Results for 'RNA polymerase'

639 found
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  1.  15
    Bacterial RNA polymerase — the ultimate metabolic sensor?Andrew A. Travers - 1988 - Bioessays 8 (6):190-193.
    The RNA polymerase of Enterobacteria senses the physiological state of the cell by interaction with signal molecules such as ppGpp and responds by altering the rate of initiation of rRNA and tRNA species so as to limit or enhance the capacity for further growth.
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  2.  21
    Hypothesis: RNA polymerase: Structural determinat of the chromatin loop and the chromosome.Peter R. Cook - 1994 - Bioessays 16 (6):425-430.
    Current models for RNA synthesis involve an RNA polymerase that tracks along a static template. However, research on chromatin loops suggests that the template slides past a stationary polymerase; individual polymerases tie the chromatin fibre into loops and clusters of polymerases determine the basic structure of the interphase and metaphase chromosome. RNA polymerase is then both a player and a manager of the chromosome loop.
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  3. RNA Polymerase III Transcription.R. J. White & Alan Wolffe - 1995 - Bioessays 17 (3):269-275.
     
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  4.  14
    Processing and termination of RNA polymerase I transcripts.Ronald H. Reeder, Paul Labhart & Brian McStay - 1987 - Bioessays 6 (3):108-112.
    Electron micrographs of active ribosomal genes from many species show a similar picture in which gene regions covered with nascent transcripts alternate with apparently non‐transcribed spacers. Since the gradients of visible nascent transcripts stop near the 3′ end of the 28S sequence it has often been assumed that transcription by RNA polymerase I also terminates at that point. Recent biochemical studies have shown however, that transcription continues far beyond the 3′ end of the 28S and in some species continues (...)
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  5.  20
    Transcription by RNA polymerase II: A process linked to DNA repair.Christian Chalut, Vincent Moncollin & Jean Marc Egly - 1994 - Bioessays 16 (9):651-655.
    The proteins that are implicated in the basal transcription of protein coding genes have now been identified. Although little is known about their function, recent data demonstrate the ability of these proteins, previously called class II transcription factors, to participate in other reactions: TBP, the TATA‐box binding factor, is involved in class I and III transcription, while TFIIH has been shown to possess components that are involved in the DNA repair mechanism. The involvement of some if not all of the (...)
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  6.  16
    Signaling activation and repression of RNA polymerase II transcription in yeast.Richard J. Reece & Adam Platt - 1997 - Bioessays 19 (11):1001-1010.
    Activators of RNA polymerase II transcription possess distinct and separable DNA‐binding and transcriptional activation domains. They are thought to function by binding to specific sites on DNA and interacting with proteins (transcription factors) binding near to the transcriptional start site of a gene. The ability of these proteins to activate transcription is a highly regulated process, with activation only occurring under specific conditions to ensure proper timing and levels of target gene expression. Such regulation modulates the ability of transcription (...)
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  7.  14
    When machines get stuck—obstructed RNA polymerase II: displacement, degradation or suicide.Vincent van den Boom, Nicolaas G. J. Jaspers & Wim Vermeulen - 2002 - Bioessays 24 (9):780-784.
    The severe hereditary progeroid disorder Cockayne syndrome is a consequence of a defective transcription‐coupled repair (TCR) pathway. This special mode of DNA repair aids a RNA polymerase that is stalled by a DNA lesion in the template and ensures efficient DNA repair to permit resumption of transcription and prevent cell death. Although some key players in TCR, such as the Cockayne syndrome A (CSA) and B (CSB) proteins have been identified, the exact molecular mechanism still remains illusive. A recent (...)
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  8.  38
    A molecular model of chromatin organisation and transcription: how a multi‐RNA polymerase II machine transcribes and remodels the β‐globin locus during development.Hua Wong, Peter J. Winn & Julien Mozziconacci - 2009 - Bioessays 31 (12):1357-1366.
    We present a molecular model of eukaryotic gene transcription. For the β‐globin locus, we hypothesise that a transcription machine composed of multiple RNA polymerase II (PolII) assembles using the locus control region as a foundation. Transcription and locus remodelling can be achieved by pulling DNA through this multi‐PolII ‘reading head’. Once a transcription complex is formed, it may engage an active gene in several rounds of transcription. Observed intergenic sense and antisense transcripts may be the result of PolII pulling (...)
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  9.  9
    Enhancers, phase separation and the RNA polymerase II transfer model.Katie Gelder & Daniel Bose - 2023 - Bioessays 45 (10):2300128.
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  10.  16
    First class transcription. RNA polymerase III transcription (1994). By R.J. White. R.G. Landes Company, Austin. viii+147 pp. $89.95. ISBN 1–57059–046. [REVIEW]Alan Wolffe - 1995 - Bioessays 17 (3):272-273.
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  11.  14
    Cell‐type‐specific regulation of RNA polymerase I transcription: a new frontier.Hung Tseng - 2006 - Bioessays 28 (7):719-725.
    Ribosomal RNA transcription was one of the first model systems for molecular characterization of a transcription regulatory mechanism and certainly one of the best studied in the widest range of organisms. In multicellular organisms, however, the issue of cell‐type‐specific regulation of rRNA transcription has not been well addressed. Here I propose that a systematic study of cell‐type‐specific regulation of rRNA transcription may reveal new regulatory mechanisms that have not been previously realized. Specifically, issues concerning the cell‐type‐specific requirement for rRNA production, (...)
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  12.  22
    What The Papers Say: Conservation of RNA polymerase.Geoffrey C. Rowland & Robert E. Glass - 1990 - Bioessays 12 (7):343-346.
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  13.  4
    Peeling by binding or twisting by cranking: Models for promoter opening and transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II.Ulrike Fiedler & H. Th Marc Timmers - 2000 - Bioessays 22 (4):316-326.
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  14.  10
    Better Together: Co‐operation and Antagonism between RNA Polymerases during Transcription In Vivo.Sangjin Kim - 2020 - Bioessays 42 (1):1900215.
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  15.  18
    RNA at DNA Double‐Strand Breaks: The Challenge of Dealing with DNA:RNA Hybrids.Judit Domingo-Prim, Franziska Bonath & Neus Visa - 2020 - Bioessays 42 (5):1900225.
    RNA polymerase II is recruited to DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs), transcribes the sequences that flank the break and produces a novel RNA type that has been termed damage‐induced long non‐coding RNA (dilncRNA). DilncRNAs can be processed into short, miRNA‐like molecules or degraded by different ribonucleases. They can also form double‐stranded RNAs or DNA:RNA hybrids. The DNA:RNA hybrids formed at DSBs contribute to the recruitment of repair factors during the early steps of homologous recombination (HR) and, in this way, contribute (...)
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  16.  13
    Orchestrating ribosomal RNA folding during ribosome assembly.Michaela Oborská-Oplová, Stefan Gerhardy & Vikram Govind Panse - 2022 - Bioessays 44 (8):2200066.
    Construction of the eukaryotic ribosome is a complex process in which a nascent ribosomal RNA (rRNA) emerging from RNA Polymerase I hierarchically folds into a native three‐dimensional structure. Modular assembly of individual RNA domains through interactions with ribosomal proteins and a myriad of assembly factors permit efficient disentanglement of the error‐prone RNA folding process. Following these dynamic events, long‐range tertiary interactions are orchestrated to compact rRNA. A combination of genetic, biochemical, and structural studies is now providing clues into how (...)
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  17.  33
    Targeting MYC in cancer therapy: RNA processing offers new opportunities.Cheryl M. Koh, Arianna Sabò & Ernesto Guccione - 2016 - Bioessays 38 (3):266-275.
    MYC is a transcription factor, which not only directly modulates multiple aspects of transcription and co‐transcriptional processing (e.g. RNA‐Polymerase II initiation, elongation, and mRNA capping), but also indirectly influences several steps of RNA metabolism, including both constitutive and alternative splicing, mRNA stability, and translation efficiency. As MYC is an oncoprotein whose expression is deregulated in multiple human cancers, identifying its critical downstream activities in tumors is of key importance for designing effective therapeutic strategies. With this knowledge and recent technological (...)
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  18.  8
    Common structural features of nucleic acid polymerases.P. Cramer - 2002 - Bioessays 24 (8):724-729.
    Structures of multisubunit RNA polymerases strongly differ from the many known structures of single subunit DNA and RNA polymerases. However, in functional complexes of these diverse enzymes, nucleic acids take a similar course through the active center. This finding allows superposition of diverse polymerases and reveals features that are functionally equivalent. The entering DNA duplex is bent by almost 90° with respect to the exiting template–product duplex. At the point of bending, a dramatic twist between subsequent DNA template bases aligns (...)
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  19.  17
    Cooperative relaxation of supercoils and periodic transcriptional initiation within polymerase batteries.Purnananda Guptasarma - 1996 - Bioessays 18 (4):325-332.
    Transcription and DNA supercoiling are known to be linked by a cause‐effect relationship that operates in both directions. It is proposed here that this two‐way relationship may be exploited by the E. coli genome to facilitate constitutive transcription of supercoil‐sensitive genes by polymerase batteries made up of uniformly spaced RNA polymerase elongation complexes. Specifically, it is argued that (1) polymerases transcribing DNA in tandem cooperate to relax each other's transcription‐driven positive supercoils; and (2) negative supercoils driven upstream by (...)
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  20.  20
    Flavors of Flaviviral RNA Structure: towards an Integrated View of RNA Function from Translation through Encapsidation.Kenneth Hodge, Maliwan Kamkaew, Trairak Pisitkun & Sarin Chimnaronk - 2019 - Bioessays 41 (8):1900003.
    For many viruses, RNA is the holder of genetic information and serves as the template for both replication and translation. While host and viral proteins play important roles in viral decision‐making, the extent to which viral RNA (vRNA) actively participates in translation and replication might be surprising. Here, the focus is on flaviviruses, which include common human scourges such as dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses, from an RNA‐centric viewpoint. In reviewing more recent findings, an attempt is made to fill (...)
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  21.  32
    Phase Separation and Transcription Regulation: Are Super‐Enhancers and Locus Control Regions Primary Sites of Transcription Complex Assembly?Aishwarya Gurumurthy, Yong Shen, Eliot M. Gunn & Jörg Bungert - 2019 - Bioessays 41 (1):1800164.
    It is proposed that the multiple enhancer elements associated with locus control regions and super‐enhancers recruit RNA polymerase II and efficiently assemble elongation competent transcription complexes that are transferred to target genes by transcription termination and transient looping mechanisms. It is well established that transcription complexes are recruited not only to promoters but also to enhancers, where they generate enhancer RNAs. Transcription at enhancers is unstable and frequently aborted. Furthermore, the Integrator and WD‐domain containing protein 82 mediate transcription termination (...)
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  22.  23
    Transcriptional regulation of mammalian ribosomal RNA genes.Masami Muramatsu - 1985 - Bioessays 3 (6):263-265.
    Eukaryotic genes are divided into three categories according to the machineries by which they are transcribed. Ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) are the only ones that are transcribed by RNA polymerase I and are under different control from other genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II or III. None the less, the regulation of rDNA is of prime interest in view of its close relationship to cell growth and differentiation. In this review I shall discuss the recent progress in the (...)
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  23.  37
    Detection of unpaired DNA at meiosis results in RNA‐mediated silencing.Michael J. Hynes & Richard B. Todd - 2003 - Bioessays 25 (2):99-103.
    During meiosis, homologous chromosomes must pair in order to permit recombination and correct chromosome segregation to occur. Two recent papers1,2 show that meiotic pairing is also important for correct gene expression during meiosis. They describe data for the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa that show that a lack of pairing generated by ectopic integration of genes can result in silencing of genes expressed during meiosis. This can result in aberrant meioses whose defects are specific to the function of the unpaired gene. (...)
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  24.  16
    The end of the message: 3'– end processing leading to polyadenylated messenger RNA.Elmar Wahle - 1992 - Bioessays 14 (2):113-118.
    Almost all messenger RNAs carry a polyadenylate tail that is added in a post‐transcriptional reaction. In the nuclei of animal cells, the 3'‐end of the RNA is formed by endonucleolytic cleavage of the primary transcript at the site of poly (A) addition, followed by the polymerisation of the tail. The reaction depends on specific RNA sequences upstream as well as downstream of the polyadenylation site. Cleavage and polyadenylation can be uncoupled in vitro. Polyadenylation is carried out by poly(A) polymerase (...)
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  25.  43
    How Acts of Infidelity Promote DNA Break Repair: Collision and Collusion Between DNA Repair and Transcription.Priya Sivaramakrishnan, Alasdair J. E. Gordon, Jennifer A. Halliday & Christophe Herman - 2018 - Bioessays 40 (10):1800045.
    Transcription is a fundamental cellular process and the first step in gene regulation. Although RNA polymerase (RNAP) is highly processive, in growing cells the progression of transcription can be hindered by obstacles on the DNA template, such as damaged DNA. The authors recent findings highlight a trade‐off between transcription fidelity and DNA break repair. While a lot of work has focused on the interaction between transcription and nucleotide excision repair, less is known about how transcription influences the repair of (...)
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  26.  25
    Regulation of Gene Expression and Replication Initiation by Non‐Coding Transcription: A Model Based on Reshaping Nucleosome‐Depleted Regions.Julien Soudet & Françoise Stutz - 2019 - Bioessays 41 (11):1900043.
    RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) non‐coding transcription is now known to cover almost the entire eukaryotic genome, a phenomenon referred to as pervasive transcription. As a consequence, regions previously thought to be non‐transcribed are subject to the passage of RNAP II and its associated proteins for histone modification. This is the case for the nucleosome‐depleted regions (NDRs), which provide key sites of entry into the chromatin for proteins required for the initiation of coding gene transcription and DNA replication. In (...)
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  27.  15
    The CCA‐adding enzyme: A central scrutinizer in tRNA quality control.Heike Betat & Mario Mörl - 2015 - Bioessays 37 (9):975-982.
    tRNA nucleotidyltransferase adds the invariant CCA‐terminus to the tRNA 3′‐end, a central step in tRNA maturation. This CCA‐adding enzyme is a specialized RNA polymerase that synthesizes the CCA sequence at high fidelity in all kingdoms of life. Recently, an additional function of this enzyme was identified, where it generates a specific degradation tag on structurally unstable tRNAs. This tag consists of an additional repeat of the CCA triplet, leading to a 3′‐terminal CCACCA sequence. In order to explain how the (...)
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  28.  19
    Ubiquitous transcription factors display structural plasticity and diverse functions.Monali NandyMazumdar & Irina Artsimovitch - 2015 - Bioessays 37 (3):324-334.
    Numerous accessory factors modulate RNA polymerase response to regulatory signals and cellular cues and establish communications with co‐transcriptional RNA processing. Transcription regulators are astonishingly diverse, with similar mechanisms arising via convergent evolution. NusG/Spt5 elongation factors comprise the only universally conserved and ancient family of regulators. They bind to the conserved clamp helices domain of RNA polymerase, which also interacts with non‐homologous initiation factors in all domains of life, and reach across the DNA channel to form processivity clamps that (...)
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  29. An interpretive review of the origin of life research.David Penny - 2005 - Biology and Philosophy 20 (4):633-671.
    Life appears to be a natural property of matter, but the problem of its origin only arose after early scientists refuted continuous spontaneous generation. There is no chance of life arising ‘all at once’, we need the standard scientific incremental explanation with large numbers of small steps, an approach used in both physical and evolutionary sciences. The necessity for considering both theoretical and experimental approaches is emphasized. After describing basic principles that are available (including the Darwin-Eigen cycle), the search for (...)
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  30.  20
    SUMO‐regulated transcription: Challenging the dogma.Pierre Chymkowitch, Aurélie Nguéa P. & Jorrit M. Enserink - 2015 - Bioessays 37 (10):1095-1105.
    The small ubiquitin‐like modifier SUMO regulates many aspects of cellular physiology to maintain cell homeostasis, both under normal conditions and during cell stress. Components of the transcriptional apparatus and chromatin are among the most prominent SUMO substrates. The prevailing view is that SUMO serves to repress transcription. However, as we will discuss in this review, this model needs to be refined, because recent studies have revealed that SUMO can also have profound positive effects on transcription.
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  31. Biochemical functions.Francesca Bellazzi - forthcoming - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.
    Function talk is a constant across different life sciences. From macro-evolution to genetics, functions are mentioned everywhere. For example, a limb’s function is to allow movement and RNA polymerases’ function is to transcribe DNA. Biochemistry is not immune from such a characterization; the biochemical world seems to be a chemical world embedded within biological processes. Specifically, biochemists commonly ascribe functions to biomolecules and classify them accordingly. This has been noticed in the recent philosophical literature on biochemical kinds. But while a (...)
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  32.  19
    Functional and dynamic aspects of the mammalian nucleolus.Ulrich Scheer & Ricardo Benavente - 1990 - Bioessays 12 (1):14-21.
    Nucleoli are the sites of ribosome biogenesis. Transcription of the ribosomal RNA genes as well as processing and initial packaging of their transcripts with ribosomal and non‐ribosomal proteins all occur within the nucleolus in an ordered manner and under defined topological conditions. Components of the nucleolus have been localized by immunocytochemistry and their functional aspects investigated by microinjection of antibodies directed against the enzyme responsible for rDNA transcription, RNA polymerase I. The role of nascent transcripts in postmitotic formation of (...)
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  33.  14
    Investigating protein–protein interfaces in bacterial transcription complexes: a fragmentation approach.Patricia C. Burrows - 2003 - Bioessays 25 (12):1150-1153.
    Transcription initiation by σ54–RNA polymerase (RNAP) relies explicitly on a transient interaction with a complex molecular machine belonging to the AAA+ (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) superfamily. Members of the AAA+ superfamily convert chemical energy derived from NTP hydrolysis to a mechanical force used to remodel their target substrate. Recently Bordes and colleagues,1 using a protein fragmentation approach, identified a unique sequence within σ54‐dependent transcriptional activators that constitutes a σ54‐binding interface. This interface is not static, but subject to (...)
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  34.  15
    An emerging role of transcription in chromosome segregation: Ongoing centromeric transcription maintains centromeric cohesion.Yujue Chen, Qian Zhang & Hong Liu - 2022 - Bioessays 44 (1):2100201.
    Non‐coding centromeres, which dictate kinetochore formation for proper chromosome segregation, are extremely divergent in DNA sequences across species but are under active transcription carried out by RNA polymerase (RNAP) II. The RNAP II‐mediated centromeric transcription has been shown to facilitate the deposition of the centromere protein A (CENP‐A) to centromeres, establishing a conserved and critical role of centromeric transcription in centromere maintenance. Our recent work revealed another role of centromeric transcription in chromosome segregation: maintaining centromeric cohesion during mitosis. Interestingly, (...)
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  35.  13
    Advancing evolution: Bacteria break down gene silencer to express horizontally acquired genes.Eduardo A. Groisman & Jeongjoon Choi - 2023 - Bioessays 45 (10):2300062.
    Horizontal gene transfer advances bacterial evolution. To benefit from horizontally acquired genes, enteric bacteria must overcome silencing caused when the widespread heat‐stable nucleoid structuring (H‐NS) protein binds to AT‐rich horizontally acquired genes. This ability had previously been ascribed to both anti‐silencing proteins outcompeting H‐NS for binding to AT‐rich DNA and RNA polymerase initiating transcription from alternative promoters. However, we now know that pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and commensal Escherichia coli break down H‐NS when this silencer is not bound (...)
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  36.  17
    Structural Basis of Nucleosome Recognition and Modulation.Rajivgandhi Sundaram & Dileep Vasudevan - 2020 - Bioessays 42 (9):1900234.
    Chromatin structure and dynamics regulate key cellular processes such as DNA replication, transcription, repair, remodeling, and gene expression, wherein different protein factors interact with the nucleosomes. In these events, DNA and RNA polymerases, chromatin remodeling enzymes and transcription factors interact with nucleosomes, either in a DNA‐sequence‐specific manner and/or by recognizing different structural features on the nucleosome. The molecular details of the recognition of a nucleosome by different viral proteins, remodeling enzymes, histone post‐translational modifiers, and RNA polymerase II, have been (...)
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  37.  23
    UvrD helicase: An old dog with a new trick.Vitaliy Epshtein - 2015 - Bioessays 37 (1):12-19.
    Transcription‐coupled repair (TCR) is a phenomenon that exists in a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to humans. This mechanism allows cells to repair the actively transcribed DNA strand much faster than the non‐transcribed one. At the sites of bulky DNA damage RNA polymerase stalls, initiating recruitment of the repair machinery. It is a commonly accepted paradigm that bacterial cells utilize a sole coupling factor, called Mfd to initiate TCR. According to that model, Mfd removes transcription complexes stalled at (...)
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  38.  18
    Werner syndrome: Entering the helicase era.Charles J. Epstein & Arno G. Motulsky - 1996 - Bioessays 18 (12):1025-1027.
    Werner syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that mimics some of the characteristics of aging. The gene for this disorder has recently been identified as a helicase of the recQ subclass(1). Other phenotypically distinctive disorders caused by different helicase mutations include Bloom syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum and trichothiodystrophy. Possible mechanisms by which helicases might produce the variable phenotypes are discussed. These include altered nucleotide excision repair and RNA polymerase II‐mediated transcription. The discovery of the helicase defect in (...)
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  39.  19
    The human Alu SINE sequences ‐ is there a role for selection in their evolution?John F. Y. Brookfield - 1994 - Bioessays 16 (11):793-795.
    The Alu sequence is a SINE (Short INterspersed Element) that is abundant in the human genome. A new analysis(1) reveals an unexpected conservation of some bases in the DNA sequence of the element. The bases involved include those forming an RNA polymerase III promoter. An unresolved question is whether this conservation results from selection for transposability. This, in turn, is related to the larger question of the evolutionary relationship between members of the Alu sequence family.
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  40.  24
    Control of transcription of Drosophila retrotransposons.Irina R. Arkhipova & Yurii V. Ilyin - 1992 - Bioessays 14 (3):161-168.
    Studies of transcriptional control sequences responsible for regulated and basal‐level RNA synthesis from promoters of Drosophila melanogaster retrotransposons reveal novel aspects of gene regulation and lead to identification of trans‐acting factors that can be involved in RNA polymerase II transcription not only of retrotransposons, but of many other cellular genes. Comparisons between promoters of retrotransposons and some other Drosophila genes demonstrate that there is a greater variety in basal promoter structure than previously thought and that many promoters may contain (...)
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  41.  16
    Problems and paradigms: Fine tuning of DNA repair in transcribed genes: Mechanisms, prevalence and consequences.C. Stephen Downes, Anderson J. Ryan & Robert T. Johnson - 1993 - Bioessays 15 (3):209-216.
    Cells fine‐tune their DNA repair, selecting some regions of the genome in preference to others. In the paradigm case, excision of UV‐induced pyrimidine dimers in mammalian cells, repair is concentrated in transcribed genes, especially in the transcribed strand. This is due both to chromatin structure being looser in transcribing domains, allowing more rapid repair, and to repair enzymes being coupled to RNA polymerases stalled at damage sites; possibly other factors are also involved. Some repair‐defective diseases may involve repair‐transcription coupling: three (...)
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  42.  18
    Introns and gene expression: Cellular constraints, transcriptional regulation, and evolutionary consequences.Patricia Heyn, Alex T. Kalinka, Pavel Tomancak & Karla M. Neugebauer - 2015 - Bioessays 37 (2):148-154.
    A gene's “expression profile” denotes the number of transcripts present relative to all other transcripts. The overall rate of transcript production is determined by transcription and RNA processing rates. While the speed of elongating RNA polymerase II has been characterized for many different genes and organisms, gene‐architectural features – primarily the number and length of exons and introns – have recently emerged as important regulatory players. Several new studies indicate that rapidly cycling cells constrain gene‐architecture toward short genes with (...)
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  43.  7
    Unraveling the role of helicases in transcription.Arri Eisen & John C. Lucchesi - 1998 - Bioessays 20 (8):634-641.
    Proteins with seven conserved “helicase domains” play essential roles in all aspects of nucleic acid metabolism. Deriving energy from ATP hydrolysis, helicases alter the structure of DNA, RNA, or DNA:RNA duplexes, remodeling chromatin and modulating access to the DNA template by the transcriptional machinery. This review focuses on the diverse functions of these proteins in the process of RNA polymerase II transcription in eukaryotes. Known or putative helicases are required for general transcription initiation and for transcription-coupled DNA repair, and (...)
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  44.  23
    Hot news: temperature‐sensitive humans explain hereditary disease.Errol C. Friedberg - 2001 - Bioessays 23 (8):671-673.
    The skin‐cancer‐prone hereditary disease xeroderma pigmentosum is typically characterized by defective nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA. However, since all subunits of the core basal transcription factor TFIIH are required for both RNA polymerase II basal transcription and NER, some mutations affecting genes that encode TFIIH subunits can result in clinical phenotypes associated with defective basal transcription. Among these is a syndrome called trichothiodystrophy (TTD) in which the prominent features are brittle hair and nails, and dry scaly skin. A (...)
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  45.  17
    What the papers say: Compartmentalized transcription and the establishment of cell type during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.James W. Gober - 1992 - Bioessays 14 (2):125-128.
    An early step in sporulation of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, is the formation of two compartments in the developing sporangium: the mother cell and the forespore. These compartments differ in their programs of gene expression and developmental fate. The establishment of cell type within this simple developmental program, is accomplished by the compartmentalization of sigma subunits of RNA polymerase. The localization of these sigma factors results in compartment‐specific gene expression. Recent experiments have elucidated some of the early steps in (...)
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  46.  32
    Histone chaperones FACT and Spt6 prevent histone variants from turning into histone deviants.Célia Jeronimo & François Robert - 2016 - Bioessays 38 (5):420-426.
    Histone variants are specialized histones which replace their canonical counterparts in specific nucleosomes. Together with histone post‐translational modifications and DNA methylation, they contribute to the epigenome. Histone variants are incorporated at specific locations by the concerted action of histone chaperones and ATP‐dependent chromatin remodelers. Recent studies have shown that the histone chaperone FACT plays key roles in preventing pervasive incorporation of two histone variants: H2A.Z and CenH3/CENP‐A. In addition, Spt6, another histone chaperone, was also shown to be important for appropriate (...)
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  47.  15
    Common mechanisms for the control of eukaryotic transcriptional elongation.Anton Krumm, Tea Meulia & Mark Groudine - 1993 - Bioessays 15 (10):659-665.
    Regulation of transcriptional elongation is emerging as an important control mechanism for eukaryotic gene expression. In this essay, we review the basis of the current view of the regulation of elongation in the human c‐myc gene and discuss similarities in elongation control among the c‐myc, Drosophila hsp70 and the HIV‐1 genes. Based upon these similarities, we propose a model for control of expression of these genes at the elongation phase of transcription. This model suggests that distinct promoter elements direct the (...)
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  48.  30
    Bending of DNA by transcription factors.Peter C. van der Vliet & C. Peter Verrijzer - 1993 - Bioessays 15 (1):25-32.
    An increasing number of transcription factors both from prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources are found to bend the DNA upon binding to their recognition site. Bending can easily be detected by the anomalous electrophoretic behaviour of the DNA‐protein complex or by increased cyclization of DNA fragments containing the protein‐induced bend. Induction of DNA bending by transcription factors could regulate transcription in various ways. Bending may bring distantly bound transcription factors closer together by facilitating DNA‐looping or it could mediate the interaction between (...)
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  49.  24
    Intrinsically unstructured proteins evolve by repeat expansion.Peter Tompa - 2003 - Bioessays 25 (9):847-855.
    The proportion of the genome encoding intrinsically unstructured proteins increases with the complexity of organisms, which demands specific mechanism(s) for generating novel genetic material of this sort. Here it is suggested that one such mechanism is the expansion of internal repeat regions, i.e., coding micro‐ and minisatellites. An analysis of 126 known unstructured sequences shows the preponderance of repeats: the percentage of proteins with tandemly repeated short segments is much higher in this class (39%) than earlier reported for all Swiss‐Prot (...)
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  50.  23
    Recent trends in rifamycin research.Rup Lal & Sukanya Lal - 1994 - Bioessays 16 (3):211-216.
    Rifamycin is a clinically useful macrolide antibiotic produced by the gram positive bacterium. Amycolatopsis mediterranei. This antibiotic is primarily used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively. In these bacteria, rifamycin treatment specifically inhibits the initiation of RNA synthesis by binding to β‐subunit of RNA polymerase. Apart from its activity against the bacteria, rifamycin has also been reported to inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT) of certain RNA viruses. Recently, rifamycin derivatives have been dis‐covered that (...)
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