valuable to researchers in the decision sciences. (shrink)

I argue social and political freedom is not primarily about the absence of constraints, whether those constraints be in the form of interference or domination. Instead, social freedom is centrally about what makes us free. That is, the question of social freedom is first and foremost about determining the positive preconditions of being a free person within society. Social freedom is about what I call the social bases of freedom, or those features of our social world that we have (...) a reason to rely on in making plans or going about our business. (shrink)

Knowledge representation (KR) is actually more than representation: It involves also inference, namely inference of “new” knowledge, i.e. new facts. Logic programming is a suitable KR medium, but more often than not discussions on this programming paradigm focus on aspects other than KR. In this paper, I elaborate on the general theory of logic programming and give the essentials of two of its main implementations, to wit, Prolog and Datalog, from the viewpoint of deductive computing over knowledge bases, which (...) includes deductive programming. (shrink)

Our concept of actual causation plays a deep, ever-present role in our experiences. I first argue that traditional philosophical methods for understanding this concept are unlikely to be successful. I contend that we should instead use functional analyses and an understanding of the cognitive bases of causal cognition to gain insight into the concept of actual causation. I additionally provide initial, programmatic steps towards carrying out such analyses. The characterization of the concept of actual causation that results is quite (...) different from many standard views: it is graded, context-sensitive, and extrinsic. (shrink)

The problem of evil is a central issue in the philosophy of religion, for countless believers and skeptics alike. The attempt to resolve the dilemma of positing the existence of an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, creator while recognizing the presence of evil in the world has engaged philosophers and theologians for millennia. This article will not seek to resolve the dilemma but rather to explore the question of why there is a problem of evil. That is, why is it that gods are (...) conceived in ways that give rise to this dilemma? The topic will be approached using insights into the religious mind being developed by the disciplines contributing to the Cognitive Science of Religion. The thesis to be developed is that this problem is a product of natural cognitive processes that give rise togod-beliefs, beliefs that are shaped by evolved moral intuitions. (shrink)

A basis for a set C of functions on natural numbers is a set F of functions such that C is the closure with respect to substitution of the projection functions and the functions in F. This paper introduces three new bases, comprehending only common functions, for the Grzegorczyk classes ℰ_n with n ≥ 3. Such results are then applied in order to show that ℰ_{n+1} = K_n for n ≥ 2, where {K_n}n∈ℕ is the Axt hierarchy.

A great variety of medical conditions are subject to the placebo effect. Although there is mounting evidence to suggest that the placebo effect is related to the expectation of clinical benefit, little is still known about the biochemical bases underlying placebo responses. Positron emission tomography studies have recently shown that the placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease, pain, and depression is related to the activation of the limbic circuitry. The observation that placebo administration induces the release of dopamine in the (...) ventral striatum of patients with Parkinson’s disease suggests a link between the placebo effect and reward mechanisms. In addition to Parkinson’s disease, the placebo-reward model may also apply to other disorders. However, the relative contribution of the different neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that are known to be involved in modulating the activity of the limbic system may be disease-specific. Thus, while the placebo-induced clinical benefit observed in Parkinson’s disease would mostly reflect the release of dopamine in the dorsal striatum, the activation of opioid and serotonin pathways could be particularly implicated in mediating placebo responses encountered in pain and depression, respectively. (shrink)

Available from UMI in association with The British Library. ;This thesis investigates the application of the theory of Conceptual Structures to an Experience Base model, which is a question-answering system for a knowledge base of pseudo-natural language statements of everyday experience. This thesis progresses to extend the fundamental principles carried from the experience base, to develop a framework for Reasoning by Analogy. Both methodologies are implemented, and uncertainty in the models is handled using the theory of Support Logic. ;Incompleteness of (...) information, uncertainty of data and the need for a definite structure to the way in which rules and data interact, are aspects which must be dealt with if the experience base is to succeed. One more aspect is the knowledge representation which dictates the ease with which processing may be performed upon it. Conceptual graphs are used to store information used by an Experience Base. Control of the reasoning is effected by plausible inference reinforced by the theory of Support Logic for handling uncertainty. The knowledge base is a set of initially completely disparate islands of knowledge, which the system automatically clusters into coherent groups in an associative network. ;The principles evolved from research into experience bases lead to the conception, development and implementation of a computational framework for Analogical Reasoning. The reasoning is performed between domains of knowledge rather than within a single domain as in case-based reasoning, and operates on pseudo-natural language statements as for the experience base. It relies on relation-based structure mapping and includes a sophisticated mechanism for translating between the new problem and the analogue. The strong connection between this work and metaphor interpretation is also investigated, together with ideas on how to negotiate with the apparent multitude of types of analogical reasoning. (shrink)

My topic is a problem with our practice of surrogate decision-making in health care, namely, the problem of the surrogate who is not doing her job—the surrogate who cannot be reached or the surrogate who seems to refuse to understand or to be unable to understand the clinical situation. The analysis raises a question about the surrogate who simply disagrees with the medical team. One might think that such a surrogate is doing her job—the team just doesn't like how she (...) is doing it. My analysis raises the question of whether she should be overridden. In approaching this problem, I focus not on the range of difficulties in practice but on the underlying moral conceptual issue. My concern will be to show that the moral values that underpin patient decision-making are fundamentally different from those that underpin surrogate decision-making. Identifying the distinctions will set parameters for any successful solution to the “Who should decide?” question. A patient has a specific kind of moral right to make her own medical decisions. A surrogate has no analogous moral right to decide for someone else. We want the surrogate to make the decision because we believe that she has a relevant epistemological advantage over anyone else on the scene. If and when she has no such advantage or if she refuses or is unable to use it, then there might not be sufficient reason to let her be the decision-maker. (shrink)