東アジア共通の知の基盤を創った99人。日本・中国・韓国の3か国から各33名、近世の代表的思想家を紹介。単なる技術の学ではなく、儒学を基調として、自己修養や自然への畏敬など「心」を重んじる実心実学思想は 、東アジア世界の独自かつ共通の知的達成であった。近代以降を席巻した西洋の知的体系が大きな見直しを迫られるいま、東アジア独自の知の源泉を再認識する。.

I argue that legitimacy discourses serve a gatekeeping function. They give practitioners telic standards for riding herd on social practices, ensuring that minimally acceptable versions of the practice are implemented. Such a function is a necessary part of implementing formalized social practices, especially including law. This gatekeeping account shows that political philosophers have misunderstood legitimacy; it is not secondary to justice and only necessary because we cannot agree about justice. Instead, it is a necessary feature of actual human social practices, (...) which must be implemented via practitioners' discretion in changing contexts. (shrink)

Clarifying the mission of the American high school / Ernest L. Boyer--Educational goals and curricular decisions in the new Carnegie Report / John Martin Rich--Essential schools : a first look / Theodore R. Sizer--Teaching and learning : the dilemma of the American high school / Chester E. Finn, Jr.--The paideia proposal : rediscovering the essence of education / Mortimer Adler--The paideia proposal : noble amibitions, false leads, and symbolic politics / Willis D. Hawley--Cultural literacy : let's get specific / E.D. (...) Hirsch, Jr.--Cultural literacy : what every educator needs to know / Thomas H. Estes, Carol J. Gutman, and Elise K. Harrison--A blueprint for public education / John E. Chubb--Should market forces control educational decision making / Jack Tweedie--Teachers as transformative intellectuals / Henry A. Giroux--Dilemma language / Colin Lacey--Rich schools, poor schools : the persistence of unequal education / Arthur E. Wise and Tamar Gendler--Partial privatization of publice school finance / Thomas G. Fox and John Riew--Quality and equality in American education : public and Catholic schools / James S. Coleman--Oranges plus apples, Dr. Coleman, give you oranges plus apples / James Rogers--Synthesis of research on school-based management / Jane L. David--Unfulfilled promises / Betty Malen, Rodney T. Ogawa, and Jennifer Kranz--Effective high schools--What are the common characteristics? / Joseph Murphy and Philip Hallinger--Effective schools : a friendly but cautionary note / Larry Cuban--In education, magnets attract controversy / Mary Haywood Metz--Schools of choice : a path to educational quality or 'Tiers of inequity'? / Kathleen Sylvester--Interesting times / Alan H. Jones--Making a difference in educational quality through teacher education / Carolyn M. Evertson, Willis D. Hawley, and Marilyn Zlotnik--Developing a career ladder : getting down to the basics / Thomas Deering--The career ladder and lattice : a new look at the teaching career / Timothy J.L. Chandler, Stacey L. Lane, Janice M. Bibik, and Bernard Oliver--Equity, quality, and effectiveness in bilingual education / George M. Blanco--Bilingual--No! / Muriel Paskin Carrison--Multiethnic education and the quest for equality / James A. Banks--The limits of pluralism / M. Donald Thomas--The case for keeping mentally retarded children in your regular classrooms / Martin Tonn--Mainstreaming : a formative consideration / Harry N. Chandler--Reflections on three decades of eduction of the gifted / A. Harry Passow--Equity vs. excellence : an eductional drama / James J. Gallagher. (shrink)

We compare Guala’s unified theory of institutions with that of Searle and Greif. We show that unification can be many things and it may be associated with diverse explanatory goals. We also highlight some of the important shortcomings of Guala’s account: it does not capture all social institutions, its ability to bridge social ontology and game theory is based on a problematic interpretation of the type-token distinction, and its ability to make social ontology useful for social sciences is hindered by (...) Guala’s interpretation of social institution types as social kinds akin to natural kinds. (shrink)

I develop a cognitive account of how humans make skeptical judgments (of the form “X does not know p”). In my view, these judgments are produced by a special purpose metacognitive "skeptical" mechanism which monitors our reasoning for hasty or overly risky assumptions. I argue that this mechanism is modular and shaped by natural selection. The explanation for why the mechanism is adaptive essentially relies on an internalized principle connecting knowledge and action, a principle central to pragmatic encroachment theories. I (...) end the paper by sketching how we can use the account I develop here to respond to the skeptic. (shrink)

Contrary to the widely accepted consensus, Christopher Heath Wellman argues that there are no pre-institutional judicial procedural rights. Thus commonly affirmed rights like the right to a fair trial cannot be assumed in the literature on punishment and legal philosophy as they usually are. Wellman canvasses and rejects a variety of grounds proposed for such rights. I answer his skepticism by proposing two novel grounds for procedural rights. First, a general right against unreasonable risk of punishment grounds rights to an (...) institutionalized system of punishment. Second, to complement and extend the first ground, I more controversially propose a right to provision of the robust good of security. People have a right to others' protecting for avoiding wrongfully harming them: when I take an action that is reasonably expected to threaten the protected interests of others, I must take appropriate care to avoid setting back those interests. Inflicting punishment on someone--intentionally harming them in response to a violation--is prima facie wrongful, so I can only count as taking appropriate care in punishing when I follow familiar procedures that reliably and redundantly test whether they are liable to such punishment, i.e. whether they have forfeited their right against punishment through a culpable act. (shrink)

There were five kinds of cyber deterrence presented at the workshop on Landscaping strategic cyber deterrence, hosted at the Oxford Internet Institute. They were the well-studied areas of deterrence by ‘punishment’ and ‘denial’, and the novel concepts of deterrence by ‘association’, ‘norms and taboos’, and finally, ‘entanglement’. In the following workshop commentary, I present these five kinds of deterrence and explain them in light of recent developments in the academy and industry. I argue for analytical congruence between all three novel (...) concepts, since they aim to alter the behaviour of actors by adding a social cost in response to breaking norms and conventions. Throughout, I argue that we are beginning to understand how cyber deterrence works, both in theory and practice, and when all concepts are taken together, they become more than the sum of their parts. Finally, I point out an omission of the workshop, where computational modelling and simulation could be added to the landscape of strategic cyber deterrence. (shrink)

Con motivo del bicentenario del nacimiento de Darwin, esta obra realiza un recorrido por la Teoría de la Evolución a partir del patrimonio bibliográfico y científico de la Universidad de Sevilla. Sus autores muestran la vigencia actual de esta teoría y el papel de Antonio Machado y Núñez, destacado darwinista de la Sevilla de finales del XIX.

Movido no sólo por haber experimentado intensas ilusiones a lo largo de su vida, sino por su propia vocación teórica, y, una vez puesto a la tarea, por los sorprendentes hallazgos, en primer lugar, de que la palabra ilusión -«tan general, de tan larga historia, de tan claro linaje latino, común a tantas lenguas»- es algo privado del hispanohablante, y en segundo, de la casi absoluta ignorancia acerca de esta emoción, J. Marías aborda en este libro un insólito y fascinante (...) recorrido por este «secreto de la lengua española». A partir de aquí, y a través de sus distintos capítulos, Marías analiza con su indiscutible sabiduría las relaciones del término, y aquello que designa, con la imaginación, el tiempo, el deseo, la vocación, el amor y, por último, con la presencia y la ausencia del propio objeto de la ilusión. (shrink)

Antik Mısır’da Meryem isminin yazılışı mr sözcüğüyledir, sevilen anlamına gelir. İsis de Meryem de, özü itibarıyla aynı Tanrıça olduğu gibi Tanrısal ananın aynı bedenleşmiş görünümüdür. Bu nedenle, Hıristiyanlar, İsis’in tapınaklarını yıkıp yerle bir etmişler ve tapınanlarını da öldürmüşler; fakat bütün bu olup bitenlere rağmen, İsis, Meryem’e beslenilen iman ve tapınmada yaşamaya devam etmiştir. Nitekim İsis’e okyanus yıldızı anlamına gelen “Pelagia” unvanı verilmişken, benzeri şekilde Meryem de denizyıldızı olarak tanınmıştır. İştar ya da İnanna’nın tanındığı unvanlar gibi, Meryem de İsis’e verilen “Göğün (...) Kraliçesi” unvanını paylaşmıştır. İsis, Tanrıça konumuyla her şeyin hükmedicisini yansıtırken; Meryem de, Kutsal Ruh ya da Tanrı ailesi olarak eşleştirilen gökteki yücelmeyi ve taçlanmayı temsil etmektedir. (shrink)

Spinoza propose un nouvel évangile pour l'homme : la liberté et le salut. Ils conduisent l'homme dans la joie de la bonne nouvelle. C'est pourquoi, l'évangile de l'homme est un objectif prioritaire, mais ce n'est pas une fin directement poursuivie proportionnellement aux ressources utilisées. Pour le promouvoir, il faut mettre en place des conditions sociales, puis sa mise en oeuvre effective relève en partie de la sphère individuelle et se réalise dans une dynamique sociale où elle devient instrument et fin (...) des autres variables et des valeurs sociales. L'évangile de l'homme, à l'instar de l'augmentation de la puissance d'existence, est une fin en soi, mais, en l'absence d'une seule relation fonctionnelle, le développement des capacités peut être à la fois une fin, un moyen et une condition préalable à autre chose. Tout cela ne signifie pas que l'évangile doit être soumis à des compromis qui nient sa valeur intrinsèque, mais cela signifie que, pour se réaliser, une valeur sociale et individuelle aussi complexe doit entrer dans de multiples dynamiques pas toujours linéaires et pas toujours destinées au même but. (shrink)

On Buddhist philosophies and forecasting.

The restoration of "forgotten" names to the bosom of our culture is a natural and necessary accompaniment of the political freedom beginning to make its way in our country. Free and continuous creativity is being reunited with the reader, the listener, and the participant, who had been tragically alienated from it. Our half-knowledge, intellectual arbitrariness, and opportunism are becoming clearer, more acute, and more shameful. All this is an inevitable accompaniment of one of the most prestigious and, it would seem, (...) least labor consuming trends in contemporary publishing and journal policy. The publication of texts of Russian philosophers has marked journals as different in character and mission as Novyi mir, Voprosy filosofii, Literaturnaia ucheba, Druzhba narodov, Volga, and many others. In most cases they are more or less well known works reprinted from the YMCA Press, equipped with prefaces—some better, some worse—and devoid of any sort of real intellectual commentary. (shrink)

It is always interesting to describe the life of people whose paths diverged substantially from the path of the majority. Such people attract the attention of historians in every age, for a path "against the current" always has something tragic about it. The Russian philosopher and Moscow University professor Lev Mikhailovich Lopatin can fully be ranked in the pleiad of such people. This is borne out by the assessments of not only his supporters but also his opponents. "You were pervaded (...) by the conviction that this old business, i.e., that to which philosophers have devoted themselves from ancient times down to the modern age [i.e., metaphysics—N.M.] is also its [philosophy's—N.M.] eternal business, and you decided to move ‘against the current’ under the banner of the great leaders of the past," wrote students and friends to Lopatin in an introductory article to the Philosophical Anthology [Filosofskii sbornik] dedicated to the thirtieth anniversary of Lopatin's activities as scholar and teacher. "Against the current" here means against the philosophical views that prevailed at that time in Russia, and abroad as well—views that repudiated metaphysics in favor of pure epistemology and various empirical theories. (shrink)

This edition presents the first complete English translation of N.N. Ladygina-Kohts' journal chronicling her pioneering work with the chimpanzee, Joni. The journal entries describe and compare the instincts, emotions, play, and habits of her son Rudy and Joni as each develops.

On Hindu ethics and religious life of India as depicted in Nirukta of Yāska, 7th century commentary on Nighaṇṭu, thesaurus of Vedic synonyms.