The purpose of this paper is to discuss the responsibility of AI experts for guiding the development of AI in a desirable direction. More specifically, the aim is to answer the following research question: To what extent are AI experts responsible in a forward-looking way for effects of AI technology that go beyond the immediate concerns of the programmer or designer? AI experts, in this paper conceptualised as experts regarding the technological aspects of AI, have knowledge and control of AI (...) technology that non-experts do not have. Drawing on responsibility theory, theories of the policy process, and critical algorithm studies, we discuss to what extent this capacity, and the positions that these experts have to influence the AI development, make AI experts responsible in a forward-looking sense for consequences of the use of AI technology. We conclude that, as a professional collective, AI experts, to some extent, are responsible in a forward-looking sense for consequences of use of AI technology that they could foresee, but with the risk of increased influence of AI experts at the expense of other actors. It is crucial that a diversity of actors is included in democratic processes on the future development of AI, but for this to be meaningful, AI experts need to take responsibility for how the AI technology they develop affects public deliberation. (shrink)

Edición de 14 documentos desconocidos (artículos, entrevistas, reseñas, etc.) relacionados con María Zambrano y Alfonso Rodríguez Aldave en ocasión de su estancia en Chile entre 1936 y 1937. Descripción y contextualización de los documentos. Censo de las publicaciones de María Zambrano en Chile.

In this conceptual article, we argue that defining corporate social responsibility and corporate social irresponsibility as opposite constructs produces a lack of clarity between responsible and irresponsible acts. Furthermore, we contend that the treatment of the CSR and CSI concepts as opposites de-emphasizes the value of CSI as a stand-alone construct. Thus, we reorient the CSI discussion to include multiple aspects that current conceptualizations have not adequately accommodated. We provide an in-depth exploration of how researchers define CSI and both identify (...) and analyze three important gray zones between CSR and CSI: the role of harm and benefit, the role of the actor and intentionality, and the role of rectification. We offer these gray zones as factors contributing to the present lack of conceptual clarity of the term CSI, as a concept in its own right, leading to difficulties that researchers and managers experience in categorizing CSI acts as distinct from CSR. (shrink)

Heim responds to the five articles by anthropologists concerned with contemporary Buddhist practices and ideologies of emotions, arguing that a history of emotions approach that attends to the centrality of emotions and their evaluations can be important for ethics. She submits that while sometimes studies of moral psychology in Buddhist ethics have focused on individuals, these articles suggest how emotions can have a very public and collective impact on social, economic, and political life. She is also interested in how these (...) anthropological studies of contemporary Buddhist communities trouble textual accounts of Buddhist ethics on central questions of giving, karma, merit, and compassion. (shrink)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract < (...) and despite the difficulties in obtaining information, private collectors and local and provincial museums had taken an interest in archaeological and ethnographic materials in the country. In this present contribution, attention is focused on the search for information about private collections, a topic that has been little investigated. By tackling new archival sources, the article presents information about some provincial natural history museums and their international exchanges. Second, it deals with the museums of the Historical and Geographical Institutes, while the third part concentrates on collection initiatives in the province of São Paulo in southeast Brazil. Thus, this paper based on archival sources reveals new museums and collections beyond those mentioned in prior historiography centered on the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro. The article identifies the processes of building collections in these local, provincial museums, and examines the contradictory perspectives on what objects were considered worthy to represent the museums' ideals of modernization as they tried to keep up with what was known about international museums. It also argues that these local museums, conversely, sought to display their own projects in an attempt to differentiate themselves from the larger national or regional museums. (shrink)

Over the last three quarters of a century, international guidelines and regulations have undergone significant changes in how children are problematised as participants in biomedical research. While early guidelines enacted children as vulnerable subjects with diminished autonomy and in need of special protection, beginning in the early 2000s, international regulatory frameworks defined the paediatric population as vulnerable due to unaddressed public health needs. More recently, ethical recommendations have promoted the active engagement of minors as research partners. In this paper, I (...) adopt a post-structuralist approach to policy analysis to examine deep-seated assumptions and presuppositions underlying the changes in the problematisation of children as biomedical research participants over time. While biomedical research ethics focuses on the autonomy and vulnerability of minors, ethical guidelines are situated in specific sociocultural contexts, shaped, among other things, by contingent public health needs and changing conceptions of the value of research and science for society. In the process, I demonstrate the challenge of moving away from an approach that in taking adults as the model overshadows the complexity of children’s lived experiences as well as their personal, cultural, and social lives. The lack of acknowledgement of this complexity makes children vulnerable to epistemic injustice, which is particularly crucial to address in public involvement initiatives. (shrink)

Wittgenstein's views on action and the will changed throughout his philosophical writings, although there are common themes to be found within this evolution. This chapter concerns his later views on action and the will, as expressed in remarks on these topics mainly in Philosophical Investigations. It explores some core themes in those remarks and examines how some of these were taken up and developed by Wittgenstein's student Elizabeth Anscombe, in her influential monograph Intention. Wittgenstein was concerned with offering a characterization (...) of the concepts of voluntary and intentional action that escaped certain familiar philosophical temptations. In the Investigations, Wittgenstein wrote: “When people talk about the possibility of foreknowledge of the future they always forget the fact of the prediction of one's own voluntary movements”. A common thread in their discussion is a conviction in “the uselessness of an introspective explanation of intention”, of the idea that an intention is “a particular feeling, an inner experience”. (shrink)

The present paper is focused on how the acceptance of the emotional basis of morality can change the way we approach moral problems, concretely the case of moral autonomy. Is it posible to include the role of emotions in moral agency without losing moral autonomy? Simultaneously, it seems hard provide an account on moral agency without accepting as a premise the existence of moral autonomy. Thus, all this lead us to a picture where the assumtion of a premise implies the (...) denial of another one , and viceversa. With regard to this paradox, the question is therefore how these two facts —that we are necessarily emotional and autonomous— can become compatible. In this sense, I will argue that emotions are not an obstacle but a necessary element to moral autonomy. (shrink)

El problema del origen de la vocación en el pensamiento de José Ortega y Gasset puede abordarse desde dos perspectivas de diversa profundidad: la primera,referida al fundamento de la vocación en el sujeto; la segunda, sobre la posibilidad de una causa de la vocación que sea exterior al sujeto mismo. La primera vía nos llevará a descubrir que la vocación surge de la más individual de nuestras dimensiones: el alma. Ésta es la sede de nuestros sentimientos, entre los cuales el (...) amor se manifiesta como el sentimiento fundamental, principio de todos los demás. Así, el problema del origen de la vocación en el sujeto encuentra,desde la comprensión del sentimiento amoroso, su pleno significado. La segunda vía sólo permite realizar una reflexión personal, pues el mismo Ortega deja en suspenso la cuestión que en ella plantea. (shrink)

The concept of heterotopia challenges political theory, which has often focused on utopic thinking. Foucault describes a heterotopia as a heterogenous space that juxtaposes in a single real place several spaces, several sites that are in themselves incompatible. Streets, squares and parks form heterotopias when their utopic purity as public space is juxtaposed with the private spaces created by the cardboard boxes and other temporary shelters of homeless people. Since citizenship has traditionally been thought of as participation in a democratic (...) public sphere, how do heterotopias of homelessness challenge the ideas about citizenship? Based on narrative research with homeless people in Poland, I show how the homeless conceive of their marginality. Their participation or non-participation in democracy is not hidden but, on the contrary, very visible in public spaces where they are included as excluded. (shrink)

In this article, I will draw on my own work and related publications to present some intuitions and hypotheses about the nature of the self and the mechanisms that lead to the development of consciousness or self awareness in human infants during the first 6 months of life. My main purpose is to show that the origins of a concept of self include the physical and the mental selves. I believe that it is essential when trying to understand what a (...) mental state is, that one identifies the social and physical aspects of the person to whom the mental state belongs. How can one identify a mental state or thought without making reference to a subject who experiences it (Hobson, 1990)? The other important feature of the self is that it is distinguished from other people and inanimate objects. ‘One's concept of self is a concept of a person; one's concept of persons cannot be a concept applicable only to a single individual (oneself), for the reason that in this case it would no longer constitute a concept'(Hobson, 1990, p. 165). I would like to argue that infants must be able to represent their physical and social selves in order to recognize that they are similar and different from other people, and to develop expectations and predictions about the behaviour of others (theory of mind). Unlike Strawson, I do not believe that the social and physical aspects of the self are, or become redundant to the nature of the self. I posit that the mature conscious self is a unique mythical and constantly changing entity, the formation of which is created not by the individual alone, but through continuous dialectical inquiry with other people. (shrink)

The article explores the living legacy of Carla Lonzi for Italian feminism. In so doing, it highlights some key contributions made by Lonzi, in particular focussing on the necessity of taking leave of patriarchy (thanks to the invention of self-awareness), the critique of the universal (beyond the false alternative between female identity and equality with man), and the dogma of the heterosexual couple and clitoral pleasure.

Cet ouvrage vigoureux, fruit d’une longue recherche que Christopher Moore a menée au cours des dix dernières années, propose une perspective nouvelle et stimulante sur les origines de la philosophie grecque. Plus précisément, comme l’explique Moore dans le premier chapitre introductif (p. 1-33), il ne s’est pas fixé pour objectif de reconstituer (la nième fois) le déroulement des doctrines des penseurs grecs à partir de Thalès, mais d’enquêter sur les significations prises par le terme philos...

Estimulante texto nos entrega Tomás Moulián al inicio de este siglo veintiuno, un tiempo impregnado de confusión y escepticismo. Su carácter evaluativo, crítico y propositivo, invita a diversas lecturas e incita a un debate donde tenga lugar -siguiendo el tono del libro-, no tanto el conflicto como el disenso.La lectura que me interesa hacer de este texto no podría ser sino desde mi oficio: la historiografía, campo donde el autor, por lo demás, se mueve en aguas propias. Como todo lo (...) que lee.. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the identification of factors influencing the export trade flows of the Russian Federation to the EAEU member states. Gravity modeling (H. Linnemann's model) was used as a research tool. The introduction of dummy variables is justified. A comparative analysis of the identified factors is presented. A forecast of export trade flows of the Russian Federation to the EAEU countries for 2020-2022 has been made.

Este artículo muestra los resultados de un estudio de caso centrado en la puesta en marcha de un programa didáctico en un centro de primaria. El programa constó de dos actuaciones didácticas distintas en dos períodos de prácticum de magisterio. La primera se realizó con 2 grupos de 6º durante 5 sesiones y la segunda con 2 grupos de 5º durante 4 sesiones. Participaron 53 estudiantes. El tema escogido fue la Guerra Civil. Se combinaron conocimientos y emociones. De las observaciones (...) de la docente en prácticas, así como del análisis temático realizado sobre las intervenciones y producciones del alumnado, se evidencia cómo la simbiosis entre una educación patrimonial crítica, asentada sobre la memoria como forma de entender el paisaje, y la realización de salidas contextualizadas al entorno, refuerzan en el alumnado destrezas cívico-sociales. (shrink)

Sob este título, publica-se, neste número da Cultura, um conjunto de textos que respondem ao projecto de aprofundar, tanto no plano teórico como no analítico, e de forma articulada, a operatividade destes três conceitos no conhecimento das diversas especificidades culturais desenvolvidas em territórios ibero-americanos e ibéricos: Fronteira, cosmopolitismo e nação. Tivemos os nossos primeiros debates há quase uma década e, no Grupo de Investigação «Cultura, história e pensamento ibéricos e ib...

We present a number of puzzles arising for the interpretation of modified numerals. Following Büring and others we assume that the main difference between comparative and superlative modifiers is that only the latter convey disjunctive meanings. We further argue that the inference patterns triggered by disjunction and superlative modifiers are hard to capture in existing semantic and pragmatic analyses of these phenomena (neo-Gricean or grammatical alike), and we propose a novel account of these inferences in the framework of bilateral state-based (...) modal logic defining a first order extension of Aloni (Semant Pragmat 15:5-EA, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.15.5)’s. (shrink)

O texto apresenta a tradução ao português uma seleção de microcontos do escritor paraguaio Mario Halley Mora, que foi o precursor desse gênero no Paraguai (BARCO, 2002). Os microontos fazem parte da obra “Cuentos, microcuentos y anticuentos” publicada em 1987 pela editora El Lector, cuja versão online pode ser acessada na Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.

In this article I explore the multiple and at times conflicting public health and folk discourses which shape breast-feeding practices in Punata, Bolivia. I examine why women may cease to breast-feed despite active efforts made by the healthcare system to promote breast-feeding. Breast-feeding practices are saturated with meaning and circumscribed by time and economic constraints as well as numerous cultural factors. These include conceptualizations of the body, emotions and illnesses that affect infants who are breast-fed, as well as constructions of (...) the mother–infant bond and attitudes about what constitutes ‘good mothering’ and its relationship to gender and class expectations. In this locality, the emotions of lactating women are said to find release through their breast milk and are seen to cause illness in their breast-feeding infants. I explore how mothers accepted, challenged or contested such views, and how they negotiated the politics of blame that emerged regarding who was at fault for their infant's illnesses. I demonstrate how breast-feeding is an embodied experience intrinsically linked to ideas about motherhood and show how the deployment of blame for these illnesses can strategically obfuscate or shed light on the numerous social and economic constraints under which women may find themselves. (shrink)

The Saga of Dharmapuri by O.V. Vijayan is a dystopian fantasy set in the imaginary country of Dharmapuri, which could be a depiction of India or any other newly independent country in the post-colonial era. Mikhail Bakhtin in his treatise Rabelais and his World justifies the use of Grotesque Realism, a literary trope that allows the author to move away from the conventions of propriety and decency to convey messages that are real and powerful nevertheless. Usually exaggeration and hyperbole are (...) key elements of this style. Through the centuries, literature has often been a medium through which contemporary concerns have been transmitted. This paper argues that O.V. Vijayan uses Grotesque Realism in his novel to depict the political, social and economic condition of India of the 1970s- specifically a country that was under emergency. Like all dystopian fables, The Saga of Dharmapuri has been prophetic in anticipating some of the social issues that we face even today. The paper aims at examining how Vijayan uses explicit language and scatological and sexual imagery so as to achieve this sense of realism within his novel. (shrink)

Qu’est-ce qu’une sculpture scientifique? Étienne-Jules Marey apporte une réponse originale avec une pièce en bronze, Le Vol du goéland. L’objet est célèbre et fait partie des images qui ont révolutionné la représentation du mouvement à l’aube du xx e siècle. La « forme du mouvement » dont il rend compte est pour Marey une donnée scientifique, obtenue à partir des résultats de la chronophotographie sur plaque fixe. Entre art et science, son statut est néanmoins ambigu : non seulement parce que (...) cette représentation introduit une dialectique entre la notion de forme « unique » et de série d’images, mais aussi parce qu’elle fait jouer la dimension esthétique au cœur de l’expérience scientifique. (shrink)

Neste texto procuramos traçar os contornos do que estamos considerando como um campo de investigação, ainda que em construção, situado na interface entre duas áreas de conhecimento: a educação e a religião. Tem como objetivo refletir sobre os sentidos da educação, de modo a evidenciar as práticas religiosas como instâncias de educação e formação de subjetividades. Metodologicamente, trata-se de uma reflexão de natureza teórico-bibliográfica inspirada em autores como Brandão (2002), Libâneo, (2010), Albuquerque; Buecke (2019), e outros. Para tanto, apresentamos um (...) mapa das produções intelectuais ancoradas tanto no curso de graduação em Ciências da Religião, quanto no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, ambos situados na Universidade do Estado do *Pará (UEPA), instituição que tem se destacado no fomento a esse universo investigativo. Dentre as considerações, apontamos a educação não escolar como um conjunto de processos formativos, fincados na cultura, que atuam na tradução da realidade concreta, ocupando diferentes espaços, temporalidades e intensões por meio das quais diferentes agentes, humanos ou não, reinventam a educabilidade. (shrink)

El debate filosófico y teológico sobre el problema de la eternidad o creación del mundo que conoció la Edad Media es sin dudas excepcional. Como es sabido, mientras que la narración bíblica enseña la creación del mundo en el tiempo por Dios, a partir del siglo XI empiezan a difundirse en Europa las obras de Aristóteles, el eminente pensador griego de origen pagano que profesa que el mundo ha existido siempre. El desafío que plantea la coherencia y la lucidez de (...) la filosofía aristotélica para los intelectuales que profesan un credo religioso se presenta entonces como insoslayable. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos analizar la resolución dada por Maimónides al problema que nos convoca y la acogida que de ella hace Tomás de Aquino, en cuanto reconoce abiertamente haberse servido de la idea del pensador judío, según la cual no hay demostración para ninguna de las dos tesis, sino sólo razones probables o sofísticas para ambas. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo se propone analizar las razones por las que las prostitutas, a causa de su opción sexual, han sido criminalizadas por imposición de distintos órdenes normativos, fuertemente coercitivos, que censuran gravemente su desviación. Ellos –y sus potentes discursos-se muestran capaces de explicar ese continuum ininterrumpido e inacabable de estigma, persecución, inferiorización, aislamiento social o encarcelamiento que acompaña a la historia de la prostitución de las mujeres y que la mantiene todavía hoy en las profundidades de la jerarquía sexual (...) de la sociedad. Abstract: This article aims to analyze the reasons why prostitutes because of their sexual option have been criminalized by imposing highly coercive normative orders that censure severely their deviation. These normative orders -and their powerful discourses- explain the continuous and endless continuum of stigma, persecution, inferiority, social isolation or imprisonment that accompains the history of prostitution of women and that remain still today in the depths of the sexual hierarchy of society. (shrink)

Borges, un escritor ecuménico en los bordes insondables del infinito del otro. Borges, un pensador del tiempo que lo acompaña en una oscuridad que ilumina. Un artista que el mismo tiempo se aventura a perpetuar. Un filósofo que soslaya la palabra cuya adivinanza nos seduce al límite de lo innombrable. Un ser donde la ética es su obra. De esta obra en la cual se refleja su ética, o de esa ética donde su obra es la autora, es de lo (...) que nos atrevemos a disertar. (shrink)

En el presente artículo analizamos la Internet desde su origen hasta la actualidad considerándola como una unidad integrada por otras tecnologías de comunicación e información, donde todos tienen la posibilidad de hablar. A partir de esta condición inicial dividimos el análisis en dos direcciones: la red como tecno-capitalismo, y la red como «comunista», «comunitaria», «solidaria», «socialista», «democrática».

Businesses and societies face increasingly complex problems. Collaborative relationships are needed to leverage the differences among participants and to balance stakeholder concerns. The article takes a discursive, constructionist approach in exploring the relations of five factions involved in resolving a town-gown conflict. The case data are narratives collected during a pivotal community-wide meeting in which the town-gown factions participated. The findings underscore the characteristics and roles of language in constructing and organizing meanings. In particular, the focal data reveal the influence (...) of “contraversation”—that is, dialectical and dialogical conversation particularly and publicly directed against one faction, in constructing antagonisms and thwarting collaboration. The focal findings added insight into the demographic and historical characteristics of the factions, the socially embedded understandings, and the role of conversations in developing discursive resources that create collective identities and translate them into integrating rather than disintegrating intergroup performance in facing problematic concerns. (shrink)

Current philosophical studies of the implications of a "minimalist" theory of truth reveal how problems otherwise unnoticed are arisen by the issue of true or false. As catalyzer of linguistic problems, this issue appears even today as a dark mirror wherein language reflects its profound enigmas and unavoidable uncertainties.

Primero de todo y antes de abordar el tema para someterlo a vuestra consideración tendría que pedir disculpas. Disculpas porque todo lo que voy a exponer no puede ser sino una aproximación de lo que pudo haber sucedido y lo es por varias razones. Primera, porque actualmente los médicos no nos atrevemos a dar ningún diagnóstico sin que exista el aval de una prueba radiológica o de laboratorio que, de manera concluyente, demuestre el origen del proceso patológico. Por ejemplo, en (...) el caso de una enfermedad infecciosa precisamos de un cultivo de un líquido orgánico que certifique el agente causal de la misma o cuando estamos delante de un tumor canceroso, de una biopsia de tejido que testifique su presencia (a .. (shrink)

The last ten years have seen particularly strong changes in corporate social responsibility (CSR), with the introduction of new instruments such as the UnitedNations Global Compact (UNGC) in 2000 and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines in 1998. These instruments propose voluntary tools to address CSR. In November 2010, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released the new social responsibility guidance under ISO 26000. It is important to understand the contribution of ISO 26000 to already existing CSR instruments (...) and the connections between them. This article discusses whether companies need ISO 26000 if they already implemented UNGC and GRI: is there redundancy or complementarity? (shrink)

An objection has been raised that Karol Wojtyła presents an ethical system heavily centered on actions and deeds. With the exception of his occasional references to the virtue of chastity in Love and Responsibility and his first writing on Saint John, some of the most central themes of ancient and medieval, as well as of contemporary, ethics seem almost entirely absent. In the following article, we will turn to Wojtyła’s most important philosophical work, The Acting Person, to glean from it (...) his understanding of “action.” We will then turn to the writings of Dietrich von Hildebrand, as an example of a classic counterpart for any approach to man primarily through action. After briefly discussing the ethical relevance of aspects such as inner responses, fundamental moral attitudes, and virtues, we will conclude by returning to Wojtyła and re-evaluating the legitimacy of the objection raised against him. (shrink)