Individuals’ implicit theories that people’s character is fixed versus malleable are associated with their holding beliefs that morality is primarily determined by fulfilling prescribed duties versus upholding basic rights of others, respectively. Three studies provide evidence that the ability to recognize that a situation can legitimately be considered from a moral point of view is interactively dependent upon the nature of perceivers’ implicit theories and the extent to which the issue involves a violation that emphasizes a failure to fulfill a (...) prescribed duty versus a failure to uphold a fundamental right of others. The studies experimentally manipulated the characteristics of a hypothetical business situation to involve either a duty-based violation or a rights-based violation or no behavioral violation. In addition, Study 1 experimentally manipulated subjects’ implicit theories, while Studies 2 and 3 measured subjects’ chronically held implicit theories. Collectively, the studies provide consistent evidence that entity theorists have greater moral awareness than incremental theorists when considering situations involving duty-based violations, while incremental theorists have greater moral awareness than entity theorists when considering situations involving rights-based violations, and moral awareness is not significantly different for perceivers who are neither strongly entity nor incremental theorists, when considering situations involving duty- versus rights-based violations. Study 3 also found evidence of a moderated-mediated association between violation type and moral intentions, through moral awareness as a mediator, moderated by perceivers’ implicit theories. (shrink)

Anger, disgust, elevation, sympathy, relief. If the subjective experience of each of these emotions is the same whether elicited by moral or nonmoral events, then what makes moral emotions unique? We suggest that the configuration of moral emotions is special—a configuration given by the underlying structure of morality. Research suggests that people divide the moral world along the two dimensions of valence (help/harm) and moral type (agent/patient). The intersection of these two dimensions gives four moral exemplars—heroes, villains, victims and beneficiaries—each (...) of which elicits unique emotions. For example, victims (harm/patient) elicit sympathy and sadness. Dividing moral emotions into these four quadrants provides predictions about which emotions reinforce, oppose and complement each other. (shrink)

Excerpt from Die Entwicklung des Bewusstseinsbegriffes im XVII. Und XVIII. Jahrhundert Dunkelheit der Perzeptionen. Perceptions sans appet ception. Grunde für deren Annahme. Wesen der Apperzeption. Arten der Perzeptionen. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, (...) an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Historians of science have proposed many theories to explain why Copernicus rejected the Ptolemaic system and advanced his own heliocentric system. In support of his new cosmological system Copernicus always employed theoretical considerations and never the existence of discrepancies between the positions given in the Tables and those observed. It is shown that the general acceptance of the heliocentric system through the work of the astronomers resulted not so much from empirical considerations but rather from the fact that this system (...) was suited to a comprehensive, general dynamics. (shrink)

Front Cover -- Impressum -- Inhalt -- Vorwort -- Abkürzungen -- Erster Teil. 1945-1947: Ansätze -- I. Prolog im Ratskeller -- II. 1945: Anfang -- III. 1946: Atommoral -- IV. 1947: Der Wert des Scheins - Pascal -- Zweiter Teil. 1947-1950: Zwischen Husserl und Heidegger -- V. 1947: Ontologie -- VI. 1948-1950: Die ontologische Distanz -- VII. 1949: Fragen der Zeit -- Dritter Teil. 1950-1960: Neue Themen -- VIII. Um 1950 -- IX. 1951-1953: Natur - Technik - Wahrheit -- X. (...) Methode -- XI. 1954: Kant und die Frage nach dem gnädigen Gott -- XII. 1954: Logik der Theologie -- XIII. 1957-1959: Natur - Kunst - Technisierung -- XIV. 1957-1962: Religionsphilosophie -- Vierter Teil. 1960-1966: Neuzeit -- XV. 1960: Metaphern -- XVI. 1957: Cusanus -- XVII. 1957-1965: Kopernikus -- XVIII. 1965: Galilei -- XIX. 1963-1966: Poetik -- XX. 1966: Die Legitimität der Neuzeit -- XXI. Diskussionen -- XXII. Gegenlesen -- Bibliographische Hinweise -- Dank -- Personenregister -- Sachregister. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungDie Erkenntnistheorie der Wissenschaften ist als selbständige Wissenschaft nur zu begründen, wenn es gelingt, den Begriff der Wissenschaftlichkeit unabhängig von der Untersuchung der Wissenschaften im einzelnen zu bilden. Das ist die Aufgabe, die Wittgenstein in seinem Tractatus logico‐philosophicus zu lösen versuchte, nicht ohne dabei auch einiges Unerkennbare und Spekulative zu berühren. Die Bedeutung des Tractatus ist daher ohne den Begriff der Spekulation nicht zu klären. Die Spekulation und die Grenzen der Spekulation zu untersuchen, ist eine wesentliche vernünftige Aufgabe der Erkenntnistheorie. (...) Sie ist aktuell auch für die Erkenntnistheorie der exakten Wissenschaften, weil sich Physik und Spekulation direkt berühren und einige Physiker von Rang die Darstellung ihrer Wissenschaft kritiklos mit spekulativen Gedanken vermischen.RésuméL'épistémologie des sciences ne peut ětre fondée comme science indépendante que si l'on parvient à délimiter le domaine scientifique indépendamment de tout examen des sciences particulières. C'est le problème que Wittgenstein essaya de résoudre dans son traité logico‐philosophique, non sans d'ailleurs se heurter à quelques inconnaissables ni sans se permettre quelques spéculations. L'importance du » traité « ne peut done ětre dissociée du concept de spéculation. Etudier la spéculation et ses limites est un problème rationnel essentiel de la théorie de la connaissance. Elle est également actuelle pour l'épistémologie des sciences exactes, car physique et spéculation se touchent et quelques physiciens éminents mělent sans critique à l'exposé de leur science des idées spéculatives.A theory of knowledge can only exist as an independent philosophical discipline if we can establish a concept of scientific thought independently of an inquiry into individual sciences. This is the problem, which Wittgenstein tried to solve in his tractatus logico philosophicus, not without touching on some very speculative and unknowable things. For that reason, we cannot understand the significance of the tractatus without the idea of speculation. It is an essential and reasonable problem for the theory of knowledge to determine the nature and the limits of speculation. It is a relevant problem also for the theory of science, since physics and speculation have points of contact and some distinguished physicists have introduced speculative ideas uncritically into scientific exposition. (shrink)

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Grundprobleme der Geschichte der antiken Wissenschaft" verfügbar.