This study aimed to adapt the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire -Brief Version to the Portuguese elderly, and to investigate the effect of relevant and easy to assess predictors on the strength of religious faith. Participants were 778 non-institutionalized Catholic elderly, with a majority of women, young-olds, with four years or less of education, and practicing Catholics. The sample was randomly split in two to study the invariance and the structural validity of the SCSRFQ-Brief Version across both groups. (...) Following this step, a multiple indicators and multiple causes model for age, gender, educational level, and religious participation influence on strength of religious faith was tested across groups. All predictors were statistically significant, with religious participation being the most influential. The study of religion in the elderly is enriched by resource to valid multiple-item instruments as the SCSRFQ-Brief Version. (shrink)

This international series publishes outstanding philosophical monographs and edited volumes about Wittgenstein. Publications may focus on his work as a whole or on specific topics. The series also addresses Wittgenstein's life, his sources, and the impact of his works. The volumes are peer-reviewed and present state-of-the-art Wittgenstein research. German-language contributions will be published in the series Über Wittgenstein, and English-language contributions in the series On Wittgenstein.

To what extent is the form of our life fixed, i.e. is there a form of life or forms of life? How does this bear on the nature of experience? These are two Wittgensteinian questions in need of clarification. Wittgenstein on Forms of Life and the Nature of Experience sheds light on a much exploited but rarely analysed topic in Wittgenstein scholarship while addressing central themes of contemporary philosophy. Bringing together essays from some of the leading scholars in the field, (...) the book concentrates on Wittgenstein’s concept of Lebensform(en), and more specifically its evolution in the author’s thought until his death in 1951. (shrink)

This study examines the interplay between text summarization techniques and embeddings from Language Models (LMs) in constructing expert systems dedicated to the retrieval of legal precedents, with an emphasis on achieving cost-efficiency. Grounded in the growing domain of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in law, our research confronts the perennial challenges of computational resource optimization and the reliability of precedent identification. Through Named Entity Recognition (NER) and part-of-speech (POS) tagging, we juxtapose various summarization methods to distill legal documents into a convenient form (...) that retains their essence. We investigate the effectiveness of these methods in conjunction with state-of-the-art embeddings based on Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly ADA from OpenAI, which is trained on a wide range of general-purpose texts. Utilizing a dataset from one of Brazil’s administrative courts, we explore the efficacy of embeddings derived from a Transformer model tailored to legal corpora against those from ADA, gauging the impact of parameter size, training corpora, and context window on retrieving legal precedents. Our findings suggest that while the full text embedded with ADA’s extensive context window leads in retrieval performance, a balanced combination of POS-derived summaries and ADA embeddings presents a compelling trade-off between performance and resource expenditure, advocating for an efficient, scalable, intelligent system suitable for broad legal applications. This study contributes to the literature by delineating an optimal approach that harmonizes the dual imperatives of computational frugality and retrieval accuracy, propelling the legal field toward more strategic AI utilization. (shrink)

Decisions of regulatory government bodies and courts affect many aspects of citizens’ lives. These organizations and courts are expected to provide timely and coherent decisions, although they struggle to keep up with the increasing demand. The ability of machine learning (ML) models to predict such decisions based on past cases under similar circumstances was assessed in some recent works. The dominant conclusion is that the prediction goal is achievable with high accuracy. Nevertheless, most of those works do not consider important (...) aspects for ML models that can impact performance and affect real-world usefulness, such as consistency, out-of-sample applicability, generality, and explainability preservation. To our knowledge, none considered all those aspects, and no previous study addressed the joint use of metadata and text-extracted variables to predict administrative decisions. We propose a predictive model that addresses the abovementioned concerns based on a two-stage cascade classifier. The model employs a first-stage prediction based on textual features extracted from the original documents and a second-stage classifier that includes proceedings’ metadata. The study was conducted using time-based cross-validation, built on data available before the predicted judgment. It provides predictions as soon as the decision date is scheduled and only considers the first document in each proceeding, along with the metadata recorded when the infringement is first registered. Finally, the proposed model provides local explainability by preserving visibility on the textual features and employing the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Our findings suggest that this cascade approach surpasses the standalone stages and achieves relatively high Precision and Recall when both text and metadata are available while preserving real-world usefulness. With a weighted F1 score of 0.900, the results outperform the text-only baseline by 1.24% and the metadata-only baseline by 5.63%, with better discriminative properties evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic and precision-recall curves. (shrink)

System analyses deal with interrelationships between different variables that keep the system in balance. In many analysis of complex thinking, a system is viewed as a complex unit in which the ‘whole’ is not reduced to the ‘sum’ of its parts; the system becomes an ambiguous item because it consists of several entities that interact with unforeseen results or, in other words, it is situated at a transdisciplinary level, it is impossible for an area to have a complete reading of (...) its complexity. It was also mentioned that the concept of the open system best describes complexity by stating that ‘the laws of the organization are not equilibrium, but an imbalance that is restored or compensated for by stabilized dynamics’. This idea originated from the field of thermodynamics and the second law, in which the imbalance that it maintains allows the system for an apparent balance. This fragile steady state has something of a paradox, since the structures remain the same, but their constituents are changeable. The concept of open system undoes the door to a theory of evolution that can only derive from the interactions between a system and its ecosystem. Within this systemic approach, the focus of the analysis takes into account the ambiguity, multidisciplinary and complexity associated with system adjustment, i.e. it is intended to qualify an employee job based on their experience and knowledge as a measure of their impact on the organization performance. (shrink)

BackgroundFor a long time, in sports, researchers have tried to understand an expert by comparing them with novices, raising the doubts if the visual search characteristics distinguish experts from novices. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to review and conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the differences in visual search behavior between experts and novices in team sports athletes.MethodsThis systematic review with meta-analysis followed the PRISMA 2020 and Cochrane's guidelines. Healthy team athletes were included, which engaged in regular practice, (...) from any sex or competitive level, specifically classified a priori as expert or novice in the original research. We considered only research published in peer-reviewed journals, with no limitations regarding date or language. It was considered healthy team sport athletes engaged in regular practice. The scenarios could be in situ or film-based. The databases of EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were used to perform the searches. The risk of bias was calculated through the RoBANS tool.ResultsFrom a total of 6,257 records, of which 985 were duplicates, titles and abstracts of 5,272 were screened, and 45 required full-text analysis. Of those, 23 were excluded due to not fulfilling the eligibility criteria regarding participants. In the end, 22 studies were selected, however, as two studies were part of the same trial and were analyzed conjointly.DiscussionExperts showed to be older and with more years of practice. The ability to distinguish experts from novices was not so clear regarding the variables analyzed. This could be due to the strategies chosen in each study, which were specific to each scenario, and when grouping all together, it was lost information within non-representative averages. The distinction between experts and novices was not clear, showing a lot of heterogeneity in the included studies. The expert classification itself may have been the conditioning aspect for these results, retaining the doubt and the need for more studies in the field.Systematic review registrationThe protocol was pre-registered in OSF. (shrink)

The increase in women’s labor market participation emphasizes the importance of understanding maternal separation anxiety, that is, the unpleasant maternal emotional state, due to the actual or anticipated short-term separation from the child. Drawing on the insights of the attachment and psychoanalytic perspectives, the Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale was developed to overcome existing measurement gaps. However, prior research did not replicate its original three-factor structure in the contemporary context and in other cultural settings, using large samples composed of mothers of (...) preschool children. This study aimed to examine the factorial structure of the MSAS in a sample of 597 Portuguese mothers of children aged 5–84 months who completed the questionnaire. The exploratory factor analysis conducted in subsample 1 revealed a four-factor structure: Maternal Negative Feelings, Beliefs about Exclusive Maternal Care, Need of Proximity, and Perceptions of Separation Benefits for Children. Confirmatory factor analyses conducted in subsample 2 revealed that the original three-factor structure revealed a poor fit, whereas the four-factor solution revealed an acceptable fit. As in previous studies, our findings report deviations from the original three-factor structure of the MSAS. Three of the newly identified factors seem to reflect specific sub-dimensions that originally guided item development in the MSAS, namely, maternal negative feelings, maternal attitudes about the value of exclusive maternal care, and the need of proximity with the child. The last factor appears to represent a refinement of original items pertaining to perceptions about separation effects for children. (shrink)

O debate em torno do futuro da Europa, e, em particular, sobre o controverso Tratado Constitucional da União Europeia tem suscitado a publicação recente de diversos artigos e livros sobre o tema. Esta diversidade confere, no entanto, a este ensaio, em nosso entender, uma originalidade acrescida, proporcionada, em larga medida, pelo recurso a uma reflexão crítica e assumidamente prospectiva com que o autor aborda um abrangente conjunto de matérias subjacentes ao processo de integração europeia...

The study of sleep and wakefulness can inform debates about the nature of consciousness. We argue that sleep and wakefulness fall along a multidimensional continuum and that inconsistencies and paradoxes with the accounts put forth by Merker et al. and Tononi can be understood in terms of a pervasive false dichotomy between these two states.

Classification learning is a preeminent human ability within the animal kingdom but the key mechanisms of brain networks regulating learning remain mostly elusive. Recent neuroimaging advancements have depicted human brain as a complex graph machinery where brain regions are nodes and coherent activities among them represent the functional connections. While long-term motor memories have been found to alter functional connectivity in the resting human brain, a graph topological investigation of the short-time effects of learning are still not widely investigated. For (...) instance, classification learning is known to orchestrate rapid modulation of diverse memory systems like short-term and visual working memories but how the brain functional connectome accommodates such modulations is unclear. We used publicly available repositories (openfmri.org) selecting three experiments, two focused on short-term classification learning along two consecutive runs where learning was promoted by trial-by-trial feedback errors, while a further experiment was used as supplementary control. We analyzed the functional connectivity extracted from BOLD fMRI signals, and estimated the graph information processing in the cerebral networks. The information processing capability, characterized by complex network statistics, significantly improved over runs, together with the subject classification accuracy. Instead, null-learning experiments, where feedbacks came with poor consistency, did not provoke any significant change in the functional connectivity over runs. We propose that learning induces fast modifications in the overall brain network dynamics, definitely ameliorating the short-term potential of the brain to process and integrate information, a dynamic consistently orchestrated by modulations of the functional connections among specific brain regions. (shrink)

Ramseyan decision theory is the best explication of the philosophical model of folk-psychology. Davidson contends that its basic axioms are synthetic a priori truths of human psychology. This contention admits being reduced to the claim that human agents have to be regarded as rational betters. Tversky and Kahneman challenge this claim. Consideration of the evidence indicates that theory-contradicting interpretations of human actions make frequently more cognitive sense and are more 'commonsensical' than theory-preserving interpretations. Thus, the philosophical model of folk- psychology (...) fails in two ways: as an empirical theory of human action and as a model of our folk-psychological interpretive practices. (shrink)

The paper proposes a focus upon the notion of “aura” as it emerges from the work of Baudelaire. In particular, the paper shows how the relevance of such a work lies precisely in its capacity to critically interrogate the relationship between art, aura and modernity: in its capacity to exhibit exemplary, on the one hand, the irremediable decline of aura understood as “uniqueness” and “originality” of the artwork (therefore, the aura as expression of a sense given once and for all) (...) and, on the other hand, the possible survival of an aura conceived rather as appearance of an inaccessible “distance”, and then of an irreducible otherness. From this point of view, in staging a short-circuit between spleen and idéal, i.e between “myth” and “hope”, the Baudelairian artistic form offers itself to us as an expression of authentic “auratisation of the datum”. (shrink)

O tema central desta monografia é a noção de realidade, tal como esta foi entendida por alguns cientistas naturais da primeira metade do século XX. Os cientistas-filósofos escolhidos são: Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger e Max Born. À guisa de comentário introdutório, devo observar que o tema da realidade não é o único aqui abordado, e que a presente monografia pode ser tomada como uma primeira introdução às ideias e teses filosóficas dos seis cientistas referidos. (...) Ao escrever este trabalho, o meu principal objetivo foi o de fazer com que os estudantes de graduação dos cursos de filosofia tenham a possibilidade de ler um comentário geral sobre as ideias filosóficas – em particular, as metafísicas, portanto referentes à natureza da realidade – de alguns dos físicos mais importantes do século passado. Um segundo público alvo possível pode ser encontrado entre os estudantes do ensino médio. Finalmente, este texto pode, eventualmente, ser definido como paradidático, atraindo a atenção de professores, principalmente daqueles que atuam neste último segmento. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} Tendo como referência 0 pensamento de Ernst Bloch, analisaremos 0 significado da filosofia marxiana a partir Teses sobre Feuerbach. Em tais Teses podem ser observados elementos importantes para a compreensáo dos pressupostos marxianos de filosofia, como o conceito [homem], a relaçáo (...) teoria-prática, o conceito de trabalho e, fundamentalmente, a posiçáo relativa à Filosofia da práxis, repondo em pauta o problema do humanismo real e concreto. (shrink)

Resumo: Os processos avaliativos, na universidade, são perpassados por um ethos que prima pela quantificação e pelo ranqueamento. Em decorrência, observa-se cada vez mais a descaracterização da avaliação na sua acepção qualitativa e, consequentemente, formativa. A afirmação desse ethos, na universidade, bem como na sociedade, é facilitada pelos algoritmos de big data, os quais estão na base da constituição da chamada “sociedade métrica”, em que há uma tendência geral para utilizar formas quantitativas para realizar classificações sociais. Neste texto, com respaldo (...) em revisão de literatura, objetiva-se refletir sobre dois processos de avaliação de docentes que atuam no ensino superior e que ultrapassam o espaço acadêmico pela sua dimensão pública espetacularizada: a) o ranqueamento da produção docente, por meio do índice h; e b) a avaliação realizada por estudantes em sites públicos, neste caso específico, o site de avaliação docente ratemyprofessors.com. A partir destas duas estratégias de avaliação, professores, pesquisadores e alunos envolvem-se em uma espécie de certame onde se mostrar, ser visto, monitorado, classificado passa a ser critério de aprovação (percebido) ou, no limite, perda de financiamentos e do próprio trabalho (cancelado). Palavras-chave: Avaliação Docente; Algoritmos; Sociedade Métrica; Cultura Digital. Entre el ranking y el rating: La evaluación digital del profesor en la era de la sociedad métrica Resumen: Los procesos de evaluación en la universidad están impregnados de un ethos que busca la cuantificación y el ranqueo. Como resultado, se observa cada vez más la descaracterización de la evaluación en su sentido cualitativo y, en consecuencia, formativo. La afirmación de este ethos, tanto en la universidad como en la sociedad, se ve facilitada por los algoritmos de big data, que están en la base de la constitución de la llamada “sociedad métrica”, en la que existe una tendencia generalizada a utilizar formas cuantitativas para realizar clasificaciones sociales. En este texto, apoyado en una revisión de la literatura, el objetivo es reflexionar sobre dos procesos de evaluación de profesores que laboran en la educación superior y que van más allá del espacio académico por su dimensión pública espectacularizada: a) el ranking de la producción docente, a través del índice h, b) la evaluación realizada por los estudiantes en los sitios web públicos, en este caso concreto, el sitio web de evaluación del profesorado ratemyprofessors.com. A partir de estas dos estrategias de evaluación, docentes, investigadores y estudiantes se involucran en una especie de certamen en el que mostrarse, ser visto, monitoreado, clasificado se convierte en un criterio de aprobación (percibido) o, en última instancia, pérdida de financiamiento y trabajo propio (cancelado). Palabras-clave: Evaluación Docente; Algoritmos; Sociedad Métrica; Cultura Digital. Between ranking and rating: Digital evaluation of professors in the metric society Abstract: Evaluation processes at universities are permeated by an ethos that emphasizes quantification and ranking. As a result, an increasing discharacterization of the qualitative and thus educational sense of evaluation is observed. The affirmation of this ethos in universities, and in society as a whole, is facilitated by big data algorithms, which are at the foundation of the constitution of the so-called ‘metric society’, in which there is a general trend to use quantitative forms to conduct social classifications. This text, supported by a review of the literature, reflects on two processes of evaluation of professors of higher education that go beyond the academic space because of their spectacularized public dimension: the ranking of professor production, by the “h index” and b) evaluations conducted by students on public online sites, in this case, the ratemyprofessors.com site. Based on these two evaluation strategies, professors, researchers, and students are involved in a dispute in which displaying oneself, being seen, monitored, and classified become criteria for (perceived) approval, or, at the limit, for a loss of financing for one’s work (canceling). Keywords: Evaluation Of Professors; Algorithms; Metric Society; Critical Theory; Digital Culture. Data de registro: 15/04/2022 Data de aceite: 13/12/2022. (shrink)

La determinación del significado filosófico de la «religión» es una tarea compleja, que debe considerar lo histórico, lo descriptivo y lo crítico, tratando de abarcar los distintos elementos implicados en un concepto tan saturado de matices. El examen de algunas manifestaciones prehistóricas, como las pinturas rupestres, cuyo sentido determinado posiblemente se nos escape para siempre, puede servir paradójicamente como vía de acceso a algunos elementos constitutivos de lo religioso, precisamente situados más allá de su concreción cultural.

O caderno Filosofia e Consciência Negra: desconstruindo o racismo que integra a Coleção Saberes e Práticas 1 da EdUFMT é resultado da experiência dos bolsistas do PIBID, Estudantes da Licenciatura em Filosofia da UFMT campus Cuiabá em atuação nas escolas estaduais sob a supervisão, coordenação e organização dos professores aqui autores que possuem formação em Filosofia e, se configura em um convite à reflexão e discussão sobre um dos principais problemas do mundo contemporâneo: o racismo. Palavras chave: Filosofia; Consciência; Racismo.

The article begins by noting that the first mention of the Correspondence between Seneca and Paul appears in De viris illustribus of Jerome. After a summary of the status quaestionis, it examines the context of the De viris, particularly the information on Seneca. Then the article presents an analysis of some aspects of the Correspondence in order to highlight the harmony between the views of the Correspondence and the ideas of Jerome, especially the considerations on the inadequacy of the language (...) of the Pauline letters. After finding other reasons of convergence, we formulate a hypothesis about the origin of the Correspondence. (shrink)

Transmodern ethics establishes moral norms on liberal, pluralist and pragmatic principles. We see a comeback of the negation morals, however not of ontology-anchored morals, as is the case of the God who picks favourites or of the jealous God paradigm, and not even of morals anchored in a contractualist perspective, as is the case in the modern period. The preferred focus is on the value of positivism, of cooperation as a source of efficiency, of personal enrichment, be it cultural, spiritual, (...) or moral, derived from the access to alterity. Tolerance as an ethical value is legitimised by a new, utilitarian humanism. The ethical construction of identity revolves around the value of loyalty to a tradition, a dogma, a mentality, and by extension to any coherent system liable to generate a sense of belonging. Postindustrial ethics uses for instance the value of loyalty as a strategy in marketing, organisational development, political propaganda etc. The policies used in order to increase the loyalty of a shop's customers, the employee's loyalty for the company she works for, the supporter's loyalty to his team, are the translation in layman terms of the loyalty ethics that in spiritual terms was one of the foundations of orthodoxy as loyalty to the tradition of the holy fathers. The values of equality, liberty and fraternity have been more than that, as they have laid the foundations of the modern society. (shrink)

Controversies around large-scale development projects offer many cases and insights which may be analyzed through the lenses of corporate social (_ir_)responsibility (CS_I_R) and business ethics studies. In this paper, we confront the CSR narratives and strategies of _WeBuild_ (formerly known as _Salini Impregilo_), an Italian transnational construction company. Starting from the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice (EJAtlas), we collect evidence from NGOs, environmental justice organizations, journalists, scholars, and community leaders on socio-environmental injustices and controversies surrounding 38 large hydropower schemes built (...) by the corporation throughout the last century. As a counter-reporting exercise, we code (un)sustainability discourses from a plurality of sources, looking at their discrepancy under the critical lenses of post-normal science and political ecology, with environmental justice as a normative framework. Our results show how the mismatch of narratives can be interpreted by considering the voluntary, self-reporting, non-binding nature of CSR accounting performed by a corporation wishing to grow in a global competitive market. Contributing to critical perspectives on political CS(I)R, we question the reliability of current CSR mechanisms and instruments, calling for the inclusion of complexity dimensions in and a re-politicization of CS(I)R accounting and ethics. We argue that the fields of post-normal science and political ecology can contribute to these goals. (shrink)

In this article I analyze the Peirce’s concepts of abduction, insight, logica utens and logica docens in order to propose, finally, a vision in which “genuine” abductions are generated only after an exercise in logica docens. These “genuine” abductions are characterized in contrast to those generated by means of logica utens.

The phenomenologist Gerda Walther posits the possibility of a new social act, which she terms telepathy. It is marked by an intimate in-terpersonal union in which ego and alter ego become capable of sharing in the identical lived experience, though distant from one another. Here, there is no fusion or collective identi????ication; rather, in-dividuals, though they live the experience and mind of the other, never lose or transcend their own individuation. Unlike the act of empathy, there is no analogical transfer. (...) This article defends the possibility of a restricted sense telepathy. The author argues that four conditions must be ful????illed for telepathy to occur: recognition of a social drive; a partially willed act of mind that results in the assump-tion of a certain stance, but it also comes upon us as an experience; constitution of subjects as persons marked by a “fundamental es-sence”; and I-splitting. (shrink)