Context: The emergency situation caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected different facets of society. Although much of the attention is focused on the health sector, other sectors such as education have also experienced profound transformations and impacts. This sector is usually highly affected by psychosocial risks, and this could be aggravated during the current health emergency. Psychosocial risks may cause health problems, lack of motivation, and a decrease of effectiveness at work, which in turn affect the quality of (...) teaching. Despite their importance, there are hardly any studies that analyze psychosocial risks of non-university teachers during a health emergency such as that caused by COVID-19. Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze the perception of COVID-19 and the psychosocial risks of non-university teachers comparing Spain and Mexico during the state of alarm caused by COVID-19. Methods Data were collected from 421 non-university teachers (80.2% women; 56.3% from Mexico, 43.7% from Spain) aged 24–60 ( M = 39.32, SD = 10.21) via a self-completed questionnaire during the pandemic from March to April 2020. Results Data analysis suggests that inequity is the most important risk, followed by work overload. Teachers appear to be moderately satisfied with the information on COVID-19 and the measures taken, while their satisfaction with the available resources is lower. When comparing the two countries, significant differences can be observed in every risk considered except for social support, with lower levels in Mexican teachers compared to Spanish ones. In the case of the perception of COVID-19 and its impact, the perception in general of levels of information, measures, and resources is better among Mexican teachers than among Spanish ones, who present higher scores of the impact of the health emergency. Conclusion The results underline the importance of the professional’s perception of resources during a health emergency, which could prevent to some extent burnout and possible alterations associated with it. The measures taken by the responsible entities and the provision of information do affect teachers not only directly but also indirectly by making them more vulnerable to psychosocial risks that could affect their health and professional performance, thus affecting students as well. (shrink)

El artículo muestra una estrategia metodológica para garantizar la dirección del proceso educativo para el desarrollo de la habilidad intelectual modelación en los estudiantes; devela sus principales fundamentos epistémicos, sus etapas y acciones esenciales. Para ello se aplicaron métodos científicos de investigación. La constatación de los resultados brinda evidencias positivas acerca de su pertinencia, al considerar el carácter coparticipativo y coprotagónico que adquieren las influencias educativas en el contexto institucional en la dirección de un proceso educativo único. The article shows (...) a methodological strategy to ensure the teaching process direction in order develop intellectual skill modeling in students; It reveals its main epistemic foundations, its stages and essential actions. That is the reason for which different research scientific methods were applied. Verification of results provides positive evidence of its pertinence when considering the collaborative nature of the educational influences within the institutional context in the direction of a unique educational process. (shrink)

Adaptive optics are techniques used for processing the spatial resolution of astronomical images taken from large ground-based telescopes. In this work, computational results are presented for a modified curvature sensor, the tomographic pupil image wavefront sensor, which measures the turbulence of the atmosphere, expressed in terms of an expansion over Zernike polynomials. Convolutional neural networks are presented as an alternative to the TPI-WFS reconstruction. This technique is a machine learning model of the family of artificial neural networks, which are widely (...) known for its performance as modeling and prediction technique in complex systems. Results obtained from the reconstruction of the networks are compared with the TPI-WFS reconstruction by estimating errors and optical measurements. The reconstructed wavefronts from both techniques are compared for wavefronts of 153 Zernike modes. For this case, a detailed comparison and grid search to find the most suitable neural network is performed, searching between multi-layer perceptron, CNN and recurrent networks topologies. In general, the best network was a CNN trained for TPI-WFS reconstruction, achieving better performance than the reconstruction software from TPI-WFS in most of the turbulent profiles, but the most significant improvements were found for higher turbulent profiles that have the lowest r0 values. (shrink)

Surgical patient safety remains a concern worldwide as, despite World Health Organization recommendations and implementation of its Surgical Safety Checklist, adverse events continue to occur. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the views and experiences of perioperative nurses regarding the factors that impact surgical patient safety. Data were collected through five focus groups involving a total of 50 perioperative nurses recruited from four public hospitals in Spain. Content analysis of the focus groups yielded four main themes: personal (...) qualities of the perioperative nurse, the surgical environment, safety culture, and perioperative nursing care plans. One of the main findings concerned barriers to the exercise of leadership by nurses, especially regarding completion of the Surgical Safety Checklist. Some of the key factors that impacted the ability of perioperative nurses to fulfil their duties and ensure patient safety were the stress associated with working in the operating room, time pressures, and ineffective communication in the multidisciplinary team. Targeting these aspects through training initiatives could contribute to the professional development of perioperative nurses and reduce the incidence of adverse events by enhancing the surgical safety culture. (shrink)

Lo icónico siempre se ha empleado para vehicular conocimientos de un modo propio con distintos grados de validez. En este artículo se busca pensar esta cuestión a propósito del fenómeno pictorial de nuestra época: las “nuevas imágenes técnicas”. Así, tras delimitar sus características, se especificarán sus modulaciones en el campo científico, tomando las neuroimágenes como estudio de caso, y en el artístico, haciendo hincapié en el arte algorítmico. Se pondrán en tela de juicio cinco nociones estético-epistémicas: verdad, realidad, novedad, imaginación (...) y creatividad; perfilando finalmente la posibilidad de genuina creatividad en la estética algorítmica a partir del concepto de “probabilidad’’. Palabras claves: Teoría de la imagen; Imágenes técnicas; Neuroimagen; Arte algorítmico; Estética contemporánea. (shrink)

RESUMEN El presente trabajo de revisión expone cómo las prácticas de gestión en la anestesiología deben ser modificadas para encarar las cambiantes necesidades de pacientes, otros profesionales y sistemas sanitarios, a fin de mantener una función significativa en la atención sanitaria. Los servicios de anestesia han adoptado una amplia variedad de modelos para hacer frente a las necesidades del medio local, la relación entre los anestesiólogos y la comunidad, y los papeles desempeñados por los anestesiólogos en el tratamiento perioperatorio. El (...) sistema sanitario cubano se encuentra inmerso en un proceso de permanente adecuación de sus servicios a los problemas, demandas y necesidades de la población cubana y sus determinantes. Por ello, objetivo es exponer consideraciones teóricas en función del perfeccionamiento del servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación. ABSTRACT This review paper presents how anesthesiology management practices must be modified in order to deal with the changing needs patients, other professionals and health systems have, in order to maintain a significant function in health care. Anesthesiology services have adopted a wide variety of models to face up to the needs the city, the relationship between anesthesiologists and the community and the role anesthesiologists play in perioperative treatment have. The Cuban health system services are in a process of permanent adaptation to the problems, demands and needs the Cuban population and its determinants have. For that reason, this paper aims at presenting theoretical considerations towards the improvement of the Anesthesiology and Resuscitation service. (shrink)

This paper analyses the place of sortition in the political philosophy of Jacques Rancière. The idea of sortition is linked to a philosophical reflection on arithmetic equality and geometric equality. Thus, starting from an important work of Cornelius Castoriadis in this sense, we will analyze below the relationship of Rancière’s political philosophy with equality. Finally we will analyze the sortition and the place it occupies in his work. Bernard Manin’s work on ancient democracies and systems of representative government will help (...) us contextualize Rancière’s proposals on the use of random selection in politics. (shrink)

In recent years, the term populism has become indeed popular. Among its variants, a very particular one stands out. It is the so-called managerial populism, in which prominent businessmen have entered the arena of politics with a program focused on the regeneration of economic and social life. Donald Trump, perhaps, has been the most outstanding example. In this article, our aim is to analyze this phenomenon of managerial populism, addressing a number of issues. Firstly, we will discuss the emergence of (...) a certain type of charismatic leadership in business or management ideologies as a development that largely precedes the consolidation of these figures in the political scene; the implications of these ideologies in the political and social sphere; and the importance of the forms of discursive use of the concept of people in these popular discourses. (shrink)

This study explores the micro-determinants of corruption tolerance among 1414 university students in Guatemala, a country grappling with significant corruption issues. By examining the attitudes of economics majors compared to students in other disciplines through ordered logistic regression analysis, we offer new insights into factors influencing corruption tolerance in a developing country setting. This approach, by focusing on a developing country, fills a research gap in the literature on the differences between economics students and their peers from other programs. We (...) find that economics students exhibit a greater tolerance for corruption. This result aligns with theories and research that suggest that economists show a profit-maximizing mindset, and distinctive values and fairness perceptions. Furthermore, our analysis reveals significant effects of gender and age on corruption tolerance, with women and older students reporting lower tolerance to corrupt practices. The study also uncovers the higher tolerance towards private versus public corruption. These findings provide valuable guidance for developing policies and educational initiatives to reduce corruption tolerance among future professionals in similar socio-economic environments. (shrink)

Partiendo de la comprensión de Heidegger en torno a los pensadores del inicio desplegada en los cuatros cursos de principios de los años cuarenta del siglo XX, querríamos mostrar la lectura de Heidegger de los pensadores del inicio en contraste con la de Gadamer en torno a los «presocráticos» mostrada en El inicio de la Filosofía occidental. Estudiaremos para ello la palabra Anfang en uno y otro autor contextualizando sus aproximaciones hermenéuticas a los textos griegos. Finalmente prestaremos atención a la (...) interpretación del poema de Parménides de Elea en El Inicio de la Filosofía occidental. Además de una diversa comprensión del final de la filosofía y la tarea del pensar, se nos irá revelando cómo Heidegger despliega indicaciones en torno a la articulación del pensar y la palabra en los pensadores del inicio, mientras Gadamer hace referencias al «valor poético» del poema de Parménides. Tras recorrer los diversos fragmentos transmitidos del poema, concluiremos señalando cómo la cuestión del ser y la verdad interpretada por Gadamer en Parménides remite a la pregunta por el carácter unitario —o al problema del continuo— de la presencia o aparecer que dice «ser», henologicamiente incomprensible sin atender a los cruces ἀλήθεια y φύσις. (shrink)

En The paradox of Addition and its dissolution (1969), Mario Bunge presenta algunos argumentos para mostrar que la Regla de Adición puede ocasionar paradojas o problemas semánticos. Posteriormente, Margáin (1972) y Robles (1976) mostraron que las afirmaciones de Bunge son insostenibles, al menos desde el punto de vista de la lógica clásica. Aunque estamos de acuerdo con las críticas de Margáin y Robles, no estamos de acuerdo en el diagnóstico del origen del problema y tampoco con la manera en la (...) que se proponen solucionarlo. En esta medida, en este texto mostraremos cómo la Regla de Adición sí trae problemas semánticos que pueden ser planteados desde diferentes perspectivas contemporáneas, como la extensionalidad del condicional, los principios proscriptivos y la validez conexiva. (shrink)

El presente artículo se enmarca en el campo de la comprensión acerca del sentido que se le otorga a la escuela. En este caso se contextualiza la pregunta en estudiantes mapuche que asisten a un colegio rural de alta vulnerabilidad socioeconómica. A través de un enfoque cualitativo se buscó principalmente comprender el sentido que le dan niños y niñas a la escuela y las motivaciones que tienen para asistir. Participaron 20 niños y niñas en dos grupos focales. Luego de los (...) análisis iniciales se procedió a volver al campo realizando diez entrevistas individuales. Los resultados muestran que el sentido de la escuela se configura tanto por motivaciones internas como expectativas que tienen los padres sobre el futuro de sus hijos. Desde la mirada de los estudiantes, tanto profesores como padres motivan a los estudiantes a salir de la ruralidad, a seguir estudios superiores como una fórmula de éxito social. (shrink)

Este artículo examina la jurisprudencia constitucional relativa a la legitimación en la Jurisdicción de lo Contencioso-Administrativa, en general, y sobre la legitimación de las asociaciones, particularmente, haciendo hincapié en la importancia de esta cuestión para la protección de los derechos constitucionales y la protección de los intereses colectivos. El autor, recordando que la legitimación activa plazo es la capacidad de una parte para demostrar a la corte que existe una vinculación suficiente con el objeto procesal a fin de justificar su (...) participación en el caso (algo que perder, algo para ganar), las notas el papel del Tribunal Constitucional español en subrayar que la legitimación activa debe interpretarse en sentido amplio, en contraste con otra sentencia más restrictivas en la jurisprudencia administrativa. La interpretación amplia de la legitimidad está estrechamente vinculada no solo con los derechos de acceso a la justicia (especialmente intensa cuando se determina la imposibilidad de obtener una respuesta judicial inicial) y el derecho constitucional a la tutela judicial efectiva, sino también para controlar judicial efectiva y la acción firme de la Administración con arreglo a Derecho por los tribunales, lo que permite combatir las prácticas corruptas y los casos de abuso del poder público. En resumen, la interpretación amplia de legitimación es la mejor solución contra los conceptos anticuados que impiden el acceso a la justicia. (shrink)

The process of democratic consolidation in Mexico has not resolved the issues of trust in public institutions due to the lack of mechanisms to implement public policies related to transparency and accountability. Municipal governments have struggled to meet transparency and accountability obligations due to the heterogeneity in their demographic, economic, cultural, and institutional composition. In the case of Sonora, most municipalities have faced difficulties in fulfilling these basic information obligations on their portals and assuming responsibility for the management of resources. (...) The aim of this study is to explain the main factors that have hindered the fulfillment of these transparency and accountability obligations in the municipalities of the state of Sonora and to analyze the institutional instruments involved. This research reveals findings on the relationship between transparency and accountability policies and the municipal institutional design, and how the latter has represented an obstacle for the efficient implementation of these policies in Sonora’s municipalities. (shrink)

We consider the concept of poverty from the asset-accumulation approach and propose an integrated framework, building upon existing theories, to describe how the interconnected factors of trust (or lack thereof) and social distance can reinforce poverty traps. Social distance is influenced by choice, while trust is the symptom that defines the strength of social ties on a group. We look at how an absence of trust influences how households make decisions about the use and accumulation of assets in ways that (...) could perpetuate poverty. Weak trust also affects how groups interact with each other in a society, creating “trust clusters” within homogeneous groups and antagonism across groups, which in turn affects aspirations and leads to an erosion of the basis of a social contract. For more effective and sustainable poverty reduction, we need to understand these linkages and address them systematically. (shrink)

Dual aspect theory has conceptual advantages over alternative mind-body notions, but difficulties of its own. The nature of the underlying psychophysical ground, for one, remains problematic either in terms of the principle of complementarity or if mind and matter are taken to be aspects of something like energy, movement, or information. Moreover, for a dual aspect theory to be plausible it should avoid the four perils of all mind-body theories: epiphenomenalism, reductionism, gross panpsychism, and the problems of emergence. An alternative (...) dual aspect theory, patterned process theory, is introduced and defended in neurological and individuality terms. The concept is grounded in a brain model of hierarchies wherein consciousness is conceived to be a cognitive aspect of the highest emergent brain inter-module activity, which is situated in the context of a living organism coping with a changing environment. The notion of individuals as psychophysical units unfolding as patterned processes is shown to constitute an integrative approach to brain, consciousness, and behavior that can avoid the conceptual perils and meet the ontological requirements of dual aspect reality and thereby advance the foundations of an integrative mind-body science. (shrink)

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de comparar las características de la conducta prosocial en adolescentes con dificultades para aprender y sus pares sin este antecedente. Estuvo integrado por 44 adolescentes, distribuidos en dos grupos. Se emplearon la entrevista semiestructurada, los cuestionarios de Conducta Prosocial, Conducta Antisocial y de Aislamiento y Soledad a los adolescentes. El procesamiento de los datos se realizó a través del SPSS v.15 en español específicamente la prueba U de Mann Withney. Se apreciaron diferencias (...) entre los grupos en cuanto a la influencia familiar. El comportamiento prosocial en ambos grupos no mostró diferencias significativas. La conducta antisocial aportó diferencias significativas con respecto a las dimensiones aislamiento y retraimiento/ansiedad sobre la dimensión de agresividad. Los indicadores de aislamiento y soledad resultaron más elevados en los adolescentes con dificultades para aprender. ABSTRACT The objective of the study was comparing the characteristics of prosocial behavior in adolescents with Difficulties to Learn and their couples without this antecedent. It was integrated by 44 adolescents. They were used the interview, the questionnaires of Prosocial Behavior, Antisocial Behavior and of Isolation and solitude to the adolescents. El prosecution of the data was carried out through the SPSS v.15 in Spanish, specifically the test U of Mann Withney. Differences were appreciated among the groups as for the family influence. The prosocial behavior in both groups didn't show significant differences. The antisocial behavior contributed significant differences with regard to the dimensions isolation and reserve/anxiety over the dimension of aggressiveness. The isolation indicators and solitude were higher in the adolescents with Difficulties to Learn. (shrink)

Background: This research explores how public awareness and attitudes toward donation and transplantation policies may contribute to Spain's success in cadaveric organ donation. Materials and Methods: A representative sample of 813 people residing in Andalusia (Southern Spain) were surveyed by telephone or via Internet between October and December 2018. Results: Most participants trust Spain's donation and transplantation system (93%) and wish to donate their organs after death (76%). Among donors, a majority have expressed their consent (59%), and few nondonors have (...) expressed their refusal (14%). Only a minority are aware of the presumed consent system in force (28%) and feel sufficiently informed regarding the requirements needed to be an organ donor (16%). Participants mainly consider that relatives should represent the deceased's preferences and be consulted when the deceased's wishes are unknown, as is the case in Spain. Conclusion: Public trust in the transplant system may contribute to Spain's high performance in organ donation. High levels of societal support toward organ donation and transplantation do not correspond with similar levels of public awareness of donation and transplantation policies in Spain. (shrink)

Botanical preparations used by shamans in rituals for divination, prophecy, and ecstasy contain widely different psychoactive compounds, which are incorrectly classified under a single denomination such as “hallucinogens,” “psychedelics,” or “entheogens.” Based on extensive ethnopharmacological search, I proposed a psychopharmacological classification of magic plants in 1979. This paper re-evaluates this taxonomy in the context of consciousness research. Several groups of psychodysleptic magic plants are proposed: (1) hallucinogens—psilocybin mushrooms, mescaline cacti, dimethyltryptamine snuffs, and the synthetic ergoline lysergic acid diethylamide induce strong (...) perceptual changes, affective intensification, and cognitive enhancement. Their ethnobotanical uses include long lasting divination rituals, prophecy, and sacramental practice. (2) Trance-inducers—ergoline Convolvulaceae and South American Banisteriopsis produce quietness, abstraction, lethargy, mild sensorial and cognitive changes, and salient visual imagery changes used in trance rituals and specific divination practices. (3) Cognodysleptics—marijuana (tetrahydrocannabinol) and other terpene-containing plants induce changes in thought, imagination, and affective functions and are used in short-term divination or oneiromancy. (4) Deliriants—tropane-containing Solanaceae, wild tobacco, and Amanita muscaria (muscimol) induce a delirium characterized by dim and clouded consciousness, stupor, confusion, disorientation, perception distortion, difficulties in recollection, anxiety, irritability, excitation, and behavioral disorganization employed in sorcery, purification, or exorcism rituals. The core mental effects required for a drug to be used in shamanistic rituals include light-headedness, enhanced imagery, and experience intensification. This constellation was the reason why, in his classification of psychoactive compounds, the pioneer German psychopharmacologist Louis Lewin established in 1924 a group of drugs under the appropriate name of Phantastica. (shrink)

RESUMEN Fundamentación: la intervención de los anestesiólogos durante el preoperatorio de los pacientes con fractura del tercio proximal del fémur no queda reducida a la recopilación de datos científicos de carácter biológico, es una exigencia actual enfrentarse al paciente con una profunda comprensión de su esencia social y desde una posición humanista. Objetivo: determinar las condiciones sociales del sufrimiento de los pacientes con fractura del tercio proximal del fémur durante el preoperatorio. Método: se realizó un estudio de revisión sistemática cualitativa, (...) con la información cualitativa descriptiva a través de la recolección, evaluación, verificación y síntesis de las evidencias existentes. Resultados: si está indicada la intervención quirúrgica, se asegura la prevención de la discapacidad en la población envejecida vulnerable o frágil con alto riesgo quirúrgico. La fragilidad como proceso dinámico produce la transición a mayor fragilidad y su vez conduce a un espiral de resultados adversos de salud con carácter multidimensional y progresivo. Discusión: la ética del cuidado destaca la importancia de valorar el sufrimiento del paciente, la necesidad y sensibilidad para responder de tal forma que se proteja al paciente y sus familiares de la sensación de aislamiento, abandono y discapacidad propios de la enfermedad. El cuidado es una actividad permanente y cotidiana de la vida de las personas, el cuidado por parte de los anestesiólogos incluye profesionalidad a lo cotidiano. ABSTRACT Background: the intervention of the anesthesiologists during the preoperatory of the patients with fracture of the third proximal of the femur is not reduced to the summary of scientific data of biological character; it is a current demand to face the patient with a deep understanding of its social essence and from a humanist position. Objective: to determine the social conditions of the suffering of the patients with fracture of the third proximal of the femur during the preoperatory. Method: it was carried out a study of qualitative systematic revision, with the descriptive qualitative information through the gathering, evaluation, verification and synthesis of the existent evidences. Results: if it is suitable the surgical intervention.The fragility like dynamic process produces the transition to more fragility and its time it drives to a hairspring ofadverse resultsof health with multidimensional character and progressive. Discusión: the ethics of the care highlights the importance of valuing the patient's suffering, the necessity and sensibility to respond in such a way that is protected to the patient and its relatives of the isolation sensation, abandonment of the illness. The care is a permanent and daily activity of the life of people the care on the part of the anesthesiologists. (shrink)

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, approved on December 13, 2006 by the UN General Assembly, represented a historic advance in the field of disability by recognizing that the right to education implied the right to an quality inclusive education, thus consolidating a normative evolution from previous international instruments. Since May 3, 2008, the Convention has been part of the Spanish legal system, which implies that the State is obliged to modify national laws that do not correspond (...) to the principles established in the Convention. However, different reports have revealed the weakness of its implementation in Spain, with the consequent breach of the rights of people with disabilities. These difficulties in establishing a truly inclusive education show how ableist conceptions and practices continue to be perpetuated in the educational field. (shrink)

The presence of ibuprofen in wastewater is a topic of global interest, and the mechanisms and behavior of its correlation with its elimination in ecological systems, such as constructed wetlands, is a little known topic. The objective of this study was to perform a correlational analysis of the behavior of the emerging contaminant ibuprofen in a horizontally constructed wetland in a tropical climate planted with the ornamental plant Spathiphyllum blandum. 10 experimental units were used at the mesocosm level of 20 (...) L, 5 planted with Spathiphyllum B., and 5 without plants. The elimination of ibuprofen was measured and the correlation was analyzed using computational methods and neural networks. Spathiphyllum blandum was used in this study. The removal of ibuprofen in HC was significantly improved by up to 23% compared with that in non-planted systems. Based on the prediction obtained from ibuprofen in the effluent, it can be concluded that it has an exponential decay behavior tending to zero, and the model obtained explains in an acceptable way the relationship between the height of the plant and the concentration of ibuprofen in the effluent, reaffirming that this relationship is inverse. Further studies should be conducted to understand the behavior of these compounds in relation to different species of tropical plants. (shrink)

ObjectiveCOVID-19 caused a complete stop in non-professional sports. The use of face masks for team sports is not a widely used measure in non-professional sports. The study aimed to evaluate the perception about using the mask and the adaptation difficulties related to training and competition in team sports following the FISICOVID-DXTGALEGO protocol.MethodsSeven hundred eighty-seven handball players from the Galician Handball Federation were followed during their return to participation after months of confinement through an electronic questionnaire of perception and experience on (...) the use of a mask.ResultsThere is an excellent adaptation to the mask in training and competition with medium and high correlations. The 86,41% of players reported an adaptation to the mask in 3 weeks with a three times a week training frequency. The negative opinion on the mask was drastically reduced after use. The 80,44% of players considered the use of a mask as an essential measure to resume competitions.ConclusionsIt is very feasible to adapt to training and compete with a mask in a short period. The use of a mask following these protocols changed previous opinions on the disadvantages of the mask during training and competition. (shrink)

La formación profesional tiene un carácter contextualizado que responde a las exigencias que la época, la sociedad y el país reclaman a las universidades. La Estomatología en Cuba no se encuentra al margen de estos preceptos por lo que desarrolla un plan de estudio que acentúa la flexibilidad para realizar modificaciones necesarias y pertinentes. El estudiante al culminar la carrera debe brindar una atención estomatológica integral donde las anomalías dentomaxilofaciales constituyen la tercera línea de trabajo. Estas ocasionan afectaciones estéticas que (...) repercuten en la autoestima y adaptación social de niños y adolescentes por lo que se necesita de una orientación sicoeducativa, acción para la cual el profesional deberá estar preparado. A partir de las insuficiencias detectadas en el proceso formativo del estomatólogo, el objetivo del presente trabajo es proponer un curso propio sobre la temática para favorecer la graduación de un profesional capaz de resolver los problemas que afectan el complejo estomatognático con un enfoque biosicosocial. Los métodos empleados fueron el histórico-lógico y análisis-síntesis. Professional training has a contextualized nature which reflects the demands that the time, society and the country require from universities. In Cuba, Stomatology is not out of these precepts and therefore it carries out a syllabus that emphasizes flexibility to make necessary and appropriate changes. When students graduate, they must provide a complete stomatological care where dental maxillofacial anomalies are the third line of work. They cause aesthetic harm that affects children and teenagers' self-esteem and social adaptation which makes psych educational guidance necessary; a situation professional must be prepared for. Starting from the weak points discovered in the training process of stomatologists, a crash course in the subject is suggested in order to favor the graduation of professionals who are able to solve problems that affect the stomatognatic complex with a biopsychosocial approach, through the use of required methods, techniques and procedures. (shrink)

La investigación en tecnología con fines militares se ha profundizado en las últimas décadas debido al desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial, como puede observarse en los drones o vehículos aéreos no tripulados. El despliegue de estos artefactos en el campo de batalla está suscitando importantes problemáticas y controversias éticas. En ese sentido, el propósito de esta trabajo gira en torno a la necesidad de plantear una reflexión ética sobre el diseño y finalidad de los drones desde el modelo de Investigación (...) e Innovación Responsables, con el objetivo de reorientar su empleo hacia fines humanitarios y cívicos. (shrink)

Tras los procesos de investigación e innovación en el campo de la inteligencia artificial subyacen relaciones políticas que pueden ser sometidas a una reflexión ética. La ciencia cívica pone en valor la comunicación como una herramienta para fortalecer los vínculos democráticos entre los entornos científicos y la ciudadanía. En este sentido, el propósito de este trabajo gira en torno a la formulación del concepto de inteligencia artificial responsable impulsado desde los laboratorios abiertos como un espacio deliberativo para hacer posible el (...) cultivo de habilidades cívicas y democráticas en el contexto tecnológico. Proporcionando de ese modo una orientación pragmática y fronética de los sistemas artificiales hacia los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Este trabajo es el resultado de una investigación bibliográfica. (shrink)

The debate over the determination of death has been raging for more than fifty years. Since then, objections against the diagnosis of brain death from family members of those diagnosed as dead-have been increasing and are causing some countries to take novel steps to accommodate people’s beliefs and preferences in the determination of death. This, coupled with criticism by some academics of the brain death criterion, raises some questions about the issues surrounding the determination of death. In this paper, we (...) discuss some of the main approaches to death determination that have been theoretically proposed or currently put into practice and propose a new approach to death determination called "weak pluralism" as a reasonable ethical and political alternative to respect diversity in death determination. (shrink)

El propósito del presente trabajo consiste en poner en valor un modelo de innovación abierto y responsable para el desarrollo tecnológico. Este modelo permite poner en tela de juicio la cultura científica que entiende el proceso de generación de conocimiento en términos de monopolios y oligopolios, privilegiando en enfoque de arriba hacia abajo. Este enfoque presenta un déficit comunicativo entre los expertos tecnólogos y los demás grupos de interés y afectados por la tecnología. En ese sentido, es importante promover una (...) investigación e innovación responsables, estableciendo de ese modo un hilo comunicativo entre lo deseable y lo aceptable. Además, las tecnologías despliegan su actividad en contextos morales y por lo tanto presentan una dimensión política y social que exige llevar a cabo una evaluación ética. Este artículo es el resultado de una investigación bibliográfica. (shrink)