In general, the business ethics literature has treated the conceptual domains and outcomes of macro-level, meso-level, and micro-level ethical influence separately. However, this singular treatment ignores the synergies and tensions that can arise across these different types of ethical influence. Using sales as a research context, the current study argues that all three ethical frames of references are important in shaping employee behavior and performance and, as such, should be examined simultaneously. The findings show that industrial ethical climate and salesperson (...) moral equity are positively associated with salesperson customer orientation. In addition, industrial and organizational ethical norms have a stronger joint effect on customer orientation than either ethical climate alone. More specifically, a more ethical organizational climate enhances the positive effects of the industrial ethical climate on customer orientation. Furthermore, whereas salesperson moral equity is significantly associated with salesperson customer orientation, strong moral equity beliefs in situations requiring adaptive selling result in weaker sales outcomes. This study concludes with a set of theoretical and actionable implications, as well as a discussion of future research avenues. (shrink)

This study attempts to advance knowledge in the area of controversial advertising by examining the antecedents and consequences of controversial advert perceptions in the context of social media, and particularly social networking sites. Specifically, we explore how ethical judgement and religious commitment shape controversial advert perceptions leading to attitudes towards the advert, brand attitudes and purchase intentions. Our results indicate that when a SNS advert is judged to be ethically acceptable, the level of perceived advert controversy is lower. However, the (...) impact of ethical judgement on controversial advert perceptions becomes significant and positive when intrapersonal commitment and interpersonal religious commitment are introduced as moderators. This result implies that the level of religious commitment changes the ethical judgement–controversial advert perceptions relationship. The results also highlight that controversial advert perceptions negatively influence attitude towards the advert. The study contributes to the limited knowledge on controversial advertising on SNS, yielding significant and relevant implications for academics and advertisers alike, in their effort to improve advertising effectiveness without offending or alienating target audiences. (shrink)

Scientists often use aesthetic values in the evaluation and choice of theories. Aesthetic values are not only regarded as leading to practically more useful theories but are often taken to stand in a special epistemic relation to the truth of a theory such that the aesthetic merit of a theory is evidence of its truth. This paper explores what aesthetic considerations influence scientists' reasoning, how such aesthetic values relate to the utility of a scientific theory, and how one can justify (...) the epistemic role for such values. The paper examines ways in which the link between beauty and truth can be defended, the challenges facing such accounts, and explores alternative epistemic roles for aesthetic values in scientific practice. (shrink)

Poincaré is well known for his conventionalism and structuralism. However, the relationship between these two theses and their place in Poincaré׳s epistemology of science remain puzzling. In this paper I show the scope of Poincaré׳s conventionalism and its position in Poincaré׳s hierarchical approach to scientific theories. I argue that for Poincaré scientific knowledge is relational and made possible by synthetic a priori, empirical and conventional elements, which, however, are not chosen arbitrarily. By examining his geometric conventionalism, his hierarchical account of (...) science and defence of continuity in theory change, I argue that Poincaré defends a complex structuralist position based on synthetic a priori and conventional elements, the mind-dependence of which precludes epistemic access to mind-independent structures. (shrink)

Este trabalho busca pensar se a produção literária, sobretudo as bem próximas dos caracteres autobiográficos, nos permitem dialogar com o conceito de cópia e simulacro, primeiramente apresentado por Platão em A República e depois revisitado por Gilles Deleuze em Platão e o Simulacro. Não por acaso, escritos de Carolina Maria de Jesus presentes na obra Diário de Bitita, assim como o poema-narrativo A Empregada são escolhidos para essa tarefa. O recorte descreve algumas das vivências de Carolina enquanto doméstica, o que (...) oportuniza a discussão sobre autoconhecimento e representação.Palavras-chave: Carolina Maria de Jesus. Autoconhecimento. Representação. (shrink)

Este estudo problematiza os castigos físicos usados nas escolas, investigando tanto as estratégias utilizadas pelas instâncias de poder, a fim de ordenar as práticas cotidianas, como as táticas utilizadas por professores, gestores e pais para lidarem com os preceitos impostos. Nese ínterim, são denunciadas as tensões existentes nessa relação, mergulhando em práticas, representações e argumentos utilizados nos séculos XIX e XX, tanto para corroborar quanto para proscrever os castigos físicos no espaço escolar. O texto é concluído através de uma reflexão (...) acerca dos castigos como parte da cultura escolar, fazendo referência, também, à distância existente entre as prescrições oficiais e as práticas ordinárias, bem como aos castigos como caminho para educar e civilizar sujeitos. (shrink)

Coordonné par Christophe Broqua et Catherine Deschamps, L’échange économico-sexuel est un ouvrage stimulant, aussi bien par les questions théoriques qu’il soulève que par la richesse du matériau ethnographique recueilli et exploité. Issu d’un colloque intitulé « Transactions sexuelles et imbrications des rapports de pouvoir » qui s’est tenu à Lausanne en mai 2010, l’ouvrage réunit treize contributions originales qui ont toutes pour ambition de questionner, revisiter et enrichir le concept dev...

RESUMO Este texto reflete sobre a representatividade do cabelo crespo como elemento de pertencimento racial na literatura infantil, ancorando-se no livro Amor de cabelo, do diretor, produtor e escritor negro norte-americano Matthew A. Cherry. Para tanto, investiga como as imagens da ilustradora Vashti Harrison, também uma norte-americana negra, comungam com o texto para expressarem uma visão da pessoa negra e de seu núcleo familiar sem os estereótipos usuais. Cotejando a noção de amor de bell hooks, esta análise empreende uma leitura (...) que vagueia tanto pelos aspectos temáticos como estruturais da narrativa, tendo como hipótese de que o livro, sem fazer alusão direta, é um contradiscurso ao racismo que se origina no período da escravização, cujos efeitos podem ser sentidos até hoje. Do ponto de vista teórico, além de hooks, fundamenta esta leitura uma rede conceitual norteada pelos estudos de Eliane Debus, Grada Kilomba e Nilma Lina Gomes. (shrink)

In recent years, there has been a huge increase in the number of bots online, varying from Web crawlers for search engines, to chatbots for online customer service, spambots on social media, and content-editing bots in online collaboration communities. The online world has turned into an ecosystem of bots. However, our knowledge of how these automated agents are interacting with each other is rather poor. Bots are predictable automatons that do not have the capacity for emotions, meaning-making, creativity, and sociality (...) and it is hence natural to expect interactions between bots to be relatively predictable and uneventful. In this article, we analyze the interactions between bots that edit articles on Wikipedia. We track the extent to which bots undid each other’s edits over the period 2001–2010, model how pairs of bots interact over time, and identify different types of interaction trajectories. We find that, although Wikipedia bots are intended to support the encyclopedia, they often undo each other’s edits and these sterile “fights” may sometimes continue for years. Unlike humans on Wikipedia, bots’ interactions tend to occur over longer periods of time and to be more reciprocated. Yet, just like humans, bots in different cultural environments may behave differently. Our research suggests that even relatively “dumb” bots may give rise to complex interactions, and this carries important implications for Artificial Intelligence research. Understanding what affects bot-bot interactions is crucial for managing social media well, providing adequate cyber-security, and designing well functioning autonomous vehicles. (shrink)

The present article examines two narratives from the epic Mahābhārata (MBh), focused on the topic of desire (kāma) and the relationship erotic – ascetic (kāma – tapas). The first one is about the horned ascetic Ṛṣyaśṛṅga (MBh, 3); the second – about the teaching of God Kṛṣṇa Vāsudeva to the king Yudhiṣṭhira, culminating in the “Song of Kāma” (MBh, 14). Both narratives are interpreted in the perspective of Hindu ethics, whose foundation is dharma, a key concept of Hinduism. The epics (...) propagate an ideal dharmic code of conduct, based on the so-called four life goals – puruṣārtha. One of these four life goals is kāma – the realm of desires, emotions and sensual pleasures. The present analysis aimed at introducing how, by activating the didactic- pedagogical and receptive potential of storytelling, are communicated fundamental behavioural norms and principles regarding the “correct” realization of the individual in the sphere of desires, which means not to kill/annihilate the desires, but to learn to grasp and manage them. (shrink)

A violência percebida – e vivida – por estudantes manifestase de múltiplas maneiras, no ambiente escolar, entretanto um dos tipos de violência que provoca grande dano físico e psíquico ao estudante é a agressão conhecida como bullying. Esse pode ser compreendido como práticas de atos violentos, intencionais e repetitivos de uma pessoa contra outra. Como decorrências, a vítima pode sofrer desde sintomas de ansiedade, depressão, baixo desempenho escolar, comportamentos antissociais e stress, até autoflagelação e suicídio. Partindo desse contexto, o presente (...) artigo objetivou discutir, criticamente, o papel da família e da escola como espaços que podem erigir e potencializar o fenômeno bullying, bem como sugerir possibilidades de ação na perspectiva da cultura de paz no ambiente escolar. Como caminho metodológico, foi entrevistado um estudante que, por longos anos, foi vítima de bullying. As entrevistas ocorreram na perspectiva da História Oral, a qual impele um olhar sociocultural ao fenômeno narrado, compreendendo que nenhuma história é apenas individual, mas está inscrita num cenário social e culturalmente construído. O suporte teórico está apoiado nos estudos de Pierre Bourdieu, Cleo Fante, Miriam Abramovay, entre outros autores, que auxiliam a refletir sobre as relações socioculturais na interface com a violência escolar. O texto foi finalizado com uma análise crítica a respeito do papel da escola no combate e na prevenção do bullying, bem como indicando possibilidades de ação para lidar com o problema, tendo como base a comunicação não violenta, a disciplina positiva, dentre outros caminhos que se inserem na perspectiva da cultura de paz. Palavras-chave: Bullying. Escola. Narrativas. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo evidenciar as contribuições da História Oral como um importante caminho metodológico para os estudos das culturas escolares. Para tanto, o texto inicia discutindo as mudanças ocorridas no campo da História, que deram voz aos sujeitos do cotidiano. Em seguida o conceito de culturas escolares é entrelaçado à História Oral, sendo abordada como uma das possibilidades para recuperar os registros do passado através da subjetividade dos sujeitos de hoje. O artigo é concluído através de uma (...) reflexão sobre as contribuições desta abordagem metodológica para a História da Educação e os estudos das culturas escolares, bem como sinalizando a importância de os agentes da escola perceberem-se como protagonistas da história, questionando certezas, dualidades, a fim de colaborar na compreensão da sua construção sociocultural, bem como dos espaços em que atuam. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo chamar a atenção para a historicidade do sujeito, em especial daquele atuante na educação de crianças pequenas. Para tanto, parte do levantamento da trajetória histórica da Educação Infantil no Brasil, analisando os avanços e desafios dessa modalidade educacional. Como foco de debate é discutida a posição da Educação Infantil na sociedade e na cultura e as representações culturais sobre a mulherprofessora no processo de construção de sua identidade profissional. O texto é finalizado abordando as (...) repercussões de tais representações no ser e agir docente e as possibilidades de ação no contexto da formação inicial e continuada, a fim de amenizar tais influências, com vistas à qualidade do trabalho pedagógico. (shrink)

Book review: Frans de Waal, _Wiek empatii. Jak natura uczy nas życzliwości_, tłum. Ł. Lamża, Copernicus Center Press, Kraków 2019, ss. 380.

The question of the beginning of the world, it’s first rule, genesis and structure followed humanity since the dawn of time, becoming a source for philosophy and science. Search for a rational answer to that question lead, throughout the ages, to a creation of many cosmogonic concepts which referenced various philosophical traditions. While they currently hold only historical value, in many cases they contained ideas, sometimes still very inarticulate, which revolutionized the science in later years. One of such concepts was (...) proposed by Michael Sendivogius, a Renaissance polish alchemist. In his approach, creation of world is dynamic and multiphase. In his vision, the world is something, which is subject to evolution (though he does not use this term), inevitably changes, and thus undergoes a permanent creation. In this creation of the world, as Sendivogius describes it, one can distinguish three fundamental stages, responsible for which are three factors: God, Nature and man. The goal of this article is to present how, according to Sendivogius, the world is created, what tasks in this continuous process are carried out by God, Nature or the man, and in what relations they remain, in regards to themselves and the world they create. (shrink)

he article is a review of Kamil Trombik’s book, in which he presents particular concepts of the philosophy of nature at the Pontifical Academy of Theology in Kraków in the years 1978 to 1993. It was the first and decisive period in the formation of the Faculty of Philosophy at the Academy. The goal of the monograph was to demonstrate the factors that contributed to philosophy of nature becoming one of the most prominent and representative trends in this academic center, (...) as well as to attempt to answer the question of why “philosophy in science,” developed initially by Michał Heller and Józef Życiski, became the main style of doing philosophy of nature there. In the reporting part of the review main problems that the author raises are presented. They are collected in three chapters of his work, which corresponds to three initial phases of the formation of the philosophical department at the Pontifical Academy of Theology. Then, in the critical part, some aspects of Trombik’s work are assessed. First of all, the attention is paid to the part concerning the determination of the sources of “philosophy in science” which—although it seems to be the most interesting—is also the least original part of the work. Next, the contribution of Karol Wojtyła and many other lesser-known scientists and philosophers to the formation of an interdisciplinary atmosphere and the promotion of “philosophy in science” in the structures of The Pontifical Academy of Theology and the Krakow intellectual milieu is also appreciated. Many hypotheses and research perspectives in Trombik’s book are highlighted in the review, demonstrating the importance of this Krakow research center for the history of Polish science and philosophy. (shrink)

This paper offers a systematic analysis of Poincaré’s understanding of beauty in science. In particular, the paper examines the epistemic significance Poincaré attributes to aesthetic judgement by reconstructing and analysing his arguments on simplicity and unity in science. I offer a consistent reconstruction of Poincaré’s account and show that for Poincaré simplicity and unity are regulative principles, linked to the aim of science—that of achieving understanding of how phenomena relate. I show how Poincaré’s account of beauty in science can be (...) incorporated within his wider philosophy of science. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to examine stakeholder identification and prioritization by managers using the power, legitimacy, and urgency framework of Mitchell et al. (Academy of Management Review 22, 853–886; 1997). We use a multi-method, comparative case study of two large-scale sporting event organizing committees, with a particular focus on interviews with managers at three hierarchical levels. We support the positive relationship between number of stakeholder attributes and perceived stakeholder salience. Managers’ hierarchical level and role have direct and moderating (...) effects on stakeholder identification and perceived salience. We also found that most stakeholders were definitive, dominant, or dormant types – the other five types were rare. Power has the most important effect on salience, followed by urgency and legitimacy. Based on our case study, we offer several ways to advance the theory of stakeholder identification and salience. (shrink)

This paper examines whether, and in what contexts, Duhem’s and Poincaré’s views can be regarded as conventionalist or structural realist. After analysing the three different contexts in which conventionalism is attributed to them – in the context of the aim of science, the underdetermination problem and the epistemological status of certain principles – I show that neither Duhem’s nor Poincaré’s arguments can be regarded as conventionalist. I argue that Duhem and Poincaré offer different solutions to the problem of theory choice, (...) differ in their stances towards scientific knowledge and the status of scientific principles, making their epistemological claims substantially different. (shrink)

(1992). Emigration and return in the zajecar region. World Futures: Vol. 33, Culture and Development: European Experiences and Challenges A Special Research Report of the European Culture Impact Research Consortium (EUROCIRCON), pp. 143-153.

This article summarizes the history of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church after 1989 in the context of the post-communist situation. It highlights some of the changes that have taken place in the religious consciousness of Bulgarian people. Absurdity is the key concept. A string of absurd events are discussed; they are viewed as representative of the ambiguous mentality characteristic of the transitional period that is under way in the post-communist societies of Eastern Europe.

In a previous paper, we discussed a model that considers abnormal eating behaviour epiphenomena of a more profound disorder of lived corporeality and identity (Stanghellini and Mancini, this issue). The core idea is that persons with FEDs experience their own body first and foremost as an object being looked at by another, rather than coenaesthetically or from a first-person perspective. In this paper, alienation from one’s own emotions, disgust and shame for one’s body of persons with FED, will be discussed (...) in the light of the embodiment and identity model of FED. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the earliest reception and the first interpretative attempts of Kant’s philosophy on Polish lands; it also gives an outline of the first Polish Kantians, who had the opportunity to meet the Königsberg philosopher. Two of them deserve particular attention: Józef Bychowiec and Krzysztof Celestyn Mrongowiusz. Who both attended Kant’s lectures and were the first Polish experts at his philosophy and translators of his works. Other Polish thinkers, such as Jan Śniadecki or Józef Kalasanty Szaniawski, whose (...) knowledge of Kant was narrowed to his works, are also mentioned in the article. (shrink)

The induction period is a very important time in the career of a teacher and has a long?term influence on the teacher?s professional development, efficacy, job satisfaction and the length of his/her career. One of the key roles in this period is played by the trainee?s mentor. This paper presents the results of the extensive project ?Partnership of Faculties and Schools?, carried out at the Pedagogical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, with the financial support of the European Social Fund and the (...) Slovenian Ministry of Education, Science and Sport. We studied an induction project involving 361 teacher trainees and 331 mentors. The study reveals the trainees? expectations towards their mentors and the mentors? and trainees? evaluations of how the mentor aids a teacher trainee in developing their competences. (shrink)

The study analyses the readability and clarity of economic specialised texts on supplementary individual pensions. The research includes agreements on individual pension products available on the Polish market at the beginning of 2017. The level of comprehensibility of language has been assessed using the “Jasnopis” application, based, among others, on the FOG index, while the structure of the content of the agreements has been assessed by an expert linguist (the expert linguist is one of the authors of this and a (...) number of other publications on clear and understandable texts). In addition, one of the texts was subject to a survey, the so-called cloze text, which provided more accurate information about readability for a specific reader group. The results obtained allow the conclusion that the language of agreements on individual pension products is very difficult and their understanding requires higher education or expertise in the field of finance. (shrink)

Farmers markets have traditionally served as a space for farmers to sell directly to consumers. Recently, many FMs in the US and other regions have experienced a renaissance. This article compares the different value sets embedded in the rules and norms of two metropolitan FM regions—Minneapolis, Minnesota and in Vienna, Austria. It uses a values-based framework that reflects the relationships among FM operating structures and their values reflected by the key FM participants—i.e., farmer/vendors, consumers and market managers. The framework allows (...) us to focus on two very contrasting value sets of metropolitan FM regions in presenting and discussing the values found and embedded in the two metropolitan market regions; illustrating how the values found are embodied as rules and norms in each FM region; considering the alignment or not of FM participant values with their corresponding FM values; and the differences and commonalities as well as the benefits and challenges of the two market regions. In contrasting metropolitan FMs we explain that FM value sets are complex and differ among and within FM participant groups and are dependent on their respective OS. We show that contrasting two metropolitan FM regions can be useful in understanding beneficial and disadvantageous relationships between the values and structures of, and in FMs, and specifically in examining institutional impediments such as governance. Thus we illustrate the possibilities and limitations of values for and within metropolitan FMs. (shrink)

Scientists often use aesthetic values in the evaluation and choice of theories. Aesthetic values are not only regarded as leading to practically more useful theories but are often taken to stand in a special epistemic relation to the truth of a theory such that the aesthetic merit of a theory is evidence of its truth. This paper explores what aesthetic considerations influence scientists' reasoning, how such aesthetic values relate to the utility of a scientific theory, and how one can justify (...) the epistemic role for such values. The paper examines ways in which the link between beauty and truth can be defended, the challenges facing such accounts, and explores alternative epistemic roles for aesthetic values in scientific practice. (shrink)

Problem određenja ženskog identiteta u doba postmoderne glavna je tema ovog rada. Uzimajući kao okvir trostruko objašnjenje termina avatar, ovdje se nastoji prikazati u kojoj je mjeri ženski identitet i dalje pod utjecajem patrijarhalnog obrasca. Ako avatar iskoristimo kao ono što nas upućuje na utopijsko, virtualno i božansko, postavlja se pitanje kreira li se danas slika žene u procijepima pluralističkog pristupa te određuje li se ženski identitet po uzorima za koje se smatralo da su nadiđeni i dokinuti. Paralelno s porastom (...) broja feminističkih koncepcija i jačanjem ženskog organiziranja vidljivo je ponovno uspostavljenje vladavine maskulinog u novim oblicima, a što možemo ilustrirati na primjerima iz područja popularne kulture, medija, institucionalnog djelovanja.The main topic of this paper is the problem of female identity in the postmodern era. In a framework of threefold explanation of the term avatar, author is trying to show the extent to which female identity is still under the influence of the patriarchal pattern. If we use avatar as something which refer us to the utopian, virtual, and divine, the question is whether the present gaps in the pluralistic approach create a picture of a woman and determine the identity of the female according to models that are thought to have been overcome and eradicated. In parallel with the increase in the number of feminist concepts and strengthening of women’s organizing, one can see once again the establishing of the rule of the masculine in new forms, which we illustrate by examples from the areas of popular culture, media, institutional action. (shrink)

The third chapter of Jonathan Glover’s Causing Death and Saving Lives is devoted to the doctrine of the sanctity of life. In this article, I propose to analyse the Gloverian critique of the sanctity of life in its initial presentation. When Glover wrote this work in 1977, the affirmation of the sanctity of life was a recurring theme in public and scientific debates in both England and the United States. While there seems to be some consensus about it, it should (...) be noted that the term “sanctity of life” is very rarely discussed. Jonathan Glover was one of the first philosophers to engage in such an investigation and to show the limits of affirming the sanctity of life. In his analysis, he proposed replacing the defective parts of the doctrine, i.e., those that do not stand up to rational analysis. His contribution is of primary importance not only for the criticism of the doctrine of the sanctity of life, but also for the development of bioethics and its theoretical arguments. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This text reflects on the representativeness of the kinky hair (or afro-textured hair) as an element of racial belonging in children’s literature, based on the book Hair Love, by the African American director, producer, and writer Matthew A. Cherry. To do so, it investigates how the illustrations by Vashti Harrison, also an African American, align with the text to express a vision of black individuals and of their family without usual stereotypes. Drawing on bell hooks’ notion of love, this (...) analysis undertakes a reading that runs through both thematic and structural aspects of the narrative, hypothesizing that the book, without making direct allusions, serves as a counter-discourse to the racism that originated during slavery, the effects of which can still be felt today. From a theoretical perspective, in addition to hooks, this reading is grounded on a conceptual framework guided by the studies of Eliane Debus, Grada Kilomba and Nilma Lina Gomes. (shrink)

This article starts an engagement on the aesthetics of experiments and offers an account for analysing how aesthetics features in the design, evaluation and reception of experiments. I identify two dimensions of aesthetic evaluation of experiments: design and significance. When it comes to design, a number of qualities, such as simplicity, economy and aptness, are analysed and illustrated with the famous Meselson-Stahl experiment. Beautiful experiments are also regarded to make significant discoveries, but I argue against a narrow construal of experimental (...) aims. By drawing on the plurality of goals experimenters have and diversity of aesthetic responses, I argue that experiments are aesthetically appreciated both when they discover and when they produce disruptive results. (shrink)

In this article, I offer an account of the 2014 dystopian-fiction film Divergent, based on the novel by Veronica Roth. The film tells the story of Beatrice, a young woman living in a postapocalyptic Chicago, and her process of enrolment into the higher education system. I argue that Beatrice’s troubled story can help us to uncover the high tension between today’s university’s self-alienating mechanisms and the thirst for Bildung. I suggest that the notion of ‘divergence’ can help to develop an (...) account of Bildung in an innovative direction. ‘Divergence’ is a term used in the film to define individuals—like Beatrice—who cannot fit into the categories established by the government to sort students into appropriate educational pathways. I link the notion of ‘divergence’ to an interpretation of Gadamer’s account of Bildung. First, I draw on Gadamer’s thinking to suggest the metaphor of the university as a ‘crossroads’ and outline the idea of the risks and possibilities that are attached to authentic learning experience. Then I explore the self-alienating mechanisms that Gadamer saw at work within the postindustrial structure of the university. In conclusion, I develop Gadamer’s notion of self-education along the lines of the idea of divergence. While some argue that the university can still be a place for human encounter and gathering, I aim to show that, without divergence, it remains a site of displacement, or a dystopia. (shrink)