Christianity has exerted invaluable influence on all spheres of human existence, first of all spiritual. Religious systems, being the same content for many nations, have a different effect on the history and consciousness of these peoples.Religious situation in Ukraine at the end of the XVI century. is marked by complexity. After the Union of Lublin in 1569, Ukrainian Orthodoxy, along with Catholicism, became dominant in the Commonwealth. But the episcopate of the Kievan Metropolitanate, worried about increasing its own and church (...) holdings, paid little attention to the training of staff for the Orthodox Church, the education of young people. At the same time, Catholic orders that appeared in Ukraine after the union, were active missionary work. Over time, they permeated all spheres of public life of the Ukrainian people. The prestige of Orthodoxy began to fall, causing the gentry to convert to Catholicism. The situation was complicated by the so-called right of "submission" to the king and "patronage" of the gentry, especially when the "patron" of Orthodox laymen became a Catholic or Protestant. Kievan Metropolis gradually embraced church disorder. (shrink)

Lives and work of Veṅkaṭanātha (Vedantadesika), 1268-1369, and Maṇavāḷa Māmun̲i, 1370-1444, Vaishnavite leaders and exponents of the Viśiṣṭādvaita school in Hindu philosophy from Tamil Nadu.

In the last decade, the activities of various extremist organizations have intensified, which use religious slogans to achieve political goals, sometimes even deliberately distorting the basic tenets of religion. Researchers argue that such organizations put forward some position and then, in order for it to gain weight in the eyes of Muslims, reinforce it with a distorted interpretation of the ayat from the Qur'an or the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. This is most characteristic of supporters of the extremist trend (...) of Wahhabism. Even during the life of the founder of the current, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, theologians of the Muslim holy city of Mecca issued a fatwa about the Wahhabis' retreat from the faith because of their beliefs. This conclusion was made by Islamic scholars in connection with the fact that many of the provisions of the teachings of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab contradict Islamic doctrine; Wahhabis also unprovenly accuse Muslims of unbelief, which leads accusers of unbelief. This principle follows from the words of the Prophet Muhammad and is well known among Muslims. (shrink)

From the annals and historical chronicles it is known that the inhabitants of Ukraine first became acquainted with Islamic culture in the times of Kievan Rus. Diplomats, travelers and traders from the Middle and Middle East and Bulgaria were often visited by Kyiv, which at that time was the capital of the great power. They left historical chronicles, which tell about the lives and customs of Kievan Rus. It was at this time that the first Muslims appeared in Kiev.

An Arabic language summary of the history and principles of four key Hellenic schools of philosophy: Cynicism, Skepticism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism.

The child was 2 years, 8 months old and weighed 25 pounds, one-fifth the weight of her mother, for whom she was to be the bone marrow donor. The mother had suffered a relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia; her physicians recommended a bone marrow transplant. The child was the closest human leukocyte antigen match and thus the best donor candidate for her mother's transplant.

Le monde naturel comme probleme philosophique, these d'habilitation de Jan Patocka, parut d'abord en 1936, en meme temps que la premiere partie de la Krisis. C'etait alors le premier ouvrage - et longtemps le seul - expressement consacre a la notion, a la description et aux analyses husserliennes de la Lebenswelt. Si le jeune Patocka y demeure fidele au transcendantalisme de son maitre, c'est en toute independance qu'il tente la restitution du monde dans lequel nous vivons - dans un dialogue (...) avec l'analytique existentiale de Heidegger, la cosmologie de Fink, la theorie de la forme et les inspirations du Cercle linguistique de Prague. Cette nouvelle traduction, comprenant l'autocritique approfondie que l'auteur a tenu a ajouter en 1970 a la seconde edition tcheque, permet au lecteur de suivre le developpement de ce theme clef dans la genese de sa conception originale de l'existence en tant que mouvement et le virage vers une phenomenologie asubjective. (shrink)

Contributed articles on modern philosophy, Saiva Siddhanta and Cō. Kiruṣṇarājā.

My dissertation, "Apparitions---Of the Other in Contemporary French Philosophy," examines how a number of French thinkers have taken up and transformed the understanding of "the other [l'autre ]" and "the relationship to the other" inherited from the phenomenological tradition. Through an examination of the notion of "the neutral" and its relation to Hegelian dialectics and difference in the works of Derrida, Levinas, Blanchot, and others, I argue that the other first appears to us as a "neutral figure." This "neutral" figure, (...) which is not an object of immediate intuition or originary perception, and which eludes all determination and classification, at first suspends the moment of judgment and decision regarding its identity. Further, I show that this suspension is occasioned by "the gaze or look of the other." This look, which I am never able to return or master, and which obligates me and makes me wholly responsible, functions as the source of all responsibility to the other. In addition to asking "Who or what is the other?" my dissertation poses the question: "How does the other come to us or appear to us?" I demonstrate that the coming or the appearance of the other requires an analysis of phenomenality and visibility, and necessitates a thorough reevaluation of what has been understood as the "image.". (shrink)

On the philosophy of Cārvāka, exponent of the materialistic school in Indian philosophy.

On the human rights, justice and morality in India.

Un texte inédit de Jan Patocka (1907-1977) intitulé " Sur les problèmes des traductions philosophiques " (1968) dans une traduction française originale d'Erika Abrams ouvre ce volume collectif qui cherche à penser l'existence humaine et le monde commun grâce à l'oeuvre aussi capitale que protéiforme de ce philosophe tchèque. Des spécialistes en phénoménologie, en philosophie sociale et politique, en anthropologie et en esthétique déploient ici sa richesse et sa fécondité à travers quatre problématiques : le Monde commun, le Mouvement critique (...) de la liberté, la Phénoménologie et la théorie du mouvement de l'existence, le Temps et l'Histoire. (shrink)

"Il faudrait que quelqu'un chez vous fasse un roman sur un intellectuel d'Europe centrale sous le coup des derniers événements. Pas seulement pour la curiosité psychologique. Pour apprendre à voir ce que vous n'aimez pas regarder", écrivait le phénoménologue tchèque Jan Patocka, en juillet 1949, à son ami Robert Campbell, philosophe et mathématicien français, auteur, en 1945, du premier ouvrage consacré aux écrits et à la pensée de Jean-Paul Sartre. Mieux qu'un roman, la correspondance amicale et philosophique que les deux (...) hommes échangeront pendant une trentaine d'années, avec deux hiatus dus aux aléas des circonstances, publiques et privées, depuis le lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à travers le virage totalitaire de l'"autre Europe", le relatif dégel des années 1960 et l'avant-"printemps de Prague", jusqu'à l'engagement de Patocka dans le mouvement de la Charte 77 pour la défense des droits de l'homme, représente, dans ses trois dimensions indissolublement enchevêtrées de l'intime-quotidien, de l'historico-politique et de la pensée, un document d'une rare valeur précisément en ce sens. Un document qui nous met sous les yeux un exemple concret de ce que Patocka nomme "la vie dans l'idée". (shrink)

A hagyományunk egyik kérdése az, hogy az eszményeinknek van-e, és mekkora szerepe az emberi cselekvések terén. Az eszményi európai ember valamilyen, esetleg vitatható, esetleg megalapozhatatlan eszményt követ, de uralja szenvedélyeit, vágyait, érzelmeit és érdekeit. A kereszténység ezt felfokozta az erkölcsi cselekvése terén, míg a felvilágosodás a politikában tette mindenek feletti problémává a politikai tudást és eszményeket. Ezt az intellektualizált cselekvési eszményt azonban rendre kikezdik, és ezek a kihívást jelentő magyarázatok a romantikától a marxizmusig a valós cselekvésekre hivatkoznak, amelyek többé vagy (...) kevésbé eltérnek az eszménytől. Egy nemzedékkel ezelőtt, de még ma is sokak számára a valódi cselekvésmotívum az (osztály)érdek volt, míg a mai wokery a személyes érzéseket tette legitim és bármilyen cselekvést igazoló motívummá, míg az eszményeket az elnyomás eszközeinek tekinti, hiszen az eszményeket követni próbáló ember korlátozza önmagát. A kötet írásai a cselekvés szkeptikus megközelítését sugallják: a cselekvéseknek mindig sokféle motívuma lehet, valamilyen eszmény követésétől kezdve érdekek, szenvedélyek és érzelmek követéséig, és ezekről csak feltételezéseink lehetnek. A tapasztalatunk az, hogy a túlmoralizált politika ugyanúgy kellemetlen világot eredményez, mint az alulmoralizált. (shrink)

On the philosopy of Jainism and re-orientations due to social changes in Tamil Nadu, India.

Study of the philosophy of Mohandas Karamchand Gāndhi, 1869-1948.