Rethinking the philosophical grounds of police power, Melayna Lamb argues that traditional ideas of sovereignty and the law need to be radically re-evaluated. In placing police at the centre of analysis this book demonstrates the manner in which police power exists in a complex and overlapping relationship with sovereignty and law in a form which is not reducible to implementation. In doing this it argues for the centrality of order in any consideration of police and challenging (...) a common narrative whereby a dynamic, interventionist sovereign power that follows from a belief of order as 'artificial' is replaced by a liberal, limited non-interventionist sovereign power that proceeds from a 'natural' order. Moving through thinkers such as Hobbes, Hegel and Adam Smith the book argues that police power is in fact 'an-archic' in form, in a manner that makes it impossible to hold accountable through the law. Lamb adopts an interdisciplinary approach that turns to philosophy to make sense of global events that see police power at their centre. This includes the history of police brutality in the US, the structural injustices made more apparent by COVID-19 and the growing calls to abolish the police. (shrink)

Dans un territoire de la République de plus en plus fragmenté, l’appréciation du bon ordre est de plus en plus difficile pour l’autorité civile de police municipale, maire ou préfet. L’occupation de l’espace et les conflits qui en résultent sont mal anticipés par la planification de l’urbanisme comme l’illustrent les grands rassemblements d’hommes, le désarroi des campagnes et les quartiers sensibles. L’ordre public doit s’exercer dans la proximité mais sous bonne régulation zonale.

Les premiers champs d'intérêt de Michel Foucault - la folie, la naissance de l'asile, et de la clinique - peuvent paraître bien éloignés du droit. Pourtant, l'étude des institutions qui, de l'hôpital général à la prison, ont "traité" malades et miséreux, fous et débauchés, vagabonds et délinquants, conduit à réinterpréter ces gestes dont l'habitude nous a fait oublier l'étrangeté : enfermer pour enfermer pour guérir, discipliner pour intégrer, exclure pour inclure... Pages de début Introduction I. Généalogie des institutions : le (...) cas des institutions hospitalières Présentation L'enfermement de la folie L'économie de la clinique Le soin des populations II. Droit, disciplines et vérité Le droit comme pratique de la vérité Disciplines, prison et panoptisme Les fonctions de la loi III. Du pouvoir sur la vie au gouvernement de soi Sexualité et pouvoir sur la vie Legouvernement de soi Conclusion Bibliographie Pages de fin. (shrink)

La mobilisation par les pouvoirs publics de fichiers contenant des informations à caractère personnel à des fins de sécurité s'ancre dans une histoire longue. Ces dernières décennies, on constate pourtant une évolution significative de ces fichiers du fait de l'extension de leur nombre, de leur ampleur et de leur champ d'application. Cet article s'intéresse à ce phénomène en analysant certains problèmes dont il est à l'origine. Tout d'abord, les dysfonctionnements que l'exploitation de ces fichiers occasionne. Ensuite, l'accroissement des (...) class='Hi'>pouvoirs de police résultant de la transformation de la finalité de certains de ces fichiers. Enfin, le caractère insatisfaisant de la protection des individus face à l'utilisation qui est faite de leurs données personnelles.Public authorities have used records containing personal information for security reasons fora long time. However, there have been significant developments in recent decades, with records increasing in number, including more data and covering a broader scope. This paper analyses some of the problems caused by this process of expansion. Firstly, we review the administrative dysfunctions that the exploitation of such records may cause. Secondly, we look into the increase in police powers that result from changes in the aims pursued by some filing systems. Finally, we examine the issue of inadequate protection of individual privacy and liberties against the misuse of personal data. (shrink)

Cette contribution propose un bref panorama des enjeux du travail de nuit dans la police à travers des portraits de situations et d’agents travaillant en brigade anticriminalité (BAC) et police secours, permettant d’assurer une présence policière 24 heures/24 et 7 jours sur 7. Elle explore également les revendications salariales, syndicales et associatives, récentes car survenues seulement au milieu des années 2010. Comment ces agents en sont venus à se mobiliser et à faire entendre leurs revendications, tant auprès de (...) leurs syndicats que des pouvoirs publics? Quelles sont, au quotidien, les négociations et adaptations plus informelles pouvant être observées dans ce mode de vie et de travail singulier? (shrink)

La lutte contre le pouvoir colonial britannique s’acheva en 1947 par l’accès de l’Inde au statut de nation indépendante. Hommes et femmes indiennes participèrent à la résistance qui commença à la fin du xixe siècle. En se centrant sur la participation des femmes au mouvement nationaliste, cet article examine les formes de mobilisations féminines à la fois violentes et non-violentes. Il analyse en outre la combinaison des motifs religieux, féministes et nationalistes chez les femmes actives dans la première moitié du (...) xxe siècle. Les sources utilisées sont les mémoires et autobiographies, écrites en anglais ou en bengali, ainsi que la presse – en anglais, hindi ou bengali – et les rapports de police. (shrink)

RésuméLe monisme et le pluralisme ne sont pas seulement utilisés pour décrire la manière dont le droit international s'intègre dans un système juridique national ; ils peuvent également s'appliquer aux études qui cherchent à expliquer le « désordre » de la discrimination. Selon la théorie pluraliste de Sophia Moreau, le caractère répréhensible de la discrimination peut être résumé par trois types de traitement : la subordination, la restriction et l'exclusion. Dans cet article, j'explorerai le rôle que joue le pouvoir dans (...) sa théorie — alors que la question du pouvoir est explicitement discutée en relation avec la subordination, elle est moins apparente en ce qui concerne la restriction et l'exclusion. Cependant, je soutiens que le pouvoir est un élément crucial qui sous-tend toutes les formes de discrimination et tous les motifs de discrimination. (shrink)

The relationship between hermeneutics and Critical Theory is often understood in terms of Paul Ricoeur’s opposition of a hermeneutics of meaning recovery to a hermeneutics of suspicion. I propose to bridge this divide between recovery and suspicion by leveraging the idea that the legitimacy of a society is a function of the adequacy of its self-understanding and by suggesting that a fundamental way in which illegitimate social power operates is through the strategic promulgation and policing of the semantic resources available (...) to individuals for their own self-understanding and agency. I argue that hermeneutic democracy, one that promotes participation in the interpretive practices that generate collectively binding and enabling social meanings, is an antidote to such illegitimate re-strictions on the agency of individuals and social groups. La relation entre l’herméneutique et la théorie critique est souvent comprise en termes d’opposition que fait Paul Ricoeur entre une herméneutique de la récupération du sens et une herméneutique de la suspicion. Je propose de combler cet écart entre récupération et suspicion en exploitant l’idée selon laquelle la légitimité d’une so-ciété est fonction de l’adéquation de sa compréhension de soi et en suggérant qu’un moyen fondamental par lequel le pouvoir social illégitime opère est à travers la promulgation stratégique et la sur-veillance des ressources sémantiques disponibles aux individus pour leur propre compréhension de soi et leur agentivité. Je soutiens qu’une démocratie herméneutique, qui promeut la participation aux pratiques interprétatives générant des signi????ications sociales collectivement contraignantes et habilitantes, est un antidote à ces restrictions illégitimes sur l’agentivité des individus et des groupes sociaux. (shrink)

L’article illustre les particularités procédurales qui caractérisent enquêtes et procès pour les infractions liées au crime organisé. Les règles spéciales édictées pour renforcer l’efficacité de la lutte contre les manifestations de la criminalité organisée sont examinées séparément selon qu’elles affectent directement le droit de la défense ou qu’elles augmentent le pouvoir d’investigation des organes d’enquête (police et ministère public), créant ainsi un grave déséquilibre entre accusation et défense. Même si l’on réduit les droits individuels pour mieux lutter contre le (...) crime organisé, il faut respecter la dignité humaine. Les mesures qui attentent à ces droits doivent être adoptées par un acte motivé de l’autorité judiciaire, dans les cas et selon les modalités prévus par la loi, dans le respect du principe de proportionnalité qui ne peut justifier un sacrifice des droits de la défense lors du jugement. (shrink)

Résumé Cette étude basée sur une expérience concrète et pratique mais trop sommaire peut être résumée ainsi. 1:o En parlant d'une »prévention générale» sans y donner des qualifications précises, l'on pose le Problème de manière à rendre impossible toute réponse, affirmative ou négative. Si l'influence anticriminelle du code était universelle il n'existerait pas de crimes. D'autre part, nier toute influence anticriminelle du code et de son application serait absurde. Puisque le terme de prévention générale est erroné et entretient des malentendus, (...) il doit être supprimé dans le langage scientifique. 2:o Lorsque le code a une influence anticriminelle diffuse, c'est par le risque de sanction subjectif. 3:o Son influence anticriminelle diffuse est limitée à certains groupes de citoyens. 4:o Elle est plus grande parmi les hommes mentalement normaux et sains et bien adaptés à la vie sociale, c'est à dire là où elle est le moins utile. Elle est plus faible parmi les anormaux, les malades d'esprit et les mal adaptés, c'est à dire là oú elle serait le plus nécéssaire. 5:o Pour que les hommes disposés à commettre un certain genre de crimes soient influencés par les sanctions appliquées à d'autres personnes qui ont commis les mêmes crimes, il faut qu'ils s'identifient avec elles à certains égards. 6:o L'influence anticriminelle diffuse du code, exercée par moyen d'une création ou raffermissement des fonctions morales chez les citoyens, n'est possible qu'à mesure que les opinions morales exprimées par le code ne soient pas neutralisées par des opinions morales antagonistes répandues parmi les citoyens. 7:o L'influence anticriminelle diffuse du code s'exerce surtout à mesure que les autorités auxquelles incombent la législation et les décisions concernant les moyens budgetaires nécessaires aux fonctions de la politique criminelle, montrent par leur activité qu'elles prennent la criminalité au sérieux et qu'elles font leur mieux pour la supprimer. 8:o En dehors des fonctions utiles du code et de ses agents pratiques, la législation et son application peuvent produire des effets nuisibles à la moralité du peuple et à l'obéissance aux lois, en statuant des sanctions contre des comportements neutres ou même méritoires ou en permettant aux tribunaux de rendre des arrêts mal fondés pour favoriser des personnes agréables au pouvoir exécutif ou pour rendre inoffensifs ceux qui lui déplaisent. 9:o A l'exception de quelques cas très rares l'influence anticriminelle diffuse du code est soutenue par un traitement des délinquants à la fois rationnel, effectif et humanitaire. Cela peut se faire de plusieurs manières. a. En appliquant, chaque fois qu'un crime est commis et le criminel poursuivi, la meilleure reaction individuelle et sociale qui soit à portée. b. En améliorant successivement le système de réactions vers le plus haut degré d'utilité. c. En augmentant les ressources personnelles et techniques de la police afin de renforcer son activité anticriminelle, préventive et réparative. d. En améliorant les moyens curatifs et éducateurs des établissements de politique criminelle ainsi que les expédients et les mesures de traitement préventif ambulant et en éliminant autant que possible les conditions sociales favorisant la criminalité. e. En ne permettant pas que des criminels connus aux autorités judicères continuent pendant des mois ou des années leur activité criminelle, sans qu'aucune mesure sérieuse ne soit prise à leur égard. f. En évitant autant que possible d'adopter des mesures législatives qui peuvent faire croire au public que la société ne prend pas aus sérieux la criminalité. En appliquant ainsi aux criminels des mesures pratiques suffisantes et rationnelles du point de vue prévention individuelle on renforce aussi l'influence anticriminelle diffuse du code sauf dans des cas tout à fait exceptionnels. (shrink)

"L’organisation d’une pénalité d’enfermement n’est pas simplement récente, elle est énigmatique. Qu’est-ce qui pénètre dans la prison? En tout cas, pas la loi. Que fabrique-t-elle? Une communauté d’ennemis intérieurs". C’est en ces termes que Michel Foucault dénonce, dans ce cours prononcé en 1973, et que viendra compléter, en 1975, son ouvrage Surveiller et punir, le "cercle carcéral". La Société punitive étudie ainsi comment les sociétés traitent les individus ou les groupes dont elles souhaitent se débarrasser, c’est-à-dire les tactiques punitives, mais (...) aussi la prise de pouvoir sur le corps et sur le temps et l’instauration du couple pénalité-délinquance. Michel Foucault retrace l'histoire des "tactiques fines de la sanction" dont il distingue quatre modalités : exiler ; imposer un rachat ; marquer ; enfermer. C'est dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle que se développe une "science des prisons" à fonction corrective et que se construit un discours sur le criminel et son traitement possible, donnant naissance à un schéma de société qui vise à l’absolu du contrôle et de la surveillance. L’ajustement entre le système judiciaire et le mécanisme de surveillance (l’organisation d’une police), entre l’émergence de la richesse et la pratique des illégalismes, entre la force corporelle de l’ouvrier et l’appareil de production s’accomplit ensuite au tournant du XIXe siècle. Foucault démontre donc que ce sont les instances de contrôle para-pénal du XVIIe et du XVIIIe siècle qui ont abouti, in fine, au fonctionnement de la prison, visant à l’élimination du désordre, au contrôle de la distribution spatiale des individus, de leur emplacement par rapport à l’appareil productif. La Société punitive finit par poser la question, cruciale aux yeux du philosophe, de la validité intrinsèque de la loi pénale. A-t-elle vocation universelle ou se limite-t-elle à la douteuse applicabilité d’une somme de décrets? (shrink)

Depuis plusieurs années, le principe de précaution prend de l’ampleur et voit ses contours se modeler et se définir, aussi bien à l’échelle internationale qu’européenne ou française. Malgré tout, il n’a pas la même importance, en fonction de l’échelle à laquelle on se place, et tend à être confondu avec le principe de prévention, deux notions pourtant totalement distinctes. Plus que jamais les questions de climat, de biodiversité, de justice sociale, de gestion des deniers publics ou encore de valorisation et (...) de gestion des ressources sont au cœur des problématiques gérées par les territoires et notamment, par les communes, premier échelon territorial de décision. Le principe de précaution qui inonde l’ensemble de ces matières voit ses contours réduits en France, notamment par une jurisprudence autocentrée, préférant faire la part belle aux questions franco-française d’organisation territoriale, plutôt que d’appliquer un principe qui devient universel, favorisant ainsi l’inertie de l’État central plutôt que l’action locale. Une situation qui ne saurait perdurer davantage. (shrink)

Kao i sva živa bića, čovjek je djelomično genetski predodređen, tj. određen i prije nego što se u potpunosti razvije kao ljudsko biće. Ali ono što čovjeka bitno razlikuje od svih nam poznatih živih bića, jest upravo to što je, u odnosu na njih, njegova predodređenost bitno manje u-rođena, a znatno više pri-rođena. A to znači da su ljudi u odnosu na druge žive vrste manje predodređeni na genskoj, a više na memskoj, upravo kulturnoj razini. Kulturni, a to znači povijesno (...) oduhovljeni okoliš u koji se djeca rađaju i koji zatiču pri-rođenju bitan je čimbenik njihova daljnjeg razvitka. Stoga se čovjek i ne rađa kao čovjek, nego kao dijete koje čovjekom tek mora postati. Za razliku, naime, od bićâ koja već pri rođenju imaju sve bitne odlike svoje vrste i koja se stoga mogu razvijati i uzgojem, tj. poticanjem na rast i pridizanjem onoga što im je biološki već dano, djeci je za ljudski razvitak potreban odgoj koji će ih tek uvesti u određenu kulturu kao njihov duhovni – i samo takav istinski ljudski – zavičaj. Čitavo čovjekovo biće, dakle i ono tjelesno, raste u duhu određene kulture i izrasta iz njega. Kako i koliko kultura određuje čovjeka – predmet je ove rasprave.As all other living beings, man is partially genetically predisposed, that is, determined even before it completely develops as a human being. However, the thing that differentiates man from all other known living beings is the fact that, compared to them, his predisposition is significantly less natured, and significantly more nurtured. This means that humans compared to other living species are less determined on a genetic, and more on a memetic, cultural level. Cultural, meaning a historically spiritualized environment, children are born into and find with birth, is an important factor of their further development. Thus, humans are not born as humans, but as children that have yet to become human. Namely, unlike the beings that have all the important characteristics of their species at birth, which are thus able to develop through breeding, that is, through encouragement of growth and nurturing of what is biologically given, for human development children need raising that will only introduce them into a specific culture as their spiritual – and truly human – environment. The entire human being, including the physical, grows up in a spirit of a specific culture and springs from it. How and how much culture determines man is the topic of this discussion. (shrink)

Budući da je, za razliku od manipulacije, moguć samo kao su-djelovanje u slobodi, odgoj se zbiva tamo i jedino se tamo može zbivati gdje se poštuje i razvija osobnost onih koji u odgoju sudjeluju, tj. koji međusobno odgojno djeluju. To upravo znači da je odgoj djelovanje utemeljeno u poštivanju drugog kao drukčijeg, samosvojnog, autonomnog, slobodnog bića. To nadalje znači da je odgoj u bîti uvijek odgoj za pluralizam vrijednosti, pretpostavki, vjerovanja, mišljenja, odnosno načine života koje ljudi razvijaju kao svoje i (...) u kojima se očituje njihova osobnost. Ali kao su-djelovanje u slobodi to poštovanje mora biti uzajamno.Odgajati dakle znači razvijati drugoga kao drukčijega, koji drži do svoje osobnosti, ali koji isto tako drži i do osobnosti drugih ljudi. I to ne samo zato što misli da pravo na vlastitu osobnost mora platiti pravom drugima da budu drukčiji, nego zato što je svijestan da je osobnost u bîti moguća tek s različitošću ljudi koji se u svojoj različitosti ipak međusobno uvažavaju i komuniciraju otvarajući kroz tu komunikaciju, baš svojom posebnošću, drugima nove mogućnosti osobnog razvoja. Drugim riječima, odgoj se zbiva tamo i tada gdje se zbiva drugi i drukčiji čovjek kojem je drugi i drukčiji čovjek najveća potreba, te sam biva čovjekom pomažući drugome da to bude.Since education, unlike manipulation, is possible only as a co-action in freedom, it occurs, andcan occur only at the point where educational co-actors’ personalities are being respected and developed. That implies that the education is an actionfounded in respecting the Other as different, autonomous and free human being. Furthermore,that figures that the education is essentially always an education for pluralism of values, presuppositions,beliefs, thoughts, ways of life that people develop as their very own and through which theymanifest their personalities. But, as the co-action in freedom, that respect has to be mutual.Therefore, educating means developing the Other as different, as one that respects his own personality,but also respects Others’ personalities. And not only because one considers that as a way ofpaying for the right to his own personality by means of Others’ rights to be different, but because ofbeing conscious that the personality is essentially possible only among different people who developmutual respect exactly through their differences. Through that kind of communication, particularlyby their singularity, they render new possibilities of personal development to Others. In other words,education takes place only there and then where other and different human beings occur, and assuch have the greatest need for different Others, being themselves the human beings by helpingOthers to be ones. (shrink)

S razvitkom kapitalizma sve više se govori i piše o slobodnom vremenu, a njegovim komercijaliziranjem razvile su se unosne gospodarske grane: »industrija zabave«, turizam i sport. Kapital, međutim, slobodno vrijeme najprije prepoznaje kao vrijeme slobodno od rada, tj. kao besposlicu, a tek u najnovije doba – kada je naučio kako od njega profitirati – i kao vrijeme slobodno za učenje i stvaralaštvo, tj. kao dokolicu.Razlika između besposlice koja teži potrošnji i dokolice koja se ispunjava samodjelatnošću mnogima je još nejasna. A (...) tu se razliku često i namjerno prikriva da bi se slobodno vrijeme, s jedne strane, lakše komercijaliziralo i da bi se, s druge strane, poništio njegov društveno revolucionarni naboj. Tome služi i prikrivanje razlike između rada i samodjelatnosti, pa se postavlja pitanje: jesu li sportska natjecanja igra ili rad? Ili za primjer: igra li se nogomet, ili se nogomet radi?With the development of capitalism free time is more and more the subject of spoken and written word, and with its commercialization three profitable economy branches have developed: “entertainment industry”, tourism and sport. Capital, meanwhile, identifies free time as time free from work, or idleness, and only in recent time – when it learnt to make profit out of free time- time free for learning and creativeness, or as leisure.Difference between idleness, which leans towards consumption, and leisure, which fulfils itself with self-activity, to a great many is still obscure. And that difference is often and purposely concealed meaning to, on one side, commercialize free time more easily and, on the other hand, to quash its socially revolutionary surge. For that purpose is also the concealing of difference between work and self-activity, and the question is asked: are the sport competitions a game or a work? Or precisely: “Does one play football, or does one do football?”. (shrink)

Every year at its symposiums, the Croatian philosophical society proves that it wants to and can be in step with current happenings in the world and social needs which open up questions that ask for quick and well thought out an -swers. Such was foremost the symposium during the annual assembly of the Croatian Philosophical Society in 2000 under the titlePhilosophy and Educa-tion. There was also the international symposium held during the 13th Days of Frane Petriæ in Cres, September 20–22, (...) 2004 – under the title Philosophy and Education in Contemporary Society. The focal point of philosophical elabo -rations at the symposiums was one of the hot topics of the contemporary world: education. (shrink)

Osim intuitivnih spoznaja kojima svijest neposredno zna sebe kao postojeće, sve su ostale spoznaje višestruko posredovane. A da bi uopće bile moguće, moraju biti zasnovane na vjerovanju iz kojega jedino mogu proizići čak i najskromnije spoznajne pretpostavke. No iako je snažna vjera ili bar kakvo-takvo vjerovanje u valjanost pretpostavki nužno ishodište svake umske spoznaje, ipak je tek sumnja ta po kojoj se iz tih pretpostavki može doprijeti do znanja. Jer vjera koja nije otvorena za sumnju i provjeru, spoznajno je jalova. (...) Štoviše ona je istinogubna.Stoga upravo sumnja čini mišljenje kritičkim, a filozofiju kao filo-sofiju razgraničava od arogantnog dogmatizma, zdravorazumske ograničenosti i ideološke lažnosti.Pa ako umska spoznaja bez vjere ili bar vjerovanja nije moguća, vjera koja ne uvažava ili čak negira umsku spoznaju nedostojna je življenja.Except for intuitive cognitions by which consciousness is immediately aware of itself as existing, all other cognitions are mediated in multiple ways. To make this possible in the first place they need to be based on the belief from which even the most modest hypotheses can stem. Although firm faith or at least some kind of similar belief in the validity of the hypotheses is the necessary origin of every mental-rational cognition, doubt is the only thing that can lead to knowledge from those hypotheses. Faith which is not open to doubt and verification is cognitively futile. Furthermore, it is truth-evasive.Bearing that in mind doubt is that what makes thinking critical and draws the boundary between philosophy as philo-sophia and arrogant dogmatism, pure-sense limitation and ideological falseness.So if mental-rational cognition without faith or at least belief is not possible, the faith which does not respect or which even negates mental-rational cognition is unworthy of living. (shrink)

Doprinos žena u razvoju kulture direktno je povezan sa samim pojmom colere, koji se izvodi iz aktivnosti oko uzgoja biljaka i obrađivanja zemlje, u čemu su osnovnu ulogu u početku imale žene. Kao skupljačice žene su kopale i otkopavale biljke kopljem i naučile kako ih same mogu saditi. Time je započela kultura vrtova koja je u svijest ljudi trajno usadila pojam raja, mjesta na zemlji gdje je čovjek sretan, ali i dovela do spoznaje o načinu začeća djeteta. Od kulture vrta (...) do zemljoradnje bio je samo jedan korak, ali presudan za društveni status žena. S patrijarhatom, koji se gradi na spoznaji o očinskoj ulozi, nastupa zaborav doprinosa žena u stvaranju kulture. Koplje, oruđe u rukama žene, postalo je i ostalo isključivo oružje u rukama muškarca. Osim što je potisnuta iz povijesti, žena je optužena za gubitak raja na zemlji, a s vremenom proglašena i za opasnost koja može ugroziti ulazak u neki budući raj. Svoj vrhunac patrijarhat doseže u kapitalizmu, ali se upravo iz noseće ideologije kapitalizma otvaraju i brojna pitanja o patrijarhatu. Njegovo održavanje postaje smetnja daljnjem društvenom razvitku. Stoga su nastojanja oko reinterpretacije prošlih događaja nužna za nepatrijarhalnu rekulturalizaciju koja bi omogućila budućnost čovjeka i kulture.The contribution of women in the development of culture is directly linked to the very concept of colere, which originates from the activity regarding the growing of plants and agriculture, in which women had a significant historical role. As gatherers, women dug up plants and learned how to grow them themselves. This started a culture of gardening that permanently implanted the concept of paradise, a place on earth where humans are very happy, in the human conscience. It took just one step from the gardening culture to agriculture, key for mankind as much as the social position of women. The role of women in creating the basis for developed cultures is gradually forgotten. A spear, tool in the hands of woman, have became and remained exclusively weapon in the hands of man. Besides, she was accused for the loss of paradise on earth, and with time pronounced as the danger for a potential life in a future paradise. Patriarchate as the rule of chosen men, experiences its pinnacle in capitalism, but it is also in that period and its ideology where many questions arose about it. Its maintenance becomes an obstacle for future social development. Therefore, the attempts to reinterpret past events are necessary for unpatriarchal re-culturization, which would enable a future of both man and culture. (shrink)

Monetary Intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the bright side of Monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics, frames money attitude in the context of pay and life satisfaction, and controls money at the macro-level and micro-level. We theorize: Managers with low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior will have high subjective well-being: pay satisfaction and (...) quality of life. Data collected from 6586 managers in 32 cultures across six continents support our theory. Interestingly, GDP per capita is related to life satisfaction, but not to pay satisfaction. Individual income is related to both life and pay satisfaction. Neither GDP nor income is related to Happiness. Our theoretical model across three GDP groups offers new discoveries: In high GDP entities, “high income” not only reduces aspirations—“Rich, Motivator, and Power,” but also promotes stewardship behavior—“Budget, Give/Donate, and Contribute” and appreciation of “Achievement.” After controlling income, we demonstrate the bright side of Monetary Intelligence: Low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior define Monetary Intelligence. “Good apples enjoy good quality of life in good barrels.” This notion adds another explanation to managers’ low magnitude of dishonesty in entities with high Corruption Perceptions Index. In low GDP entities, high income is related to poor Budgeting skills and escalated Happiness. These managers experience equal satisfaction with pay and life. We add a new vocabulary to the conversation of monetary intelligence, income, GDP, happiness, subjective well-being, good and bad apples and barrels, corruption, and behavioral ethics. (shrink)

Corruption involves greed, money, and risky decision-making. We explore the love of money, pay satisfaction, probability of risk, and dishonesty across cultures. Avaricious monetary aspiration breeds unethicality. Prospect theory frames decisions in the gains-losses domain and high-low probability. Pay dissatisfaction (in the losses domain) incites dishonesty in the name of justice at the individual level. The Corruption Perceptions Index, CPI, signals a high-low probability of getting caught for dishonesty at the country level. We theorize that decision-makers adopt avaricious love-of-money aspiration (...) as a lens and frame dishonesty in the gains-losses domain (pay satisfaction-dissatisfaction, Level 1) and high-low probability (CPI, Level 2) to maximize expected utility and ultimate serenity. We challenge the myth: Pay satisfaction mitigates dishonesty across nations consistently. Based on 6500 managers in 32 countries, our cross-level three-dimensional visualization offers the following discoveries. Under high aspiration conditions, pay dissatisfaction excites the highest- (third-highest) avaricious justice-seeking dishonesty in high (medium) CPI nations, supporting the certainty effect. However, pay satisfaction provokes the second-highest avaricious opportunity-seizing dishonesty in low CPI entities, sustaining the possibility effect—maximizing expected utility. Under low aspiration conditions, high pay satisfaction consistently leads to low dishonesty, demonstrating risk aversion—achieving ultimate serenity. We expand prospect theory from a micro and individual-level theory to a cross-level theory of monetary wisdom across 32 nations. We enhance the S-shaped Curve to three 3-D corruption surfaces across three levels of the global economic pyramid, providing novel insights into behavioral economics, business ethics, the environment, and responsibility. (shrink)

Monetary intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the dark side of monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics—dishonesty. Dishonesty, a risky prospect, involves cost–benefit analysis of self-interest. We frame good or bad barrels in the environmental context as a proxy of high or low probability of getting caught for dishonesty, respectively. We theorize: The magnitude and intensity of (...) the relationship between love of money and dishonest prospect may reveal how individuals frame dishonesty in the context of two levels of subjective norm—perceived corporate ethical values at the micro-level and Corruption Perceptions Index at the macro-level, collected from multiple sources. Based on 6382 managers in 31 geopolitical entities across six continents, our cross-level three-way interaction effect illustrates: As expected, managers in good barrels, mixed barrels, and bad barrels display low, medium, and high magnitude of dishonesty, respectively. With high CEV, the intensity is the same across cultures. With low CEV, the intensity of dishonesty is the highest in high CPI entities —the Enron Effect, but the lowest in low CPI entities. CPI has a strong impact on the magnitude of dishonesty, whereas CEV has a strong impact on the intensity of dishonesty. We demonstrate dishonesty in light of monetary values and two frames of social norm, revealing critical implications to the field of behavioral economics and business ethics. (shrink)

The ethical issues that affect police officers of all ranks and locations are explored in this fascinating introduction to the stark and shocking reality of real-life policing situations. Drawing on examples from the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, Asia, and South Africa, this book examines policing incidents from the everyday to public events that capture widespread media attention. Fully updated with revised case studies, this edition offers discussion and analysis of current ethical issues, including zero-tolerance policing; community-based policing; (...) private policing; police involvement with central, state or local governments; the internationalization of policing; specialist roles such as peacekeeping; and civil rights in relation to terrorism laws. (shrink)

How can we enhance police integrity? The authors surveyed over 3000 police officers from 30 U.S. police departments on how they would respond to typical scenarios where integrity is challenged. They studied three police agencies which scored highly on the integrity scale: Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina; Charleston, South Carolina; and St. Petersburg, Florida. The authors conclude that enhancing police integrity goes well beyond culling out "bad apple" police officers. Police administrators should focus on four (...) aspects: organizational rulemaking; detecting, investigating and disciplining rule violations; circumscribing the informal "code of silence" that prohibits police from reporting the misconduct of their colleagues; and understanding the influence of public expectations and agency history. (shrink)

Le Jansénisme c’est d’abord un mot, une idée et une réalité. Ce sont aussi des personnages, hommes et femmes, qui au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècles ont joué une incarnation qui n’était pas que religieuse ou théologique, malgré le primat de celle-ci. Le tableau historique que propose M. Le Guern est aussi l’analyse des positions et réactions des principaux acteurs, de Richelieu et Saint-Cyran à Antoine Arnaud, de Nicolas Pavillon et le Formulaire, jusqu’à Quesnel et la reprise des hostilités après (...) une certaine accalmie fin de siècle, avec les effets de la Bulle Unigenitus. Comme on le sait, le terme, sinon vraiment définitif dont il faudrait encore parler, du moins selon d’importants repères historiques, se lit aujourd’hui en divers mouvements qui, après miracles et convulsions, se réduiront, à défaut de se résoudre, dans les conflits, les dispersions et les dérives sectaires. Jansenism is, first of all, a word, an idea, and a reality. It also includes characters, the men and women who incarnated it during the 17th and 18th centuries, not only on a religious or theological level, despite the primacy of the latter. The historical picture that M. Le Guern proposes is also an analysis of the positions and reactions of the principle actors, from Richelieu and Saint-Cyran to Antoine Arnaud, from Nicolas Pavillon and the Formulary, all the way to Quesnel and the renewal of hostilities, after a certain calm at the end of the century, due to the effects of the Bull Unigenitus. As we know, the term “Jansenism”, while still open to discussion, can at least be interpreted today, in terms of important historical landmarks. It comprised various movements which, after miracles and convulsions, were finally degenerated –for want of a resolution – into conflicts, dissipation, and sectarian drifts. (shrink)

Policing in South Africa reached notoriety for its extensive history of oppressive law enforcement. In 1994, as the country's apartheid system was replaced with a democratic order, the new government faced the significant challenge of transforming the South African police force into a democratic police agency-the South African Police Service (SAPS)-that would provide unbiased policing to all the country's people. More than two decades since the initiation of the reforms, it appears that the SAPS has rapidly developed (...) a reputation as a police agency beset by integrity challenges. This book offers a unique perspective by providing in-depth analyses of police integrity in South Africa. It is a case study that systematically and empirically explores the contours of police integrity in a young democracy. Using the organizational theory of police integrity, the book analyses the complex set of historical, legal, political, social, and economic circumstances shaping police integrity. A discussion of the theoretical framework is accompanied by the results of a nationwide survey of nearly 900 SAPS officers, probing their familiarity with official rules, expectations of discipline within the SAPS, and their willingness to report misconduct. The book also examines the influence of the respondents' race, gender, and supervisory status on police integrity. Written in a clear and direct style, this book will appeal to students and scholars of criminology, policing, sociology, political science, as well as to police administrators interested in expanding their knowledge about and enhancing police integrity. (shrink)

Avec l’identification biométrique, nous passons imperceptiblement du contrôle à distance des populations pratiqué par les États modernes à des macro-systèmes techniques qui imposent de plus en plus leur propre logique. Du point de vue anthropologique ce déplacement de paradigme met en jeu la définition même de l’identité en renforçant le divorce entre l’identité civile et l’identité personnelle ou sociale. La frontière est désormais inscrite à même le corps biologique des individus au sein de l’espace géré depuis les terminaux du grand (...) réseau mondial de gestion des flux disséminés sur la planète. Elle tend donc à se confondre avec les limites fonctionnelles du Macro-Système technique. Du point de vue du droit, la mise en place par les États de dispositifs d’identification biométriques s’exprime principalement par la restriction de la liberté de circuler accordée aux individus. L’un des constats apporté par la revue des législations nationales montre pourtant que le droit s’adapte globalement à cette nouvelle situation. Cet article interroge en conclusion quelques-unes des raisons permettant d’expliquer ces reculs successifs et propose, parmi elles, la définition implicite de l’individu sur laquelle fait fond le droit moderne.With biometric identification we are imperceptibly moving from the remote control of the population practised by the modern States on to large technical systems which increasingly impose their own logic on people. From an anthropological viewpoint, this paradigm shift calls into question the very definition of « identity » by broadening the divide between civil identity and personal or social identity. The frontier is now inscribed on the biological body of the individual within the space that is managed from the terminals of the global flow management networks scattered the world over. The frontier thus tends increasingly to coincide with the functional limits of the large technical system. From a legal viewpoint, the introduction by States of biometric identification systems results primarily in a restriction of the freedom of circulation granted to individuals. One of the findings which emerge from a review of national legislations is however that law is globally adapting to this new situation. In the conclusion, the article considers some of the reasons behind these successive backward steps, and proposes, amongst them, an implicit definition of the individual on which modern law is founded. (shrink)

The article is built in twelve remarks posing and arguing the “choice of not to”: not to enter the systematics of Joas’ essay and Joas’ thought about what he conceives as “the powers of the sacred”. The discussion is based on the introduction to the book and the preface to its French translation, remaining in a multidisciplinary references field, external to the Joasian systematics. It is not about the terms of the debate, nor about the debate concerning the Weber’s concept (...) of disenchantment and its reception. On the contrary, all along the threshold pages of Joas’ essay, the argument consolidates its discussing exteriority, without seeking or claiming to invalidate Joas’ thesis. The choice of not to, as a way of thinking attempted here, is closer to the Taubesian “discordant accord” figure, than that of the Weberian “elective attraction”, which, moreover, Joas takes over in his own way. What is at stake is not to subscribe to the anachronistic invalidation of a modern self-understanding that was effective, which indeed does not solve the question of thinking how it is outdated today. It is also not to subscribe to think the extreme effective plurality of the religions on the bases of two unifying notions, the political and the (in fact too particular) notion of “sacred”. (shrink)

The structure of police agencies, especially how the boundaries of their authority are drawn, is a crucial element of their legitimacy. Poorly drawn boundaries encourage unjustified police power and illegitimate police agencies. Claiming that realized political entities in developed democracies are illegitimate is fraught, in part because the difference between legitimate and illegitimate political power can be subtle in practice. To overcome this difficulty, I propose thinking in terms of “legitimacy-risk profiles.” I develop a way of determining (...) a measure of risk to legitimacy associated with various kinds of police power and agency structure. I then use it to explore the institutional boundaries recommended by the legitimacy-risk profiles of different kinds of policing. The result is a normative framework for thinking about political legitimacy at the realized—that is, not the fundamental and idealized—level. (shrink)

Foreword - The Honorable Gerald E. Ragan -- Introduction -- Code of Ethics [adopted by the International Association of Chiefs of Police] -- Ch. 1 Code of ethics -- Ch. 2 Practicality versus the code of ethics -- Ch. 3 Gratuities -- Ch. 4 Police solicitations -- Ch. 6 Personal matters -- Ch. 7 The jaded policeman -- Ch. 8 The administration of discipline -- Ch. 9 Where are we going? -- Epilogue -- Index.

Filling a gap in knowledge in gender theory, genocidal, and Holocaust studies, this paper operationalizes the concept of phallicism as an analytic explanation of the simultaneous killing and sexual victimization of racialized men in western, capitalist, patriarchal societies. The theory of phallicism posits that racialization lays the basis for a sexualization process wherein racialized males are caricaturized as both salacious savages (who can be raped by the men or women of the dominant racial group) and bestial/wanton creatures deserving of immediate (...) death for the sake of liberal civility. Breaking with the dominant interpretive lenses in scholarly discourses around race and gender that understand racialized femininity as the basis of dehumanization, this paper will operationalize the notion of phallicism through historical and comparative analysis of the writings of political prisoner George Jackson and Primo Levi, a survivor of the Jewish Holocaust. With the theory of phallicism—the guiding theoretic of the paradigm of Black Male Studies—we can sharpen our conceptual acumen to account for the function of misandric patterns of intergroup violence and its role as the organizing principle of the negrophobia characteristic of Western, patriarchal, capitalist regimes. (shrink)

This paper provides an overview of the societal impact of a rising dementia population and examines the legal and ethical implications posed by voluntary registries as a community-oriented solution to improve interactions between law enforcement and individuals with dementia. It provides a survey of active voluntary registries across the United States, with a focus on Arizona, which has the highest projected growth for individuals living with dementia in the country.

The essay is concerned with questions about the legitimacy of the concepts we may want to use. My main focus is Guy Kahane’s criticism of Michael Sandel’s ideas about enhancement. I try to bring out what is at stake in the disagreement between Kahane and Sandel, and I sketch some of the connections with Jane Heal’s criticism of the idea that truth is of value.

Si le déploiement d’une compétence éthique en situation nécessite la capacité et la volonté de la personne à déceler et à résoudre les problèmes de nature éthique qu’il rencontre, je proposerai dans ce texte qu’il nécessite aussi, en raison de la part d’autonomie qu’il requiert, que la personne ait le pouvoir de déployer cette compétence. Or, alors que les deux premières conditions d’exercice dépendent de la personne, cette troisième condition, à laquelle je m’intéresserai plus particulièrement dans ce texte, lui est (...) pour sa part externe. Ainsi, je proposerai que c’est non seulement la personne, mais aussi un enchevêtrement d’éléments du contexte, de la situation et surtout, du réseau d’interactions dans lesquels une personne s’insère qui, parce qu’ils exercent sur elle des pouvoirs, détermineront si la personne aura la possibilité d’agir de façon compétente en situation éthique. Ainsi, s’intéresser à la compétence éthique impliquera nécessairement de s’intéresser à la question du pouvoir et à la façon dont s’exerceront les pouvoirs en situation – des pouvoirs sur ou des pouvoirs avec – puisque cela aura une influence déterminante sur le pouvoir de la personne de déployer sa compétence de façon effective en situation. (shrink)