In this article, I aim at problematizing the implied idea of causality in cognitive evaluations of horizontal justice events. I will draw on theories about retrospective sensemaking and its cognitive foundation in counterfactual belief formation. Issues related to horizontal or intraunit unfairness emerge in situations in which the actions of one employee influence the outcome of another due to relational interdependence. The authors of theories about horizontal unfairness have continued the traditional distinction between the three facets of justice, procedural, distributive, (...) and interactional. However, might employee A blame employee B because she (B) obtained qualitative (e.g., non-monetary appraisal) or quantitative (e.g., monetary compensation) recognition even though the latter did not, directly at least, bring about the event. The problem here is one of causality which asks the question, Can A be blamed by B for bringing about the event of outcome difference? While blame in evaluations of vertical justice certainly presumes causal agency, it might be questioned whether the same goes for horizontal unfairness. Counterfactual belief formation enables a step into the cognitive and retrospective nature of evaluations of horizontal justice events centered on the counterfactual belief “had the unfavorable event X not occurred, another and more favorable event X1 would have occurred.” This is related to the distance between the actual X and the potential event state X), in the sense that the closer the two appear, the more convincing becomes A’s belief to himself. The underlying causality of rewarding processes, however, states that some third party introduces the recognition, for example, a manager, and, therefore, B did not bring about the reward event, the third party did. It seems, then, that to understand this, we should take into consideration: 1) the formation of counterfactual beliefs and 2) the causality of blame. The article concludes that, due to the underlying causality of rewarding processes, one might solely consider one facet of horizontal justice, interactional horizontal justice. However, tapping into the phenomenological dimension of morality might allow one also to address the moral nature of distributive and procedural facets of horizontal justice as the experience of the psychosocial fabric of social reality related with feeling either “as if” one is being treated unfairly or “as if” one is treating others unfairly. (shrink)

Pat Brereton 'The Audience as Reader is Seldom Caught in the Act?' _Film-Philosophy_, vol. 4 no. 26, November 2000.

This paper is a close reading of the first book of the "republic". Plato prepares the reader for what is to come in the work by hinting at the elaboration of justice in its human, political and cosmic aspects. The paper attends to the argumentative, mythic and rhetorical strategies that plato employs to open the discussion and to develop it. In this way the paper is an aid to a competent, and by no means uncritical, reading of the "republic".

Da Goethes Farbenlehre im allgemeinen allein unter dem Blickwinkel der darin enthaltenen methodologischen Thesen untersucht wird, tritt hier die Rekonstruktion ihres physikalischen Gehalts in den Vordergrund. Es zeigt sich auf diese Weise, daß die Farbenlehre als eine Verbindung physikalischer und sinnesphysiologischer Aspekte einige der zentralen Versuche der Newtonschen Optik angemessen interpretieren kann. Die Diskussion der Methodologie zeitigt anschließend ein zukunftweisendes Element: die Erkenntnis der Bedeutung der Meßapparatur für die Konstitution der Theorie. Schließlich wird Goethes Naturbild und seine Aktualisierung in den (...) Bestrebungen der kritischen Theorie erörtert. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: The Philosophical Tale.

This chapter contains section titled: Discussion.

This chapter contains section titled: Discussion.

Moses Mendelssohn was the leading Jewish thinker of the German Enlightenment and the founder of modern Jewish philosophy. His writings, especially his attempt during the Pantheism Controversy to defend the philosophical legacies of Spinoza and Leibniz against F. H. Jacobi’s philosophy of faith, captured the attention of a young Leo Strauss and played a critical role in the development of his thought on one of the fundamental themes of his life’s work: the conflicting demands of reason and revelation. _ Leo (...) Strauss on Moses Mendelssohn_ is a superbly annotated translation of ten introductions written by Strauss to a multi-volume critical edition of Mendelssohn’s work. Commissioned in Weimar Germany in the 1920s, the project was suppressed and nearly destroyed during Nazi rule and was not revived until the 1960s. In addition to Strauss’s introductions, Martin D. Yaffe has translated Strauss’s editorial remarks on each of the passages he annotates in Mendelssohn’s texts and brings those together with the introductions themselves. Yaffe has also contributed an extensive interpretive essay that both analyzes the introductions on their own terms and discusses what Strauss writes elsewhere about the broader themes broached in his Mendelssohn studies. Strauss’s critique of Mendelssohn represents one of the largest bodies of work by the young Strauss on a single thinker to be made available in English. It illuminates not only a formerly obscure phase in the emergence of his thought but also a critical moment in the history of the German Enlightenment. (shrink)

How do we understand the sciences and discourses about them? Aspects of philosophical dialogue are highlighted and considered in ways that reveal distinct domains of enquiry relating to culture, science and mathematics. This analysis serves to contextualize the nature and content of the papers selected for the collection.

Cet article a déja paru dans les Mélanges de l'École française de Rome – Italie et Méditerranée modernes et contemporaines, 125-1 | 2013 et mis en ligne ici. Résumé : La gestion de l'espace et du temps est au cœur de la pratique des marchands, ici florentins, spécialisés dans le grand commerce. Cette pratique marchande, étudiée ici pour les premières années de la compagnie Salviati de Lyon, est un élément d'une culture marchande commune aux grandes compagnies marchandes florentines de la (...) fin du Moyen Age (...) - Histoire – Nouvel article. (shrink)

When Tooby and Cosmides published their famous article “Psychological foundation of culture”, most readers could read it as just another paper addressing evolutionary psychology. Its aspirations were, however, much far-reaching. Tooby and Cosmides attacked the so-called constructivists. In this way, the paper ushered in another turn in the controversy over the method of social sciences. In my paper I claim that Tooby and Cosmides are right when they criticize constructivists and relativists. On the other hand, I claim that they do (...) not live up to their aspirations, i.e. they do not provide for a rapprochement of the standards of social sciences and those of natural sciences. (shrink)

This is an extensive review of a book by three German scholars on the relationship between the baptismal questions and the Old Roman Creed, which also deals with the question of the authorship of the so-called Apostolic Tradition, dwells on the origin of the second, christological baptismal question and proposes a revolutionary new theory on the origin of the so-called Old Roman Creed. While there is much food for thought here, some critical questions can also be put.

In this paper, I go back to French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s influence on Claude Lefort’s theory of democracy in order to offer a revised understanding of political regimes as coexisting and competing horizons of politics. These horizons develop from differing positions regarding the political enigma of the institution of society—its staging, its shaping, and its making sense of itself. A theological understanding of such political institution of society will be described as fundamentally voluntaristic, while an epistemic understanding will be described (...) as, in its radical iteration, potentially totalitarian. This theorization is triggered by an interpretive perplexity: what happened to the United States in the aftermath of 9/11, in its War on Terror, in its committing of the supreme international crime of aggressive warfare, in its embracement of a massive policy of executive, global targeted assassinations and of a white nationalist, xenophobic politics? Is the theologico-political horizon becoming once again dominant in America? Is the epistemic, plutocratic regime taking over instead? Are they coordinated in their effort to undermine an egalitarian understanding of the American republic? These are the interrogative driving forces behind this investigation. (shrink)

This article discusses the role of popular culture in religious events, focusing on built space and atmosphere using the example of a young Catholic initiative in Germany. While the topic “religion and popular culture” has received much scholarly attention, a focus on popular cultural atmospheres and their adaption in religious contexts remains a research gap. In order to analytically outline the relationship between religion and popular culture, the author proposes a differentiation and systems-theoretical approach while referring to the concept of (...) “popular religion”. The article first introduces the concepts of “popular culture,” “popular religion” as well as “atmosphere” and then discusses, on the basis of a case study and empirical surveys, the relationship between popular cultural and religious elements in the spatial and atmospheric setting of the initiative under investigation. Eventually, the author suggests that talk of a “dissolution of boundaries” between religion and popular culture is only partially accurate because distinctions between religious and non-religious domains continue to be made both in the field and in analytical reconstruction. (shrink)

Zusammenfassung Sowohl in religiöser als auch in analytischer Sprache wird der Begriff „Atmosphäre“ regelmäßig verwendet, ohne bisher jedoch systematische Aufmerksamkeit seitens der Forschung zu erfahren. Dennoch ist die Religionswissenschaft inzwischen vorbereitet auf eine Diskussion und Entwicklung dieses Konzeptes, hat sie doch in verschiedenen Perspektivenwechseln der letzten Jahrzehnte wesentliche Aspekte dessen erforscht, was Atmosphären ausmacht. Dieser Beitrag schlägt einen methodischen Baustein vor, der eine Dimension von Atmosphären – nämlich das sozialräumliche Arrangement selbst – zu untersuchen vermag. Dieser sequenzanalytisch orientierte Baustein wird (...) beispielhaft auf einen konkreten, fotografisch protokollierten Fall angewendet, ohne damit die Notwendigkeit weiterer methodischer Verfahren in Frage zu stellen. (shrink)

Die erste Fassung dieses Buches wurde 1994 in einer italienischen Übersetzung unter dem Titel La prospettiva della morale im Verlag Armando in Rom veröffentlicht. Im Jahre 2000 folgte eine erweiterte Version in spanischer Übersetzung (La perspectiva de la moral) im Verlag Rialp, Madrid. Schließlich ist nun auch die Zeit gekommen, das deutsche Original zu veröffentlichen, allerdings in einer wiederum erheblich erweiterten und aktualisierten Version. Abgesehen von einigen substantiellen inhaltlichen Zusätzen versuche ich hier nun auch auf Kritik an einigen meiner Ansichten (...) und Positionen zu antworten, wie ich sie in der ersten, im deutschen Sprachraum kaum rezipierten Version dieses Buches wie auch in anderen Arbeiten vertreten habe. Dies betrifft vor allem die Studie,,Natur als Grundlage der Moral" (Tyrolia, Innsbruck 1987, in einer englischen Übersetzung unter dem Titel Natural Law and Practical Reason: A Thomist View of Moral Autonomy bei Fordham University Press, New York 2000 erschienen) und die breit angelegten Untersuchungen zur ethischen Handlungstheorie bei Aristoteles und Thomas von Aquin, die 1994 unter dem Titel,,Praktische Vernunft und Vernünftigkeit der Praxis" ebenfalls im Berliner Akademie Verlag erschienen sind. (shrink)

From ancient Greece to Renaissance Italy to the Modern period, the classical ideal, with its elusive goal of perfecting nature, has held a tenacious grip on Western culture. Nowhere has its hold on the artistic imagination been more pervasive than in France between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. The art and life of Raphael formed the bedrock of the classical tradition in French art, yet no comprehensive study of Raphael's impact on the art theory, criticism, and practice of classicism exists. (...) This book fills that gap. Transcending limited notions of artistic influence, the book demonstrates that Raphael had as much impact as a symbol as he did as a paradigm of the classical tradition. Focusing on French art and theory from the classical to the Romantic era, _Raphael and France_ is part of the ongoing revision of views of that period which has been taking place for the last twenty years. The book demonstrates that the shifts from classical to Rococo to neoclassical aesthetics were not as abrupt or as all-encompassing as has been assumed. By tracing the continuity and transformation of the classical ideal, with Raphael's art and image as central paradigms, Rosenberg achieves a broader, more accurate, and comprehensive view of French artistic developments during this period. Rosenberg draws on careful readings of primary sources, including the correspondence and lectures of the French Academy, some of which are unpublished; most of the major theoretical treatises by French and foreign authors; and contemporary criticism and works of art. In the process, he strikes a methodological balance between traditional art-historical approaches and insights provided by more contemporary approaches, such as semiotics and post-structuralism. As the notion of isolated genius as the prime force in art has given way to a broader, more contextual view of art and history, interest in past traditions once regarded as outmoded or dead has grown tremendously. This book makes a timely contribution to this widening area of inquiry. (shrink)

Nietzsche hat keine politische Theorie vorgelegt und dennoch ganz grundlegende, auch heute noch herausfordernde Fragen zu Wesen und Wert des Politischen gestellt. Unter den Gesichtspunkten von Psychologie und Moral, Kultursteigerung und Zukunftsgestaltung hat er das Politische umgedacht und umgewertet. Ziel des Bandes ist, diese Umwertungen neu zu durchdenken. Dabei steht zunächst das Verhältnis von Nietzsches Philosophie zu den wesentlichen Fragen der Politik – Herrschaft, Gewalt, Freiheit, Selbstbestimmung und Gerechtigkeit – im Vordergrund. Welche Regeln bzw. Normen und welche Arten von Gemeinschaft (...) sind aus seinem Denken ableitbar? Nietzsches Anti-Politik wird im Zeichen souveräner Individualität und als Gegen-Politik diskutiert, seine „große Politik" im Licht jüngerer Erfahrungen (Trump etc.) hinterfragt. Wie gehen wir mit Nietzsches polemischem Elitismus um, wie mit der Selbstermächtigung von Individuen, die in heutigen westlichen Gesellschaften (scheinbar) so wichtig sind? Die hier versammelten Beiträge erfassen Nietzsches politische Perspektiven in all ihrer Brisanz und Radikalität, aber auch mit der nötigen Sorgfalt und in textnaher Lektüre. (shrink)

El objetivo del ensayo es defender la unidad de la obra de Husserl como reivindicación de una posición especial del ser humano, pues solo desde esa posición puede ejecutar las acciones tales como la ciencia y algunos productos culturales. En el primer apartado se conectan los primeros pasos fi losófi cos de Husserl, desde la oposición al Zeitgeist positivista, con los últimos. En el segundo se desmontan los prejuicios más pertinaces en su interpretación. En el tercero se procura exponer desde (...) esa posición algunos de los conceptos básicos del método fenomenológico. (shrink)

Explores film's connections to the other arts and the qualities that distinguish it from them. He explores the cinema's singular aesthetic potential and uses specific examples from a diverse range of films--from Antonioni and Hitchcock to The Searchers and The Bourne Supremacy--to demonstrate the many ways this potential can be realized.

In fr. 69 Smith, the Epicurean Diogenes of Oinoanda, like Lucretius 4.353–63, explains why a square tower viewed from the distance appears to be round. The explanation is that εἲδωλα, filmy atomic images, emanating from the tower, are forced out of shape by the air through which they pass on their way to our eyes. Diogenes’ account is fragmentarily preserved on a stone which I discovered in 1970. The stone bears the right half of one fourteen-line column and the left (...) half of a second one. I first published the text in 1971. When, twenty years later, I came to deal with it again, in preparing an edition of all the known fragments, I was able, thanks in no small measure to the discussions and suggestions of other scholars, whose names can be seen in my apparatus criticus, to print a text which represents a considerable advance on that of the editio princeps. However, with so much of what Diogenes wrote missing, there has remained scope for further progress, and in this note I correct an error—an error present not only in my text, but also on the stone itself. (shrink)

One of the main aims of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on autobiographical memory was to provide researchers with an opportunity to ‘stick their necks out’ and throw open for public scrutiny theoretical claims they might otherwise have kept to themselves. In the papers collected in the present volume the reader will find that this is just what occurs. Even where an author has chosen to present new empirical findings these are accompanied by the type of theoretical speculation often edited (...) out in, for example, journal submissions. Thus, the intention of the book, like the workshop, is to provide an impetus to the development of theory in autobiographical memory research. (shrink)