In this article I will try to show that economic inequality, the militarization of states, hatred and violence are the main causes of most armed conflicts. By supporting my argument upon a line originated in the East, but which is not unknown in Western thought, I propose to go on researching both Gandhian pacifism and some values consciously cultivated by Buddhism, such as the value of universal compassion, which are very important to strengthen a culture of peace.

Over the past four decades, the question of the relationship between divine omniscience and human freedom has led analytic philosophy of religion to analyze medieval thought on foreknowledge. To avoid fatalism, many of them have been inspired by Luis de Molina’s doctrine of middle knowledge. Created to provide a libertarian account of how God knows future contingents, the Molinist solution has divided contemporary interpreters into two camps: those who argue that Molinism implies determinism and those who have developed new (...) analytical strategies to support Molina’s thesis. This study provides a map for moving through the debate. (shrink)

Franco Eugeni remembers Bruno Rizzi: in this brief introduction, I would like to remember an afternoon spent in “ Roma Tre ” with Bruno, since we were both Ordinary Professors at that University. We passed it doing a dense program of work for the next three years. At 6.00 pm, I left for “Roseto degli Abruzzi”. At six o'clock a.m. of the next morning, I still have the voice in my ears. A phone call from the Headmaster Ciro d'Aniello, (...) who told me " The Professor is dead" In that afternoon, Emilio Ambrisi and I went to Rome; we were stunned and desperate. Not many days later, a conference was held at the University of Teramo; it was the conference that we had prepared for Bruno, to celebrate his 60th birthday, but it was his memory. In the opening conference, Prof. Antonino Giambo, also fraternal friend of Bruno, burst into a tearful cry, which expressed in a moment, the senses of friendship and love that we all had for the missing friend! Starting from this work with Fabrizio Maturo, the study of some problems left open by the works of Eugeni and Rizzi will be investigated. Sunto Ricordo di Franco Eugeni su Bruno Rizzi: in questa brevissima introduzione vorrei ricordare un pomeriggio passato a Roma Tre con Bruno, visto che allora eravamo entrambi Professori Ordinari in quella Università. Lo passammo a fare un denso programma di lavoro per i successivi tre anni. Alle 18.00 ripartii per Roseto degli Abruzzi. Alle sei del mattino successivo, ho ancora la voce nelle orecchie, una telefonata del Preside Ciro d’Aniello, che mi diceva “ Il Professore è morto” Nel pomeriggio Emilio Ambrisi ed io ci recammo a Roma, eravamo attoniti e disperati. Non molti giorni dopo si tenne presso l’Università di Teramo un Convegno, era il Convegno che avevamo preparato per Bruno, per festeggiare i suoi 60 anni, fu invece il ricordo. Nella conferenza di apertura il prof. Antonino Giambò, anche lui, come noi, fraterno amico di Bruno, scoppiò in un pianto dirotto, che espresse in un attimo, i sensi dell’amicizia e dell’amore, che tutti noi avevamo per l’amico scomparso! A partire da questo lavoro con Fabrizio Maturo verrà approfondito lo studio di alcune problematiche rimaste aperte dai lavori di Eugeni e Rizzi. (shrink)

With the ascent of modern epidemiology in the Twentieth Century came a new standard model of prediction in public health and clinical medicine. In this article, we describe the structure of the model. The standard model uses epidemiological measures-most commonly, risk measures-to predict outcomes (prognosis) and effect sizes (treatment) in a patient population that can then be transformed into probabilities for individual patients. In the first step, a risk measure in a study population is generalized or extrapolated to a target (...) population. In the second step, the risk measure is particularized or transformed to yield probabilistic information relevant to a patient from the target population. Hence, we call the approach the Risk Generalization-Particularization (Risk GP) Model. There are serious problems at both stages, especially with the extent to which the required assumptions will hold and the extent to which we have evidence for the assumptions. Given that there are other models of prediction that use different assumptions, we should not inflexibly commit ourselves to one standard model. Instead, model pluralism should be standard in medical prediction. (shrink)

In Thinking without Words I develop a philosophical framework for treating some animals and human infants as genuine thinkers. This paper outlines the aspects of this account that are most relevant to those working in animal ethics. There is a range of different levels of cognitive sophistication in different animal species, in addition to limits to the types of thought available to non-linguistic creatures, and it may be important for animal ethicists to take this into account in exploring issues of (...) moral significance and the obligations that we might or might not have to non-human animals. (shrink)

We prove the following theorem. Let G be a connected simple bad group (i.e. of finite Morley rank, nonsolvable and with all the Borel subgroups nilpotent) of minimal Morley rank. Then the Borel subgroups of G are conjugate to each other, and if B is a Borel subgroup of G, then $G = \bigcup_{g \in G}B^g,N_G(B) = B$ , and G has no involutions.

El artículo indaga y compara diferentes posturas que se tiene sobre la informalidad comercial en Latinoamérica, en donde se realiza una revisión detallada y analítica de este fenómeno; que se define como el conjunto de actividades comerciales no reguladas, que en estos países desborda la institucionalidad, generando un deterioro de la estructura social, económica, política e inclusive humana. Estas dificultades tienen su origen en una serie de situaciones como la pobreza, el desempleo, el desplazamiento, la migración, el analfabetismo, entre otros; (...) las cuales son importantes conocer y analizar a fin de generar soluciones reales a estas profundas dificultades. (shrink)

Volume 16, Issue 1, April 2020, Page 110-115.

Tomando como punto de partida el artículo 27.7 de la Constitución Española, que reconoce expresamente que "los profesores, los padres y, en su caso, los alumnos intervendrán en el control y gestión de todos los Centros sostenidos por la Administración con fondos públicos, en los términos que la ley establezca", nuestro sistema jurídico educativo ha venido estableciendo un marco de actuación de los conocidos Consejos Escolares de los Centros, marco que lejos de haber permanecido inalterado desde la Ley Orgánica reguladora (...) del Derecho a la Educación (19885), he evolucionado llamativamente con el transcurso de los años, a través de las sucesivas Leyes orgánicas: Ley Orgánica de Participación, Evaluación y Gobierno de los Centros (LOPEG, 1995), Ley Orgánica de Calidad de la Educación (LOCE, 2002) y Ley Orgánica de Educación (LOE, 2006. (shrink)

Suprastate policy formation in such bodies as the WTO remains fundamentally exclusive of individuals within states. This article critiques the "don't kill the goose" arguments commonly offered in defense of such exclusions.

Darwin’s main contribution to modern biology was to make clear that all history of life on earth is dominated by a simple principle, which is usually summarised as 'descent with modification'. However, interpretations about how this modification is produced have been controversial. In light of the data provided by recent studies on molecular biology, developmental biology, genomics, and other biological disciplines we discuss, in this paper, how Darwin's theory may apply to two main 'types' of evolution: that occurring in the (...) prebiotic world and that regarding the acquisition of major key-innovations differentiating higher-taxa, which makes up part of the so-called macroevolution. We argue that these studies show that evolution is a fascinating, complex and multifaceted process, with different mechanisms drivin it on different occasions and in different places. (shrink)

El cultivo de la filosofía, particularmente el de la metafísica, constituye el fin último del hombre y cuyo acto tiene por objeto la contemplación de Dios ut auctornaturae. Ahora bien, la Revelación cristiana introduce dos factores determinantes que modificaron la condición pura de nuestra naturaleza: la elevación al orden sobrenatural y la intromisión del pecado original. De allí que, por un lado, el fin último del hombre consistirá en la visión sobrenatural de Dios ut auctor gratiae y, por otro, la (...) necesidad de la gracia sanadora y elevadora para llegar a esa visión. No obstante, Santiago Ramírez siguiendo a Santo Tomás de Aquino, explicará que el hombre actual –es decir, caído por el pecado– es impotente incluso para alcanzar su fin connatural sin la ayuda de la gracia. (shrink)

Contra la nación y la patria : Guillén de Lampart, rey de México -- Labios azules -- Cronotopía del oasis.

ABSTRACT Modernity conceived prison as a primary vehicle for the humanization of criminal punishment. Contrarily to this theoretical and normative model, the practice of imprisonment has conserved several elements of the physical and psychological affliction typical of pre-modern forms of criminal retribution. Prison actually embodies a major theme of dystopian fiction because of the useless suffering it somehow implies. Nonetheless, the concrete dystopian experience of incarceration has frequently been challenged by the utopian horizons of opera, which Charles Fourier once conceived (...) as a passionate pivot for social change. From Fidelio to The Shawshank Redemption, opera has represented a utopian wonder of voices that soar “higher and farther than anybody in a grey place dares to dream.” Surrounded by the walls of prison, opera is not merely a snobbish artistry: it may constitute a real pre-text for the rights and dignity even infamous men and women deserve. (shrink)

La cultura contemporanea è di solito denominata post-moderna. Essa si colloca nei confronti della modernità in un modo dialettico, assumendo l'ispirazione moderna ma criticandone alcune delle sue pretese. Il risultato è un contesto con luci e ombre in cui emergono importanti sfide, tra cui: il ricupero di una ragione non unilaterale e il superamento dei riduzionismi sociali e antropologici provocati dalla secolarizzazione. Se l'emarginazione della religione e l'indifferentismo religioso – fenomeni propri del processo di secolarizzazione – provocano un vuoto nell'uomo, (...) una sensibilità religiosa di carattere funzionale e individualista si rivela insufficiente in termini antropologici e religiosi. Di fronte a queste sfide, la fede cristiana si pone come istanza che permette l'apertura alla verità ( credo ut intelligam ) e offre la salvezza all'uomo nel ricondurlo all'amore di Dio. (shrink)

El presente ensayo pretende analizar críticamente la interpretación que M. Heidegger hace de la obra de Hölderlin al establecer diversos paralelismos entre el ser y lo divino. El autor sostiene dos tesis: en primer lugar, que —en favor de Heidegger— se puede establecer una analogía entre la diferencia óntico-ontológica y el carácter diferencial de lo divino; en segundo lugar, que los elementos “excéntrico” y trágico de este último hacen implosionar —contra Heidegger— la intimidad “céntrica” del ser.

A partir da exegese do próprio texto espinosano, objetivamos pôr em evidência a dificuldade que este gera acerca da conciliação entre o uno e o múltiplo ou diverso, isto é, entre a substância divina e seus atributos. Partiremos do raciocínio pelo qual, na _Ética_, Espinosa demonstra o monismo de sua filosofia, ou a existência de Deus, enquanto única substância, para logo criticar um dos seus pressupostos, a saber, a existência de Deus, enquanto substância que consiste de infinitos atributos. A nossa (...) exegese, assim, concentrar-se-á nos argumentos e princípios que a Espinosa lhe permitem demonstrar ou justificar que a uma substância podem ser atribuídos mais de um atributo, e, destarte, que a uma substância absolutamente infinita devam ser atribuídos infinitos atributos. O problema que pretendemos evidenciar decorre do fato de que, de acordo com a exegese que propomos, os argumentos e princípios em questão parecem não cumprir com seu desígnio, nos deixando a dificuldade de compreender de que maneira, ao certo, Espinosa pode superar a autonomia dos atributos, posta por sua perseidade, de tal sorte a que eles, em lugar de serem concebidos como substâncias autônomas, devam ser ditos atributos de uma mesma e única substância. Longe de propormos uma solução para tal dificuldade, ou bem de analisar alguma das soluções que tem sido apresentadas pela tradição de comentadores, pretendemos expôr o problema, à luz daquilo que Espinosa expõe em sua obra-prima, a fim de que tal exposição possa servir de alavanca para a análise da difícil relação que a filosofia espinosana estabelece entre a substância divina e seus atributos, incluindo o exame do que seja, ao certo, um atributo divino. (shrink)

In two parts of his work Introduction to Universal History, Ibn Khaldun studies those perceptions of supernatural character which some individuals possess. In respect to these, an essential notion to him is that of “Veil of the senses”. according to him –and to other previous authors of whom he takes this notion– sensitivity, which is usually a basic element in common human perception, is seen as an obstacle to supernatural perceptions, for these are not reached by the usual means of (...) knowledge, but by what he conceives as particular revelations of the angelic world. This paper deals about that notion in the first part of his aforesaid work. (shrink)

Este trabajo expone resultados de un estudio sobre la influencia de las ideas contenidas en varias obras de Erasmo de Rotterdam (en especial su Elogio de la Locura) en el Diálogo de Mercurio y Carón de Alfonso de Valdés. Se destacan elementos principales que sustancian dicha influencia, y algunas diferencias entre las ideas de ambos autores que muestran los aportes que Valdés construyó sobre el pensamiento de Erasmo.

O presente texto objetiva dialogar com uma atitude filosófica que amplie e mantenha a liberdade dos afrodescendentes, afirmando a diferença, mas sem re-cair no relativismo exacerbado e na totalidade arbitrária. Não reificando, dessa maneira, os sistemas de injustiça.

The rating of perceived exertion can be used to monitor the exercise intensity during laboratory and specific tests, training sessions, and to estimate the internal training load of the athletes. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a specific pictorial perceived exertion scale for soccer players called GOAL Scale. The pictorial GOAL Scale was validated for twenty under-17 soccer players. In the validation phase, the athletes were evaluated in a progressive protocol involving stimuluses of 3 min (...) with 1 min for the rest into the stages until the voluntary exhaustion in Maximal Cardiopulmonary Effort Test, and in the Yo Yo Intermittent Recovery Test – Level 1. The RPE identified by the GOL Scale, by the Borg Scale 6 – 20 and by the Cavasini Scale, as well as the heart rate, perceptual of the heart rate and the blood lactate concentration were immediately evaluated after each stage of both tests. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used. Construct scale validity was examined by regressing GOAL Scale against Borg Scale 6 – 20 and Cavasini Scale and concurrent scale validity was investigated by regressing GOAL Scale against HR, beats/min and blood lactate concentration during two progressive tests. There was a significant correlation values of the GOAL Scale with Borg Scale, Cavasini Scale, %HRmax, HR and lactate during tests. The results evidenced concurrent and construct validity of the GOAL Scale across a wide range of exercise intensity. The absence of verbal anchors makes the use of this instrument to soccer, futsal and beach soccer athletes of different languages and different literacy levels possible. (shrink)

El emprendimiento social es visualizado como alternativa para responder a las consecuencias que ha generado el neoliberalismo a nivel mundial. La revisión del concepto, desde una perspectiva axiológica y pragmática, por parte de algunos autores, han demostrado que el emprendimiento social, lejos de ser una alternativa al neoliberalismo es una continuidad del mismo. El presente artículo estudia la relación que tiene el emprendimiento social y el neoliberalismo en función de los elementos ontológicos que lo conforman y las escuelas de pensamiento (...) sobre las que se ha implementado. El resultado muestra las paradojas que presenta el concepto a nivel ontológico, y cómo los emprendimientos sociales desarrollados desde la escuela de Economía Social tienen una mayor capacidad de generar una ruptura con el sistema e ideología neoliberal; mientras que los emprendimientos desarrollados bajo la escuela de innovación social, tienden a generar una continuidad al neoliberalismo.Social entrepreneurship is visualized as an alternative to respond to the consequences generated by neoliberalism worldwide. The review of the concept, from an axiological and practical perspective by several authors, has shown that social entrepreneurship is an alternative to neoliberalism. This article studies the relationship between social entrepreneurship and neoliberalism regarding the ontological elements that make it up and the schools of thought on which it has implemented. The result shows the paradoxes that present the concept at the ontological level, and how the enterprises of the School of Economics have a higher capacity to generate a rupture with the neoliberal system and ideology; while entrepreneurship under the school of social innovation tends to create a continuity to neoliberalism. (shrink)

A recently proposed approach to relativistic quantum mechanics is applied to the problem of a particle in a quadratic potential. The methods, both exact and approximate, allow one to obtain eigenstate energy levels and wavefunctions, using conventional numerical eigensolvers applied to Schrödinger-like equations. Results are obtained over a nine-order-of-magnitude variation of system parameters, ranging from the non-relativistic to the ultrarelativistic limits. Various trends are analyzed and discussed—some of which might have been easily predicted, others which may be a bit more (...) surprising. (shrink)

Este artigo analisa a relação entre τέχνη e ἀλήθεια, mostrando como Heidegger recorre a essas concepções gregas para afirmar que a técnica moderna representa o fim da filosofia. Trata-se de ler Heidegger a partir de sua própria obra, assumindo como ponto de partida as preleções _O Sofista de Platão_ (1924/1925). Nestas, ao preparar a interpretação do diálogo platônico, Heidegger mostra que, em Aristóteles, ἐπιστήμη e τέχνη são os dois modos imediatos do ἀληθεύειν e dizem respeito, respectivamente, àquilo que propicia o (...) saber (ἐπιστημονικόν) e a reflexão (λογιστικόν). Em sua obra tardia, Heidegger postula a técnica moderna, cuja essência é denominada _Ge-stell_, como o fim da filosofia. Nesse cenário, este artigo propõe construir uma chave de leitura para a técnica moderna como fim da filosofia a partir da interpretação que Heidegger apresenta sobre a τέχνη em Platão e Aristóteles. Argumenta-se que a técnica moderna não é apenas um meio para um fim, mas um modo da verdade que subjugou até mesmo o pensar filosófico, culminando no domínio da técnica sobre todas as esferas da existência. (shrink)

Podríamos iniciar estas líneas de acercamiento al problema, poliédrico y espejeante, que los autores aquí reunidos han sabido tratar acudiendo a la arquelogía de cierto vértigo de la conciencia sobre el que se constituye la subjetividad moderna. Para ello, cabría acudir al primer gran umbral de pérdida del equilibrio, para encontrarnos con la desfundamentación renacentista de la idea de cosmos. Nuestro relato, en tal caso, tendría su origen en la disolución del mundo en las cosas, de los universales en los (...) particulares, de la metafísica en la antropognosis. También sería posible alcanzar a Descartes –guiados quizás por Monsieur Teste y sus «excesos de conciencia de sí»– e instalarnos en los abismos fantasmagóricos de la pérdida de la evidencia inmediata (procurándose, perversamente, modernamente, la evidencia filosófica…). O detenernos en los surgimientos de la función imaginante según la define Kant en la Crítica del juicio en términos ya productivos, y continuar, si así lo quisiéramos, hacia aquel Salon de 1859 en el que Baudelaire atribuye a la imaginación la doble capacidad de descomponer lo recibido por la percepción, llenándose así la cultura europea de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX de fantasmas antiplatónicos; o sea, de imágenes soberanas con potencia para inquietarnos. Haciendo de este modo recuento de derrumbes (del Cosmos y de la Evidencia) y apariciones (la de una máquina de coser y un paraguas sobre una mesa de disección, los espectros mirados por Odilon Redon, las palabras absolutas de Mallármé), obtendríamos un itinerario preciso por el que determinar qué habríamos de entender con la expresión que da título a esta volumen: poéticas del extrañamiento. (shrink)

The decisive role played by Ortega and his “School of Madrid” in modernizing the 20th century Spanish thinking is widely accepted, but their contribution to bring our logic up to day was rather unfortunate: far from backing the introduction or reception of modern logic, the “School of Madrid” attempted an alternative logic, the so-called ‘logic of vital reason’, non-viable. As it is a symptomatic failure, I’ll give a broader account of it starting from, and going through, a confrontation in this (...) respect between the “School of Madrid” and its contemporary “School of Barcelona”. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the rules for the expurgation of texts of astrology in the Iberian Indices of forbidden books. It addresses the prohibitions put forward in Rule IX of the Index of Trent and the bull Coeli et terrae of Sixtus V, and studies its impact on the rules and their interpretation in the Spanish and Portuguese Indices, in particular, those published in the first decades of the seventeenth century: the Spanish Index librorum prohibitorum et expurgatorum of 1612 and the (...) Portuguese Index auctorum damnatae memoriae of 1624. It shows how these indices offer a more meticulous examination of the prohibitions providing not only more detail regarding the different practices of astrology, but also explicitly accept the doctrine of inclinations of Thomas Aquinas as a central rule to deal with astrological judgments on human behaviour. It also highlights some specific details of the practice of censorship of astrological books by examining case studies of censored Portuguese and Spanish astrological publications. These provide new dimensions and highlight significant differences between the theoretical rules, practical guidelines, and actual restriction of astrological content. (shrink)

El artículo va en contra de la apreciación del escepticismo filosófico según la cual éste posee algún significado en cuanto supone el realismo metafísico y defiende pretensiones universales. Una tal visión del escepticismo filosófico es considerada aquí, más bien, como banal. Contra esta interpretación del escepticismo filosófico, se desea mostrar que éste puede ser concebido como una posición filosófica de interés aun cuando no infiera la imposibilidad del saber a partir del carácter inverificable del realismo, o aun cuando no defienda (...) actitudes destructivas con pretendido valor imiversal. El artículo quiere comprender los motivos escépticos relativistas e indicar su valor en cuanto ellos cuestionan el status de la filosofia como teoría de segtmdo orden, o meta-teoría. (shrink)

Este escrito pretende repensar la paradoja de hablar en nombre propio por medio de una inmersión en la filosofía del lenguaje de Vilém Flusser, con el objetivo de esbozar otra manera de hacer frente al nihilismo contemporáneo, a través de una conceptualización no abstracta del intelecto y del lenguaje. El nihilismo que nos acecha, al capturar la diferencia por medio de una axiomática que parte de los principios de identidad, de no contradicción y de tercero excluido, condiciona a la mayoría (...) de las voces en resistencia (que pretenden hablar en nombre propio) a un binarismo que las introduce en una asimilación ciega de la realización de nuestra cultura asentada en la mathesis universalis. Para el filósofo nacido en Praga, esto se hace ostensible en la figura de los campos de concentración como expresión singular de una realización de nuestra cultura. (shrink)