Andalusia, the Maghreb, and North Africa have played important roles in Islamic history regarding Qurān memorization and writing. These regions have contributed significantly to Qurānic recitation methods. The expertise of Maghrebi scholars is evident in modern Qurān printing, which often ref-erences their work. This expertise partly stems from a traditional wooden board-based memorization method used for centuries. This study examines the wooden board Qurān memorization tradition in the Maghreb and North Africa. It explores the history and educational process of this (...) method, which began with Islam's spread in the region. The study also describes Qurānic education institutions in the area. The research outlines three main stages of the memorization process and explains different applications of the method. It highlights the characteristics of the wooden board-centered approach, including how it combines visual and auditory learning, recitation to a teacher (ardh), listening (samā'), and writing. The study discusses the bene-fits of starting memorization from the end of the Qurān and how this meth-od aligns with multiple intelligence theory. It also examines 'tanzel' and 'an-sas' practices, which connect memorization to Qurānic orthography. Addi-tionally, the study describes the educational materials used in traditional memorization and explores their symbolic meaning in the regional religious and cultural context. The research uses comparative analysis and literature review methods. (shrink)

Bu yazıda son devir Osmanlı âlim ve müderrislerinden Mehmed Zihni Efendi tarafından Osmanlı Türkçesiyle kaleme alınan “el-Kavlü’s-Sedîd fi ‘İlmi’t-Tecvîd” diğer ismiyle “Tecvîd-i Cedîd” adlı eseri değerlendirilmektedir. Medrese talebelerine yönelik hazırlanmış olan bu eser, üç ana konudan oluşmaktadır: Mushaf-ı Şerif, tilâvet ve tecvîd. Eserde, Kur’ân tarihi ve kitabeti, tilâvetin hükmü ve çeşitleri, Kur’ân eğitiminin fazileti, hatim geleneği gibi konuların yanı sıra vasıl ve vakıf hükümleri, harflerin çıkış yerleri ve sıfatları ile med çeşitleri gibi konular da ele alınmıştır. Müellifin konuları işlerken, yaşadığı (...) dönemle alakalı hatalı davranış ve alışkanlıklara yönelik eleştiri yapmayı da ihmal etmemesi eserin önemli noktalarından birisini teşkil etmektedir. Müellifin, tecvid kaidelerini önce nazarî düzeyde ortaya koyup, daha sonra uygulamalı örneklerle açıklaması; nazarî düzeyde bırakmaması ayrıca önem arz etmektedir. Bu kitap kritiğinde, eserin tanıtımı yanı sıra Zihni Efendi’nin özel görüş ve düşüncelerinin altını çizmeye çalışılmış ve müellifin kullandığı kaynaklar kırâât literatürü açısından değerlendirilmiştir. (shrink)

I. Pryor on McKinsey: " A. Pryor’s Version of McKinsey-style Reasoning 1. Given authoritative self-knowledge, I can usually tell the contents of my own thoughts just by introspection. So I can know the following claim on the basis of reflection alone: " McK-1: I am thinking a thought with the content _water puts out fires_.

Study on the contributions of Śaṅkarācārya to Hindu philosophy.

Study of philosophy of semantics in Vākyapadīya of Bhartr̥hari.

Aktualnejshaya problema segodnyashnego dnya - vyhod iz sistemy globalnyh krizisov, s kotorymi stolknulos naselenie Zemli, i perehod k "obschestvu razumnogo potrebleniya," obschestvu znaniya. Ogromnuyu rol v etom protsesse igraet obrazovanie - sotsialnyj institut, odnoj iz zadach kotorogo yavlyaetsya sohranenie i translyatsiya znaniya v sotsialnyh sistemah. A chto takoe informatsiya? Iznachalno ee teoriya voznikla dlya nuzhd tehniki. Iz-za etogo mnogie ee aspekty ostalis ne razvitymi, potomu chto oni prosto ne byli vazhnymi dlya tehnicheskih sistem. Primenenie teorii informatsii k biologicheskim sistemam uzhe (...) zastavilo zanyatsya voprosom vozniknoveniya novoj informatsii. A rabota s sotsialnymi sistemami vydvinula takie ponyatiya, kak tsennost, effektivnost, slozhnost informatsii i t. d. Bolee polnyj podhod k teorii informatsii, v svoyu ochered, pozvolyaet najti resheniya ryada problem v teorii sotsialnyh sistem, v chastnosti v obrazovanii, i pokazat puti optimizatsii etih protsessov. (shrink)

Time and narratice technique compared. Two novelists, Heliodorus, 3rd century author of the novel Aethiopica and Sigrid Combüchen, contemporary Swedish novelist using a dystopian Europe around 2050 as a scenic setting. In both stories girls and women are captured and killed by soldiers. Both narrators are external to the story being told, presented in the past tense. But Combüchen´s narrator adopts it as a confession, and a turning point in his career as a commanding general, characterized by"double-bind".

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:167. ON McRAE' S HUME Professor McRae's interesting paper may be rather naturally divided into two parts. In the first part he explains what he takes Hume's account of time to be; in the second he advances the bold thesis that Hume's account of time, or perhaps of duration, provides a basis or foundation for his more widely discussed remarks on identity, substance, the self, the necessary connections. In (...) what follows I first reconstruct Professor McRae' s paper, and then I raise some problems, perhaps puzzles, about Hume's view on duration, time and fictions. According to McRae, some philosophers (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz) distinguish between time and duration, both of which are taken to be perfectly legitimate notions. Hume, by contrast, takes time and duration to be the same, viz., a succession of moments. What philosophers and the vulgar call 'duration' is something quite different, namely a single unbroken stretch of time which is not composed of successive parts. Of duration taken in this latter way, McRae says, Hume has four things to say, all of them negative: (1) we have no idea of duration; (2) no object has duration; (3) there is no such thing as duration; and (4) duration is a fiction. Properly understood as a succession of moments, however, time certainly exists and is thus not a fiction. Moreover, we have the or at least an idea of time, despite the fact that it is obtained without derivation from a precedent impression. And, while no object can be said to have time, Hume will nonetheless allow that objects exist at certain times and perhaps across a time span. In the second part of his paper, Professor McRae distinguishes two types of Humean fictions. The first arises when one idea is confused with another and mis-applied to some object. The second arises when the imagination creates an "idea" in the attempt to resolve a 168. contradiction which comes up when the first fiction is applied to an object. What I have called McRae' s "bold thesis" in the second part of his paper can now be stated. Duration, or the putative idea thereof, is a fiction of the first type, one that is attributed to what Hume calls "steadfast objects." However, such an object can be considered in two ways. One might consider the object at two stages of this duration and, McRae says, "...this will give us the idea of number" (p. 126); or, one might consider in turn a series of objects, each of them supposedly "steadfast," all along supposing that though time is changing, the objects are not, and "...in this way- we get the idea of unity" (Ibid.). But no object is both a unity and a multiplicity. So, to reconcile these conflicting considerations, the "idea" or fiction of identity is invented. As McRae says: "The idea of identity is a pure product of the imagination invented to mediate between unity and number" (Ibid. ). This invented "idea" is then mis-applied (a fiction of type one) to interrupted appearances of an object. To reconcile the supposed identity of an object with successive appearances of it, the fiction of substance is invented. Quoting both McRae and Hume, In order to reconcile the contradiction between identity and diversity, the imagination is apt to feign something unknown and invisible, which it supposes to continue the same under all these variations ; 2 and this unintelligible something it calls a substance... (p. 128). Related needs to resolve contradictions, on McRae' s account, lead to the fictions of the self (p. 128) and of necessary connections (p. 130), though the latter fiction is of type one. Hence, McRae' s "bold thesis" amounts to this: Duration is a fiction. In the attempt to apply this fiction, one is led to, logically led to, most, if not all, of the other famous Humean fictions. And, if we allow that there are mental acts, for Hume, as well as impressions and ideas, "...then a fictitious duration will be attributed to 169. objects and by a progressive compounding of fictitious mental actions will give the world the ontological structure which it has for the vulgar belief we all share. It... (shrink)

Unlike his other fictional works Blanchot’s 1953 narrative Celui qui ne m’accompagnait pas has received comparatively little attention. The reasons for this would seem to lie in the intense abstraction of his writing in this work, which is forbidding even by his own standards, but as I will show, this intensity can be understood as comprising a singular topography of the experience of writing. Blanchot’s narrative thereby becomes a very precise and concrete form of aesthetics, which can be usefully compared (...) to the understandings of melancholy developed by Benjamin and Adorno, but transposed into a more stringent modernist context. (shrink)