Results for 'Kristin Bain'

957 found
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  1.  12
    Silenced by Incivility.Kristin Bain, Kathryn Coll, Tamar A. Kreps & Elizabeth R. Tenney - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-19.
    Some theories suggest that women anticipate negative consequences (i.e., backlash) for counter-stereotypical actions and take steps to avoid those consequences. We propose that women may expect gender-based backlash for voicing, or contributing ideas that challenge the status quo, and thus engage in more silence (withholding those contributions) than men. However, we also propose that women anticipate gender backlash, and hence engage in more silence, only when other group members’ behavior signals that deviating from prescribed gender norms is risky. In two (...)
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  2. Should the use of adaptive machine learning systems in medicine be classified as research?Robert Sparrow, Joshua Hatherley, Justin Oakley & Chris Bain - 2024 - American Journal of Bioethics 24 (10):58-69.
    A novel advantage of the use of machine learning (ML) systems in medicine is their potential to continue learning from new data after implementation in clinical practice. To date, considerations of the ethical questions raised by the design and use of adaptive machine learning systems in medicine have, for the most part, been confined to discussion of the so-called “update problem,” which concerns how regulators should approach systems whose performance and parameters continue to change even after they have received regulatory (...)
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  3.  42
    Researcher Perspectives on Ethical Considerations in Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation Trials.Katrina A. Muñoz, Kristin Kostick, Clarissa Sanchez, Lavina Kalwani, Laura Torgerson, Rebecca Hsu, Demetrio Sierra-Mercado, Jill O. Robinson, Simon Outram, Barbara A. Koenig, Stacey Pereira, Amy McGuire, Peter Zuk & Gabriel Lázaro-Muñoz - 2020 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 14.
  4. A pluralistic framework for the psychology of norms.Evan Westra & Kristin Andrews - 2022 - Biology and Philosophy 37 (5):1-30.
    Social norms are commonly understood as rules that dictate which behaviors are appropriate, permissible, or obligatory in different situations for members of a given community. Many researchers have sought to explain the ubiquity of social norms in human life in terms of the psychological mechanisms underlying their acquisition, conformity, and enforcement. Existing theories of the psychology of social norms appeal to a variety of constructs, from prediction-error minimization, to reinforcement learning, to shared intentionality, to domain-specific adaptations for norm acquisition. In (...)
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  5. Animal moral psychologies.Susana Monsó & Kristin Andrews - 2022 - In Manuel Vargas & John Doris, The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
    Observations of animals engaging in apparently moral behavior have led academics and the public alike to ask whether morality is shared between humans and other animals. Some philosophers explicitly argue that morality is unique to humans, because moral agency requires capacities that are only demonstrated in our species. Other philosophers argue that some animals can participate in morality because they possess these capacities in a rudimentary form. Scientists have also joined the discussion, and their views are just as varied as (...)
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  6.  75
    Mitigating Racial Bias in Machine Learning.Kristin M. Kostick-Quenet, I. Glenn Cohen, Sara Gerke, Bernard Lo, James Antaki, Faezah Movahedi, Hasna Njah, Lauren Schoen, Jerry E. Estep & J. S. Blumenthal-Barby - 2022 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 50 (1):92-100.
    When applied in the health sector, AI-based applications raise not only ethical but legal and safety concerns, where algorithms trained on data from majority populations can generate less accurate or reliable results for minorities and other disadvantaged groups.
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  7.  89
    Trust criteria for artificial intelligence in health: normative and epistemic considerations.Kristin Kostick-Quenet, Benjamin H. Lang, Jared Smith, Meghan Hurley & Jennifer Blumenthal-Barby - 2024 - Journal of Medical Ethics 50 (8):544-551.
    Rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) in healthcare raise pressing questions about how much users should trust AI/ML systems, particularly for high stakes clinical decision-making. Ensuring that user trust is properly calibrated to a tool’s computational capacities and limitations has both practical and ethical implications, given that overtrust or undertrust can influence over-reliance or under-reliance on algorithmic tools, with significant implications for patient safety and health outcomes. It is, thus, important to better understand how variability in trust (...)
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  8. Online public discourse on artificial intelligence and ethics in China: context, content, and implications.Yishu Mao & Kristin Shi-Kupfer - 2023 - AI and Society 38 (1):373-389.
    The societal and ethical implications of artificial intelligence (AI) have sparked discussions among academics, policymakers and the public around the world. What has gone unnoticed so far are the likewise vibrant discussions in China. We analyzed a large sample of discussions about AI ethics on two Chinese social media platforms. Findings suggest that participants were diverse, and included scholars, IT industry actors, journalists, and members of the general public. They addressed a broad range of concerns associated with the application of (...)
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  9.  52
    Tainted: How Philosophy of Science Can Expose Bad Science.Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette - 2014 - New York, US: Oup Usa.
    This is the first book on practical philosophy of science and how to practically evaluate scientific findings that have life-and-death consequences. Showing how to uncover scores of scientific flaws -- typically used by special interests who try to justify their deadly pollution -- this book aims to liberate the many potential victims of environmentally-induced disease and death.
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  10. The case for banning cigarettes.Kalle Grill & Kristin Voigt - 2016 - Journal of Medical Ethics 42 (5):293-301.
    Lifelong smokers lose on average a decade of life vis-à-vis non-smokers. Globally, tobacco causes about 5–6 million deaths annually. One billion tobacco-related deaths are predicted for the 21st century, with about half occurring before the age of 70. In this paper, we consider a complete ban on the sale of cigarettes and find that such a ban, if effective, would be justified. As with many policy decisions, the argument for such a ban requires a weighing of the pros and cons (...)
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  11.  18
    Critical realism as a fruitful approach to social work research as illustrated by two studies from the field of child and family welfare.Vibeke Samsonsen & Inger Kristin Heggdalsvik - 2023 - Journal of Critical Realism 23 (1):18-32.
    This paper argues the case for taking a critical realist (CR) approach to social work research. The normativity in social work is often under-communicated in the social sciences, resulting in research that has an unclear value base as its starting point. Social work practice promotes social change and people's development, empowerment, and liberation. By taking a CR of view as a starting point for researching social problems, the focus shifts towards explaining phenomena by revealing and discussing the mechanisms through which (...)
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  12.  31
    Altruism and mature care.Marit Helene Hem, Kristin Halvorsen & Per Nortvedt - 2014 - Nursing Ethics 21 (7):794-802.
    Introduction: We discuss Carol Gilligan's original concept of mature care in the light of the altruistic approach to caring and good clinical judgment. Discussion: In particular, we highlight how the concept of mature care can capture important challenges in today's nursing. Further, we illuminate how mature care might differ normatively from an altruistic approach to caring and the traditional prudential virtues in nursing. We also discuss similarities between mature care and virtue ethics. Conclusion: For nursing and nurses' identity, in today's (...)
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  13.  70
    Creating Trust in an Acute Psychiatric Ward.Marit Helene Hem, Kristin Heggen & Knut W. Ruyter - 2008 - Nursing Ethics 15 (6):777-788.
    The ideal of trust pervades nursing. This article uses empirical material from acute psychiatry that reveals that it is distrust rather than trust that is prevalent in this field. Our data analyses show how distrust is expressed in the therapeutic environment and in the relationship between nurse and patient. We point out how trust can nonetheless be created in an environment that is characterized by distrust. Both trust and distrust are exposed as `fragile' phenomena that can easily `tip over' towards (...)
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  14.  82
    Ready to Teach or Ready to Learn: A Critique of the Natural Pedagogy Theory.Hisashi Nakao & Kristin Andrews - 2014 - Review of Philosophy and Psychology 5 (4):465-483.
    According to the theory of natural pedagogy, humans have a set of cognitive adaptations specialized for transmitting and receiving knowledge through teaching; young children can acquire generalizable knowledge from ostensive signals even in a single interaction, and adults also actively teach young children. In this article, we critically examine the theory and argue that ostensive signals do not always allow children to learn generalizable knowledge more efficiently, and that the empirical evidence provided in favor of the theory of natural pedagogy (...)
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  15.  25
    Empathic emotion regulation in prosocial behaviour and altruism.Kristin M. Brethel-Haurwitz, Maria Stoianova & Abigail A. Marsh - 2020 - Cognition and Emotion 34 (8):1532-1548.
    Emotions evoked in response to others’ distress are important for motivating concerned prosocial responses. But how emotion regulation shapes prosocial responding is not yet well understood. We tes...
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  16.  67
    Questionable Requirement for Consent in Observational Research in Psychiatry.Marit Helene Hem, Kristin Heggen & Knut W. Ruyter - 2007 - Nursing Ethics 14 (1):41-53.
    Informed consent represents a cornerstone of the endeavours to make health care research ethically acceptable. Based on experience of qualitative research on power dynamics in nursing care in acute psychiatry, we show that the requirement for informed consent may be practised in formalistic ways that legitimize the researcher's activities without taking the patient's changing perception of the situation sufficiently into account. The presentation of three patient case studies illustrates a diversity of issues that the researcher must consider in each situation. (...)
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  17.  61
    Memory for “mean” over “nice”: The influence of threat on children’s face memory.Katherine D. Kinzler & Kristin Shutts - 2008 - Cognition 107 (2):775-783.
  18.  63
    Carrots, sticks, and health care reform — problems with wellness incentives.Harald Schmidt, Kristin Voigt & Daniel Wikler - 2010 - New England Journal of Medicine 362:e3.
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  19.  16
    Taking Action, Saving Lives: Our Duties to Protect Environmental and Public Health.Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette (ed.) - 2007 - New York, US: Oup Usa.
    In this book Shrader-Frechette reveals how politicians, campaign contributors, and lobbyists--and their power over media, advertising, and public relations--have conspired to cover up environmental disease and death.
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  20. Identifying the motivations of chimpanzees: Culture and collaboration.Victoria Horner, Kristin E. Bonnie & Frans B. M. de Waal - 2005 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (5):704-705.
    Tomasello et al. propose that shared intentionality is a uniquely human ability. In light of this, we discuss several cultural behaviors that seem to result from a motivation to share experiences with others, suggest evidence for coordination and collaboration among chimpanzees, and cite recent findings that counter the argument that the predominance of emulation in chimpanzees reflects a deficit in intention reading.
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  21.  58
    The Creative Structuring of Counterintuitive Worlds.Ryan Tweney, Kristin Edwards, Lauren Gonce, D. Jason Slone & M. Afzal Upal - 2006 - Journal of Cognition and Culture 6 (3-4):483-498.
    Recent research has shown a memory advantage for minimally counterintuitive concepts, over concepts that are either intuitive or maximally counterintuitive, although the general result is heavily affected by context. Items from one such study were given to subjects who were asked to create novel stories using at least three concepts from a list containing all three types. Results indicated a preference for using MCI items, and further disclosed two styles of usage, an accommodative style and an assimilative style. The results (...)
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  22. Risk, Harm and Intervention: the case of child obesity.Michael S. Merry & Kristin Voigt - 2014 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 17 (2):191-200.
    In this paper we aim to demonstrate the enormous ethical complexity that is prevalent in child obesity cases. This complexity, we argue, favors a cautious approach. Against those perhaps inclined to blame neglectful parents, we argue that laying the blame for child obesity at the feet of parents is simplistic once the broader context is taken into account. We also show that parents not only enjoy important relational prerogatives worth defending, but that children, too, are beneficiaries of that relationship in (...)
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  23.  38
    The Ethics of the Societal Entrenchment-approach and the case of live uterus transplantation-IVF.Lisa Guntram & Kristin Zeiler - 2019 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 22 (4):557-571.
    In 2014, the first child in the world was born after live uterus transplantation and IVF (UTx-IVF). Before and after this event, ethical aspects of UTx-IVF have been discussed in the medical and bioethical debate as well as, with varying intensity, in Swedish media and political fora. This article examines what comes to be identified as important ethical problems and solutions in the media debate of UTx-IVF in Sweden, showing specifically how problems, target groups, goals, benefits, risks and stakes are (...)
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  24. Data trimming, nuclear emissions, and climate change.Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette - 2009 - Science and Engineering Ethics 15 (1):19-23.
    Ethics requires good science. Many scientists, government leaders, and industry representatives support tripling of global-nuclear-energy capacity on the grounds that nuclear fission is “carbon free” and “releases no greenhouse gases.” However, such claims are scientifically questionable (and thus likely to lead to ethically questionable energy choices) for at least 3 reasons. (i) They rely on trimming the data on nuclear greenhouse-gas emissions (GHGE), perhaps in part because flawed Kyoto Protocol conventions require no full nuclear-fuel-cycle assessment of carbon content. (ii) They (...)
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  25.  44
    Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture.Jean-Philippe Mathy & Kristin Ross - 1996 - Substance 25 (1):131.
  26. Ethical Dilemmas and Radioactive Waste.Kristin Shrader-Frechette - 1991 - Environmental Ethics 13 (4):327-343.
    The accidents at Three Mile Island and Chemobyl have slowed the development of commercial nuclear fission in most industrialized countries, although nuclear proponents are trying to develop smaller, allegedly “fail-safe” reactors. Regardless of whether or not they succeed, we will face the problem of radioactive wastes for the next million years. After a brief, “revisionist” history of the radwaste problem, Isurvey some of the major epistemological and ethical difficulties with storing nuclear wastes and outline four ethical dilemmas common to many (...)
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  27.  14
    Beyond a Northern Paradigm.Linda Hogan & Kristin Heyer - 2019 - Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics 39 (1):21-38.
    Notwithstanding the commitment to the inclusion of historically underrepresented communities, Christian ethics continues to be dominated by the voices, concerns, norms and methodologies of scholars from the northern hemisphere. This paper analyses the state of the field through the lens of the Catholic Theological Ethics in a World Church network whose mission is to promote international exchange. It assesses the lacunae arising from the northern-centric nature of Christian ethics as practiced in the northern hemisphere, highlights the inflection points, and considers (...)
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  28. Ethics of Scientific Research.Kristin Shrader-Frechette - 1999 - Ethics and the Environment 4 (2):241-245.
     
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  29.  45
    Listening effort and accented speech.Kristin J. Van Engen & Jonathan E. Peelle - 2014 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8.
  30.  15
    Bodily Exchanges, Bioethics and Border Crossing: Perspectives on Giving, Selling and Sharing Bodies.Erik Malmqvist & Kristin Zeiler - 2015 - Routledge.
    Medical therapy, research and technology enable us to make our bodies, or parts of them, available to others in an increasing number of ways. This is the case in organ, tissue, egg and sperm donation as well as in surrogate motherhood and clinical research. Bringing together leading scholars working on the ethical, social and cultural aspects of such bodily exchanges, this cutting-edge book develops new ways of understanding them. Bodily Exchanges, Bioethics and Border Crossing both probes the established giving and (...)
  31. Innovation and the grain problem.Anne Russon, Kristin Andrews & Brian Huss - 2007 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30 (4):422-423.
    Our concern is with Ramsey et al.'s method for identifying innovation. We show that either it yields false positives or the authors offer insufficient guidance for its application. To avoid these results, the authors need to modify the key or offer better guidelines for delineating input. Either choice requires addressing the processes that generate a behavior.
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  32.  27
    The Emergence of Social Space: Rimbaud and the Paris Commune.Benjamin Hollander & Kristin Ross - 1990 - Substance 19 (2/3):216.
  33.  65
    What Will Work: Fighting Climate Change with Renewable Energy, Not Nuclear Power.Kristin Shrader-Frechette - 2011 - , US: Oup Usa.
    What Will Work makes a rigorous and compelling case that energy efficiencies and renewable energy-and not nuclear fission or "clean coal"-are the most effective, cheapest, and equitable solutions to the pressing problem of climate change.
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  34.  54
    Using an ecological ethics framework to make decisions about the relocation of wildlife.Earl D. McCoy & Kristin Berry - 2008 - Science and Engineering Ethics 14 (4):505-521.
    Relocation is an increasingly prominent conservation tool for a variety of wildlife, but the technique also is controversial, even among conservation practitioners. An organized framework for addressing the moral dilemmas often accompanying conservation actions such as relocation has been lacking. Ecological ethics may provide such a framework and appears to be an important step forward in aiding ecological researchers and biodiversity managers to make difficult moral choices. A specific application of this framework can make the reasoning process more transparent and (...)
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  35.  36
    Identifying public trust building priorities of gene editing in agriculture and food.Christopher Cummings, Theresa Selfa, Sonja Lindberg & Carmen Bain - 2024 - Agriculture and Human Values 41 (1):47-60.
    Gene editing in agriculture and food (GEAF) is a nascent development with few products and is unfamiliar among the wider US public. GEAF has garnered significant praise for its potential to solve for a variety of agronomic problems but has also evoked controversy regarding safety and ethical standards of development and application. Given the wake of other agribiotechnology debates including GMOs (genetically modified organisms), this study made use of 36 in-depth key interviews to build the first U.S. based typology of (...)
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  36.  45
    Debating Ethics in HIV Research: Gaps between Policy and Practice in Nigeria.Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Kristin Peterson, Bridget Haire, Brandon Brown, Kadiri Audu, Olumide Makanjuola, Babatunde Pelemo & Vicki Marsh - 2014 - Developing World Bioethics 15 (3):214-225.
    HIV prevention is a critical health issue in Nigeria; a country that has one of the worst HIV epidemic profiles in the world. With 270,000 new infections in 2012, Nigeria is a prime site for HIV prevention research. One effect of the HIV epidemic has been to revolutionalise ethical norms for the conduct of research: it is now considered unethical to design and implement HIV related studies without community engagement. Unfortunately, there is very little commensurate effort in building the capacity (...)
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  37.  34
    The language of ‘experience’ in nursing research.David Allen & Kristin Cloyes - 2005 - Nursing Inquiry 12 (2):98-105.
    The language of ‘experience’ in nursing researchThis paper is an analysis of how the signifier ‘experience’ is used in nursing research. We identify a set of issues we believe accompany the use of experience but are rarely addressed. These issues are embedded in a spectrum that includes ontological commitments, visions of the person/self and its relation to ‘society’, understandings of research methodology and the politics of nursing. We argue that a poststructuralist understanding of the language of experience in research opens (...)
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  38.  56
    Statistical significance in biology: Neither necessary nor sufficient for hypothesis acceptance.Kristin Shrader-Frechette - 2008 - Biological Theory 3 (1):12-16.
  39. Rule-ish patterns in the psychology of norms.Evan Westra & Andrews Kristin - forthcoming - Perspectives on Psychological Science.
    In “Rethinking Norm Psychology,” Cecilia Heyes offers an insightful critique of nativist approaches to the psychology of norms and then proposes a plausible alternative model grounded in the theory of cognitive gadgets. We are broadly sympathetic to both the critique and to the cognitive-gadgets model, though our own pluralistic approach to the psychology of norms (Westra & Andrews, 2022) leads us to think that the range of psychological and ecological processes that contributes to our norm psychology is even more diverse (...)
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  40.  20
    Eloge: Paul Farber (1944–2021).Keith R. Bengtsson & Kristin Johnson - 2023 - Isis 114 (1):176-181.
  41.  12
    Tiere - Pädagogisch-Anthropologische Reflexionen.Johannes Bilstein & Kristin Westphal (eds.) - 2017 - Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
    Der Band beschäftigt sich mit den komplizierten Mensch-Tier-Verhältnissen und geht der Frage nach, welche Rolle Tieren im anthropologischen Denken zukommt. In den Reflexionen, die auch kunsttheoretische Diskurse berücksichtigen, werden Konstruktionen analysiert und in pädagogischen Kontexten verortet.
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  42. Applied ecology and the logic of case studies.Kristin Shrader-Frechette & Earl D. Mccoy - 1994 - Philosophy of Science 61 (2):228-249.
    Because of the problems associated with ecological concepts, generalizations, and proposed general theories, applied ecology may require a new "logic" of explanation characterized neither by the traditional accounts of confirmation nor by the logic of discovery. Building on the works of Grunbaum, Kuhn, and Wittgenstein, we use detailed descriptions from research on conserving the Northern Spotted Owl, a case typical of problem solving in applied ecology, to (1) characterize the method of case studies; (2) survey its strengths; (3) summarize and (...)
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  43.  54
    Intelligent nursing: accounting for knowledge as action in practice.Mary E. Purkis & Kristin Bjornsdottir - 2006 - Nursing Philosophy 7 (4):247-256.
    This paper provides an analysis of nursing as a knowledgeable discipline. We examined ways in which knowledge operates in the practice of home care nursing and explored how knowledge might be fruitfully understood within the ambiguous spaces and competing temporalities characterizing contemporary healthcare services. Two popular metaphors of knowledge in nursing practice were identified and critically examined; evidence-based practice and the nurse as an intuitive worker. Pointing to faults in these conceptualizations, we suggest a different way of conceptualizing the relationship (...)
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  44.  14
    Why Feminist Phenomenology and Medicine?Lisa Folkmarson Käll & Kristin Zeiler - 2014 - In Kristin Zeiler & Lisa Folkmarson Käll, Feminist Phenomenology and Medicine. State University of New York Press. pp. 1-25.
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  45.  58
    Gendering violence: Masculinity and power in men's accounts of domestic violence.Debra Umberson & Kristin L. Anderson - 2001 - Gender and Society 15 (3):358-380.
    This article examines the construction of gender within men's accounts of domestic violence. Analyses of in-depth interviews conducted with 33 domestically violent heterosexual men indicate that these batterers used diverse strategies to present themselves as nonviolent, capable, and rational men. Respondents performed gender by contrasting effectual male violence with ineffectual female violence, by claiming that female partners were responsible for the violence in their relationships and by constructing men as victims of a biased criminal justice system. This study suggests that (...)
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  46. (1 other version)Organismic biology and ecosystems ecology: description or explanation.Kristin Shrader-Frechette - 1986 - In Nicholas Rescher, Current Issues in Teleology. University Press of America. pp. 77--92.
     
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  47.  19
    Separated Parents Reproducing and Undoing Gender Through Defining Legitimate Uses of Child Support.Belinda Hewitt & Kristin Natalier - 2014 - Gender and Society 28 (6):904-925.
    The use of child support is a politically and personally contested issue and a policy challenge across developed countries. This offers an opportunity to identify family practices and relationships through which hegemonic masculinity and socially valued femininities are reproduced and challenged. We present data from interviews with 28 fathers and 30 mothers to argue that when people discuss how child support is or should be spent, they are managing gendered parenting identities. Most fathers defined child support as “special money.” This (...)
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  48.  88
    Nanotoxicology and ethical conditions for informed consent.Kristin Shrader-Frechette - 2007 - NanoEthics 1 (1):47-56.
    While their strength, electrical, optical, or magnetic properties are expected to contribute a trillion dollars in global commerce before 2015, nanomaterials also appear to pose threats to human health and safety. Nanotoxicology is the study of these threats. Do nanomaterial benefits exceed their risks? Should all nanomaterials be regulated? Currently nanotoxicologists cannot help answer these questions because too little is known about nanomaterials, because their properties differ from those of bulk materials having the same chemical composition, and because they differ (...)
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  49.  16
    Historical myths promote cooperation through affective states.Caleb Wildes & Kristin Andrews - 2024 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 47:e193.
    Although we agree that historical myths function to increase cooperation in the groups that share them, we propose that the mechanisms at work may include affective states. We suggest that sharing historical myths can create a felt sense of intimacy, similarity, and security among group members, which increases trust and motivates cooperation, even without particular beliefs about population structure.
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  50.  28
    Between-language competition as a driving force in foreign language attrition.Anne Mickan, James M. McQueen & Kristin Lemhöfer - 2020 - Cognition 198 (C):104218.
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