Several studies conducted in the 1970's by western analysts concluded that Buddhism is the main obstacle to economic development in Thailand. This view typifies the reasoning of mainstream modernization and development practices in Third World countries. Yet in recent years, Post World War II policies based upon the goal of modernization have been under attack for the environmental disasters they have generated, for their failure to improve human conditions where they have been implemented, and for their assumption that the western (...) world's high levels of production and consumption are superior to all other socio-economic possibilities. This dissertation focuses on Buddhist community and environmental action as a response to the hardships generated by modernization, and the ethical and spiritual system on which this action is based, especially as demonstrated by Thailand's forest monks. ;Chapter 1 examines traditionally accepted views of Buddhist ethics, the background against which new environmental interpretations emerge. Chapter 2 surveys the present trend of Buddhist social action, the application of Buddhist philosophy to contemporary social issues. Socially-engaged Buddhism is also considered with a view to its scriptural justification. Chapter 3 explores both the ethics and social action of Buddhism with specific reference to the conservation of nature. ;At this point in the modernization of Thailand, poverty is growing in rural areas, compounded by increasing drought and environmental adversity. At the same time, expanded corporate and governmental control over arable land and forests assumes command of the nation's remaining natural resources. Chapter 4 discusses this recent history. Chapter 5 concentrates on Thailand's conservationist forest monks, their ethical philosophy, the social and natural environments they are endeavoring to preserve or recover, and their work with villagers whose well-being is at stake. ;The concluding chapter investigates the western model of economic development, criticizing its universalizability, its underlying values, and its outcomes. I argue that the challenge to contemporary economic practices and lifestyles represented by the conservationist forest monks' revitalization of Buddhist tradition offers Thailand's rural poor the potential for a more satisfying and beneficial way of life. (shrink)