O objetivo do presente artigo consiste em apresentar uma reflexão sobre os paradigmas existentes e emergentes frente a um contexto teórico-científico e a necessidade de mudança devido aos desafios enfrentados em determinados momentos. Assim, o texto, de abordagem qualitativa e caracterizado como uma revisão bibliográfica, contextualiza acerca deste braço da filosofia que trata da natureza da pesquisa científica, do conhecimento no campo educacional, não somente do âmbito da epistemologia, mas também da fundamentação dos paradigmas das ciências e da educação, e (...) do conhecimento científico. As questões metodológicas estão diretamente relacionadas com essa reflexão sobre os resultados significativos e o que precisa ser modificado a partir de uma análise sobre o contexto social em que se está inserido. Para fundamentar este artigo, se apresentam as contextualizações que dialogam em torno de autores como Alda Judith Alves-Mazzotti, Pierre Bourdieu, Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Bernard Charlot, Edgar Morin, Thomas Kuhn e Mario Osório Marques. Portanto, o artigo expõe no seu panorama científico uma resposta às imposições das ciências na contemporaneidade, sem o rompimento com o passado e suas tradições, mas apresentando um olhar voltado para o futuro. A partir dessa perspectiva, precisamos ter clareza do campo científico em que estamos inseridos, conhecendo de fato suas peculiaridades para optarmos por um método que contemple as necessidades apresentadas, tendo segurança do que estamos fazendo. Enfim, pode-se concluir que os profissionais da educação precisam de uma base de pesquisa científica sólida para terem subsídios necessários ao experimentarem novas metodologias em suas práticas pedagógicas que sejam significativas para os estudantes. (shrink)

Graphs are among the most frequently used structures in Computer Science. Some of the properties that must be checked in many applications are connectivity, acyclicity and the Eulerian and Hamiltonian properties. In this work, we analyze how we can express these four properties with modal logics. This involves two issues: whether each of the modal languages under consideration has enough expressive power to describe these properties and how complex it is to use these logics to actually test whether a given (...) graph has some desired property. First, we show that these properties are not definable in a basic modal logic or in any bisimulation-invariant extension of it, like the modal μ-calculus. We then show that it is possible to express some of the above properties in a basic hybrid logic. Unfortunately, the Hamiltonian and Eulerian properties still cannot be efficiently checked. In a second attempt, we propose an extension of CTL* with nominals and show that the Hamiltonian property can be more efficiently checked in this logic than in the previous one. In a third attempt, we extend the basic hybrid logic with the ↓ operator and show that we can check the Hamiltonian property with optimal complexity in this logic. Finally, we tackle the Eulerian property in two different ways. First, we develop a generic method to express edge-related properties in hybrid logics and use it to express the Eulerian property. Second, we express a necessary and sufficient condition for the Eulerian property to hold using a graded modal logic. (shrink)

Among the influential contributions of Alfred Tarski to logic and philosophy, and close in importance to his widely applied and discussed definition of truth, one finds his definition of logical consequence for formal languages. Like his definition of truth, Tarski's definition of logical consequence has been widely and fruitfully applied. Unlike the definition of truth, that of logical consequence has been rarely discussed philosophically. The main aim of this dissertation is to offer a thorough discussion of some philosophical issues arising (...) from the neglected definition. ;The point of departure is an interpretative reading of the relevant writings by Tarski. This reading yields historically interesting data that refute other recent readings. It also provides philosophical illumination, by clarifying how Tarski thought that his definition satisfied some pretheoretic desiderata. ;Next it is discussed whether Tarski's definition satisfies other pretheoretic desiderata, not stated by Tarski and in some cases not endorsed by him, but which are desiderata nonetheless from reasonable standpoints. These include the desiderata that all instances of logical consequence in Tarski's defined sense be instances of analytical implication, and that they be instances of valid implication. The conclusion of this part of the dissertation is that, under reasonable assumptions regarding the field of applicability of the definition and the concepts used in it, there are reasons to believe that these desiderata are met, and none to believe they are not. ;Finally, the problem of logical constants is examined. The concept of a "logical constant" is the only concept not taken from logic and mathematics that appears in Tarski's definition. The problem of logical constants is that of replacing the primitive 'logical constant' with a defined, better understood concept, and in a such a way that the resulting defined concept of logical consequence meets the previously discussed desiderata. The main conclusion of this part is that some attempts to do this replace the obscure with the more obscure, while other attempts that seem to be in the right spirit have shortcomings of their own. (shrink)

I. L'ordine della mente e le forme del pensiero al tempo delle rivoluzioni nelle tecnologie della comunicazione.

One extreme example of intergenerational environmental change is given by nuclear waste. The radiation from a typical nuclear waste assembly will remain fatal for humans for millennia, creating the problem of communicating a warning about hazardous repositories to people so far in the future that we cannot assume any common ground with them in terms of languages and cultural contexts. This poses limitations to solutions proposed in the context of semiotics. The need for communicating danger and for keeping future people (...) away from certain sites may be tackled from a more sensorial and aesthetic perspective. Given the size of nuclear waste repositories, and the problem of keeping people at a distance, the dimension at which the problem must be tackled is environmental. This work argues for an exploration of what environmental aesthetics, despite and perhaps thanks to all the ongoing definitional and conceptual debates in the discipline, has to offer. (shrink)

review and discussion of: John Wright: Explaining science’s success: Understanding how scientific knowledge works. Durham: Acumen, 2012.

Victory is the ultimate aim in high performance sports; when it comes to team sports, the goal is the key that allows players to achieve that victory. This is the case with futsal which, due to its internal structure as well as the speed in the development of its game, makes the achievement of a goal not an isolated event, but rather more than one goal must be scored to achieve victory. The aim of the present study is to analyze (...) the construction of offensive sequences that have resulted in goal-scoring in the two main European futsal leagues, the Spanish and the Italian, as well as to identify the patterns relating to offensive actions that have ended with a goal being scored. Observational methodology was used to develop the research and an ad hoc observation instrument was developed for this purpose. The data was analyzed using inferential statistics as well as sequential analysis of delays in a diachronic analysis to identify the patterns of offensive actions. The results obtained enable recognition of a league’s idiosyncrasy patterns in goal-scoring in each of the leagues studied. The results obtained will allow experts to have a better understanding of how goals are scored and how to establish more specific training tasks, in both attack and defense. (shrink)

En su famoso Tratado Teológico-Político, Spinoza ofrece un método de interpretación de las Escrituras con la finalidad de que, a través de su aplicación, el lector pueda capturar objetivamente el sentido de los textos y de ese modo no incurrir en el mismo error que los teólogos y filósofos cristianos o judíos que confunden el ámbito de la fe con el ámbito de la razón. Ahora bien, en la medida en que leemos los textos sagrados y los interpretamos utilizando el (...) método propuesto por Spinoza, también estamos utilizando la razón. De este modo, cabe preguntarse –siguiendo a Zac– ¿cómo es posible que aun utilizando un método elaborado por la razón se puedan mantener separados el dominio de la razón y la fe sin que esto implique una invasión del primero sobre el segundo? Así, nuestro objetivo en el presente trabajo es examinar el modo en que Spinoza entiende que se realiza la aplicación de la razón en el proceso hermenéutico. Con vistas a este fin, luego de presentar los rasgos generales del método hermenéutico spinoziano, examinaremos críticamente la lectura propuesta por Zac, lo cual nos servirá como trampolín para presentar nuestra propia interpretación. (shrink)

This contribution sketches the path that St. Ignatius traversed from excluding in 1541 educational work as a Jesuit ministry to his decision to found colleges and universities as apostolic woks of the Society for the formation of young lay students. Ignatius determined in 1553 that the Collegio Romano should be marked by universality in its make-up and outreach, and furthermore should exercise influence on the other colleges of the Society in Europe. From these beginnings, a comprehensive instructional program emerged in (...) the definitive Ratio studiorum of 1599. We relate the organisation of the courses in literature and in the Faculty of Philosophy, which included pure and applied mathematics. The Faculty of Theology included a course on casus conscientiae or moral theology, and in the 18th century it added chairs of Canon Law, Church History, and Liturgy. In conclusion this article describes the three public «academies» founded for the intellectual and religious formation of select groups of students. Also, we tell of the instruction given in the exact sciences, with mention of some of more famous professors. (shrink)

Hablar del poder comunista significa estudiar el “poder” como potencia, que esconde, de hecho, una cuestión central que aleja a Marx y a la teoría materialista de las diferentes formas de idealismo político, viejas o nuevas, tanto como aleja a la teoría dialéctica de sus muchos enemigos. Y esta es precisamente la cuestión de la posibilidad, o de la correcta comprensión de la categoría de posibilidad, o la relación entre lo posible y lo imposible, posibilidades materiales y posibilidades meramente subjetivas. (...) Esto nos llevará también a la cuestión de la _contradicción, _la de la organización (como poder comunista en acto), y de la idea de negación determinada, o de la Revolución como “negación de la negación” —que es como Marx se refiere a esta tanto en los _Manuscritos de París _(1980: 164) como en _El Capital _(2013: 535). (shrink)