Ksenologie, ed. Ksenia Olkusz i Krzysztof M. Maj, 2018. Kraków: Ośrodek Badawczy.

Name der Zeitschrift: Nietzscheforschung Jahrgang: 23 Heft: 1 Seiten: 314-318.

This article presents Slavic loanwords in the Austrian variant of the German language. Its aim is twofold: it discusses words of Polish, Slovakian, Czech, Serbo­-Croatian, and Slovenian origin in the Austrian variant of German, as well as stressing the multicultural history of Austria and its influence on vocabulary. The analysis will not only deal with the meaning and etymology of particular words, but will also scrutinize their description in the “Duden” dictionaries: “Deutsches Universalwörterbuch” and “Duden. Wie sagt man in Österreich?”.

Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą wyjaśnienia pojęcia politycznego entuzjazmu, za pomocą którego Immanuel Kant wyraził stosunek do rewolucji francuskiej. Entuzjazm jako czysto rozumowy afekt, a nie jako kolektywnie przeżywana, irracjonalna euforia, pełni w rozważaniach królewieckiego filozofa ważną heurystyczną funkcję. Pozwala mu bowiem uzasadnić pozytywne znaczenie rewolucji, która na poziomie empirycznych faktów okazała się godną moralnego potępienia eskalacją przemocy. W pierwszej części przedstawiono definicję polityki, przydatne w dalszej analizy kategorii entuzjazmu. Głównym punktem odniesienia jest tu teoria polityczna Hannah Arendt. W drugiej części (...) postaram się wyjaśnić dwuznaczną postawę Kanta wobec rewolucji francuskiej, która z punktu widzenia moralnego została przez niego jednoznacznie potępiona, natomiast z punktu widzenia estetycznego i politycznego – oceniana została bardzo pozytywnie. Kluczem do zrozumienia tej ambiwalencji jest kategoria jawnej publiczności. W trzecim rozdziale przechodzę do głównego tematu tego artykułu, czyli kwestii entuzjazm w kontekście politycznym. (shrink)

According to contrastivism in epistemology - advocated chiefly by Jonathan Schaffer - the knowledge relation is not binary (s knows that p) but ternary (s knows that p rather than q). Thus knowledge ascriptions are contrast-sensitive. The aim of this paper is to portray, investigate and assess the details of this view. In the first three sections I focus mainly on arguments for contrastivism. Section fourth is devoted to the contrastivist solution to the skeptical puzzle. In the last three sections (...) I present several problems for contrastivism as well as three main binary explanations for contrast-sensitivity. (shrink)

Advances in analytical understanding of the biosphere’s biogeochemical cycles have spawned concepts of Gaia and noosphere. Earlier in this century, in concert with the Jesuit paleontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, the natural scientist Vladimir Vernadsky developed the notion of noosphere-an evolving collective human consciousness on Earth exerting an ever increasing intluence on biogeochemical processes. More recently, the chemist James Lovelock postulated the Earth to be a self-regulating system made up of biota and their environment with the capacity to maintain a (...) planetary steady state favorable to life. This is the Gaia hypothesis. To many, Gaia and noosphere represent contradictory interpretations of humanity’s relation to planetary ecology. Noosphere emphasizes a free will and obligation to shape the destiny of humanity on Earth through technology and new kinds of social relations. In contrast, Gaia invokes mysterious mechanisms of planetary evolution that lie beyond human control and understanding. I argue that if brought together, noosphere and Gaia can provide a useful symbol for guiding human interventions in global ecology because the contradictions of a nature-centered view of Gaia and a human-centered view of noosphere are coming to be irrelevant with the emergence of an analytical science of the biosphere. (shrink)

Author: Michalski Rafał Title: IN SEARCH OF PARADISIAC NAMES – PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE PROBLEM OF ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE (W poszukiwaniu „rajskich imion” – antropologia filozoficzna wobec problemu genezy języka) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2006, vol:.6, number: 2006/1, pages: 101-117 Keywords: WALTER BENJAMIN, HERDER, GEHLEN, ORIGINS LANGUAGE Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:The article deals with the problem of origin of an individual, particular speech and its relation to the language (...) of intersubjective communication. Paradisiac names – the term used by Walter Benjamin – are words which release suppresed semantic potentiality originated in the early phase of childhood. The author of the article shows the way J.G. Herder and A. Gehlen make clear this phaenomen in their conceptions of anthropology. (shrink)

This article proposes a mereological approach to the dao-you relation in the Daodejing. It is claimed here that dao and you can be conceived of as two integrated subregions, defined in terms of rules of composition and their persistence through time. It is shown that dao is an atemporal object (a fourdimensional unrestricted composition), whereas you is a temporal object (a three-dimensional restricted composition). This particular approach can provide a new understanding of essential issues in Daoist metaphysics.

Graham Priest claims that Asian philosophy is going to constitute one of the most important aspects in 21st-century philosophical research. Assuming that this statement is true, it leads to a methodological question whether the dominant comparative and contrastive approaches will be supplanted by a more unifying methodology that works across different philosophical traditions. In this article, I concentrate on the use of empirical evidence from nonphilosophical disciplines, which enjoys popularity among many Western philosophers, and examine the application of this approach (...) to early Chinese philosophy. I specifically focus on Confucian ethics and the study of altruism in experimental psychology. (shrink)

Nagarjuna (c. 150-250), founder of the Madhyamaka or Middle Way school of Buddhist philosophy and the most influential of all Buddhist thinkers aside from the Buddha himself, concludes his masterpiece, Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way, with these baffling verses: -/- For the abandonment of all views He taught the true teaching By means of compassion I salute him, Gautama -/- But how could anyone possibly abandon all views? In Buddhism between Religion and Philosophy, Rafal K. Stepien shows not only (...) how Nagarjuna's radical teaching of no-view or “abelief” makes sense within his Buddhist philosophy, but also how it stands at the summit of his religious mission to care for all living beings. Rather than treating any one aspect of Nagarjuna's ideas in isolation, here his metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics emerge as a single coherent and convincing philosophical-religious system of thought and practice. -/- Grounded in meticulous study of original texts from classical India and China but innovating on the theories and methods underpinning contemporary scholarship East and West, this study shows how profoundly important voices from the diverse religious and philosophical traditions of the world have until now been diminished, distorted, and silenced. In opening up truly global horizons of existing and co-existing in the world, this work challenges the very ways in which we think about religion and philosophy. (shrink)

Let $\mathcal {I}$ be an ideal on $\omega $. For $f,\,g\in \omega ^{\omega }$ we write $f \leq _{\mathcal {I}} g$ if $f(n) \leq g(n)$ for all $n\in \omega \setminus A$ with some $A\in \mathcal {I}$. Moreover, we denote $\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}}=\{f\in \omega ^{\omega }: f^{-1}[\{n\}]\in \mathcal {I} \text { for every } n\in \omega \}$ (in particular, $\mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}}$ denotes the family of all finite-to-one functions).We examine cardinal numbers $\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal (...) {I}}))$ and $\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}}\times \mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}}))$ describing the smallest sizes of unbounded from below with respect to the order $\leq _{\mathcal {I}}$ sets in $\mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}}$ and $\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}}$, respectively. For a maximal ideal $\mathcal {I}$, these cardinals were investigated by M. Canjar in connection with coinitial and cofinal subsets of the ultrapowers.We show that $\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}})) =\mathfrak {b}$ for all ideals $\mathcal {I}$ with the Baire property and that $\aleph _1 \leq \mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}})) \leq \mathfrak {b}$ for all coanalytic weak P-ideals (this class contains all $\bf {\Pi ^0_4}$ ideals). What is more, we give examples of Borel (even $\bf {\Sigma ^0_2}$ ) ideals $\mathcal {I}$ with $\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}}))=\mathfrak {b}$ as well as with $\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}})) =\aleph _1$.We also study cardinals $\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {J}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {K}}))$ describing the smallest sizes of sets in $\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {K}}$ not bounded from below with respect to the preorder $\leq _{\mathcal {I}}$ by any member of $\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {J}}\!$. Our research is partially motivated by the study of ideal-QN-spaces: those cardinals describe the smallest size of a space which is not ideal-QN. (shrink)

Author: Michalski Rafał Title: ANCIENT SOURCES OF MEANING OF THE TERM “MIMESIS” (Antyczne źródła pojęcia mimezis) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2005, vol:.5, number: 2005/1, pages: 45-64 Keywords: ‘MIMESIS’, PLATO, PYTHAGORAS Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:In this article I show the evolution of meaning of the term ‘mimesis’ in ancient Greece. I distinguish its two basic meanings: copying (imitation) and expression. The older meaning (mimesis as expression) comes from the Pythagorean (...) tradition, whereas the newer one (mimesis as copying) can be traced back to the philosophy of Plato. Analysis of Plato’s dialogues step by step reveals ambivalence of the notion, and, what is most important, points out how useful it can be in epistemology, philosophy of language, psychology and aesthetics. (shrink)

Niniejszy artykuł został poświęcony charakterystyce poglądów wybranych scholastyków i dekretalistów z XIII wieku dotyczących kwestii spożywania w poście słodkich wyrobów aptekarzy, zwanych po łacinie _electuaria_, w angielskiej literaturze przedmiotu znanych jako _electuary_. Autor omówił to zagadnienie, opierając się na analizie fragmentów dzieł autorstwa: Wilhelma z Auxerre (_Summa aurea_, znanym też jako _Summa in IV Sententiarum_), Aleksandra z Hales (_Summa teologii_), Tomasza z Akwinu (_Komentarz do czterech ksiąg Sentencji Piotra Lombarda_ (łac. _Scriptum super libros Sententiarum_) i _Summa teologii_), Innocentego IV (_Commentaria (...) super libros quinque decretalium_) oraz Henryka z Ostii (znanego jako Hostiensis, _Apparatus in Decretales_). Poglądy poszczególnych autorów niniejszej kwestii były zbieżne i sprowadzały się do stwierdzenia, że spożycie elekwarzy w poście jest dopuszczalne, o ile będą traktowane jako słodycze. Każdy z wymienionych autorów używał nieco odmiennych argumentów. I tak Wilhelm z Auxerre wskazał, że przyjmowanie powidełek leczniczych, choć prowadzi do złamania postu, nie skutkuje utratą zasługi, tj. nagrody do życia wiecznego. Aleksander z Hales dokonał analizy typologicznej produktów spożywczych i podzielił je na cztery kategorie, takie jak: lekarstwa, właściwa żywność, lekarstwa pokarmowe i żywność lecznicza. Elekwarze zostały zaliczone do grupy trzeciej i z tego względu mogły być spożywane w poście. Święty Tomasz z Akwinu podkreślił znaczenie czynnika ilościowego i roli walorów smakowych jako kryteriów oceny dopuszczalności spożywania elekwarzy w czasie postu. Zaś zarówno Innocenty IV, jak i Henryk z Suzy (Hostiensis) uwypuklili jedyny warunek spożycia powidełek leczniczych w czasie postu, jakim jest choroba. W konkluzji autor dochodzi do wniosku, że uwaga wybitnych przedstawicieli ówczesnej myśli teologicznej, jak i prawniczej, poświęcona zagadnieniu dopuszczalności spożywania w poście elekwarzy, czyli słodkich wyrobów aptekarskich, stanowiła odpowiedź na zmieniającą się wówczas rolę tego typu wyrobów aptekarskich. Traktowane uprzednio jako lekarstwa na różne dolegliwości (na ogół o podłożu gastrycznym), stawały się słodyczami jedzonymi dla przyjemności i w nadmiarze. Tym samym ich przyjmowanie w czasie postu, czyli umartwiania, rodziło istotny dylemat moralny. W zgodnej opinii zarówno scholastyków, jak i dekretalistów zostały one uznane jako medykamenty i jako takie mogły być przyjmowane w poście. W efekcie ten typ wyrobów aptekarskich, obok kontektów (łac. _confectes_), na trwałe wszedł do menu postnego u schyłku średniowiecza. Co więcej, postrzegane jako produkty postne, cieszyły się rosnącą popularnością, niezależnie od uwarunkowań ówczesnej medycyny, jak i poglądów myślicieli i dekretalistów z XIII wieku. (shrink)

This article presents German loanwords in the Polish language. Its aim is twofold: to discuss words of German origin in Polish, as well as to stress Polish-German language contacts and their influences on vocabulary. The analysis will not only deal with the meaning and etymology of particular words, but will also scrutinize their description in the dictionaries of Polish edited by Doroszewski and Sobol.

Artykuł podejmuje próbę rekonstrukcji teorii wyparcia Sigmunda Freuda. Punktem wyjścia jest wykazanie sprzeczności pomiędzy dwoma odmiennymi ujęciami wyparcia: według pierwszego z nich, wyparcie polega na całkowitym wykluczeniu patogennego impulsu z obszaru świadomości, według drugiego zaś, wyparcie pozbawia odrzucany impuls energii emocjonalnej, ale nie odcina go od świadomości. W dalszej części artykułu omówione są paradoksy, które pojawiają się w topicznym i ekonomicznym modelu psychiki.

Contextualism is an epistemological claim that truth-conditions of knowledge ascribing sentences depend on context in which they are uttered. The discussion concerned with its background and assumptions is predominant in recent epistemology. However, contextualism is known better as the suggested solution for skepticism about the external world. In this paper I present one of the most important contextualist theory which have been proposed in 90's by Keith DeRose. In what follows I outline this proposal's main sources, i.e. i) a relevant (...) alternative theory, ii) Nozick's definition of knowledge and iii) two earlier contextualist ideas made by David Lewis and Gail Stine. Next, I consider some weak aspects of this theory that have been pointed out by critics. (shrink)

This is the third installment of a paper which deals with comparison and evaluation of the standard slingshot argument (for the claim that all true sentences, if they refer, refer to the same object) with the doxastic formulation.

The first installment of a paper comparing the standard slingshot argument with the doxastic version.

Legal probabilism is the view that juridical fact-finding should be modeled using Bayesian methods. One of the alternatives to it is the narration view, according to which instead we should conceptualize the process in terms of competing narrations of what happened. The goal of this paper is to develop a reconciliatory account, on which the narration view is construed from the Bayesian perspective within the framework of formal Bayesian epistemology.

Le scepticisme de Montaigne a jusqu'à présent dominé le débat sur la portée philosophique des Essais. C'est pourtant le concept épicurien du plaisir qui oriente la pensée philosophique tout entière de Montaigne. En tant que force motrice principale régissant les actions humaines, le plaisir constitue en effet la seule mesure des choses, le tamis par lequel doit passer tout contenu existentiel, quelle que soit sa nature: religieuse, philosophique ou passionnelle.

The article presents research into borrowings from German to the Polish language. That research was initiated in the 19th century. German lexical borrowings were linked to other linguistic issues, such as morphology, syntax, phonology or semantic field theory. The most important researcher of German borrowings in Polish were Aleksander Bruckner, Leszek Moszyński, Ludwik Zabrocki, Wilhelm Kästner, Alicja Karszniewicz-Mazur etc. The article is a critical analysis of the most significant publications on this subject.

The purpose of this article is a critical reconstruction of the Platonic conception of laughter, which is presented primarily in Republic and Philebus. A comic quality calls, in his opinion, to lower emotions, it throws human mind out of balance and undermines the prevailing order of values. The philosopher associates a laughter with the feeling of envy, which comes down to the joy of humiliating of someone weaker. The comic envy - as opposed to passive jealousy - almost automatically leads (...) to the activity, to the enhancement of humiliation. Laughter is caused according to Plato by a defect resulting from the ignorance about himself. The key feature of the comic situation is the asymmetry between the victim's weakness and the strength of a laughing person. Plato's concept of laughter turns out to be one-sided, when we compare it with "laughter of Democritus" which serves as a therapeutic and catharctic means. Laughter is here a clear signal that initiates the critical reflection on himself and gives impetus to a change of attitude towards the world. In his writings Plato did not include such educational and cognitive aspects of laughter because in his philosophy it becomes a specific antagonist of true knowledge. The negative attitude towards laughter does not go hand in hand with Plato’s recognition of Socrates, who used irony as a key element in his method of inquiry leading to truth. (shrink)

With material on his early philosophical views, his contributions to set theory and his work on nominalism and higher-order quantification, this book offers a uniquely expansive critical commentary on one of analytical philosophy’s great ...