In the development of the immune response, the dendritic cell subset of leukocytes plays a key role in enhancing immunogenicity. Dendritic cells can pick up antigens in the tissues and move to lymphoid organs, through which T cells continually recirculate. It is proposed that dendritic cells at these sites express functions which have beenidentified in tissue culture models. These involve efficient binding to antigen‐specific T lymphocytes, as well as the induction of the lymphokines and growth factor receptors required for immunity. (...) The dendritic cell system, apparently under the control of cytokines, is a sentinel designed to signal T cells that a significant antigen burden is present, and to generate the activated T lymphoblasts that interact with many other cell types to bring about an immune response. (shrink)

Hyōburon -- Kyōmonron -- Jinsei sanpōsetsu -- Chisetsu.

This book is a collection of all the papers published in the special issue “Artificial Intelligence, Robots, and Philosophy,” Journal of Philosophy of Life, Vol.13, No.1, 2023, pp.1-146. The authors discuss a variety of topics such as science fiction and space ethics, the philosophy of artificial intelligence, the ethics of autonomous agents, and virtuous robots. Through their discussions, readers are able to think deeply about the essence of modern technology and the future of humanity. All papers were invited and completed (...) in spring 2020, though because of the Covid-19 pandemic and other problems, the publication was delayed until this year. I apologize to the authors and potential readers for the delay. I hope that readers will enjoy these arguments on digital technology and its relationship with philosophy. *** -/- Contents*** -/- Introduction : Descartes and Artificial Intelligence; Masahiro Morioka*** -/- Isaac Asimov and the Current State of Space Science Fiction : In the Light of Space Ethics; Shin-ichiro Inaba*** -/- Artificial Intelligence and Contemporary Philosophy : Heidegger, Jonas, and Slime Mold; Masahiro Morioka*** -/- Implications of Automating Science : The Possibility of Artificial Creativity and the Future of Science; Makoto Kureha*** -/- Why Autonomous Agents Should Not Be Built for War; István Zoltán Zárdai*** -/- Wheat and Pepper : Interactions Between Technology and Humans; Minao Kukita*** -/- Clockwork Courage : A Defense of Virtuous Robots; Shimpei Okamoto*** -/- Reconstructing Agency from Choice; Yuko Murakami*** -/- Gushing Prose : Will Machines Ever be Able to Translate as Badly as Humans?; Rossa Ó Muireartaigh***. (shrink)

How is a terminally ill patient treated by the surrounding people in the U.S. and Japan? How does a terminally ill patient decide on his or her own treatment? These questions will be examined in a study of intensive medical care, received by a terminally ill Japanese cancer patient in the U.S. and Japan. This casereflects the participant observation by a Japanese anthropologist for about 8 years in the United States and Japan on one patient who was hospitalized in both (...) countries on and off for about eight years. The objective of this study is to illuminate the different concept of personhood between the U.S. and Japan that appeared in different cultural practices of both countries and in the subject’s own decision making process. The significant differences appeared between theU.S. and Japan in the concepts of (1) science, (2) suffering, (3) Power of Attorney and Doisho (Consent Form), and (4) organized care. The interpretation of such differences indicates that seemingly universal practices across countries suggest cultural specific concepts and their management. Therefore, ethical norms appeared differently accordingly to each country. (shrink)

This article illustrates the importance of exact repetitions in Japanese conversation while emphasizing the relevance of sociolinguistic analysis. The frequency and functions of exact repetitions in Japanese conversation are different from those in English conversation. English people and Japanese people sometimes understand using frequent exact repetitions differently, suggesting that people culturally use conversational features differently and speech interaction might differ among societies. In addition, no studies have been carried out regarding repetitions in relation to speakers' social characteristics in Japanese conversation, (...) although speakers' characteristics of social background sometimes influences the way people interact with each other in conversation. The results in this article show that speakers' social characteristics, especially their age group, strongly affects the way in which Japanese people use exact repetitions. Speakers' social characteristics need to be carefully considered when analysing Japanese conversation, and in general, more sociolinguistic studies need to be carried out in Japanese speech interaction. (shrink)

During the last years the demand for regionally and culturally harmonised machine design is increasingly on the agenda. The problem of localising products like machine tools instantly poses the question for new procedures that allow including the regional and cultural adaptations into the design processes of machine tool companies. How to transform the general insight into the necessity of culture- and region-adapted technologies and how to embed it into a design procedure comprising applicable design attributes is the crucial problem addressed. (...) The paper shows in an exemplary way how ambiguous design attributes can eventually be embodied in a prototype design. (shrink)

Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2b (SERCA2b), a member of the SERCA family, is expressed ubiquitously and transports Ca2+ into the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum using the energy provided by ATP binding and hydrolysis. The crystal structure of SERCA2b in its Ca2+‐ and ATP‐bound (E1∙2Ca2+‐ATP) state and cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) structures of the protein in its E1∙2Ca2+‐ATP and Ca2+‐unbound phosphorylated (E2P) states have provided essential insights into how the overall conformation and ATPase activity of SERCA2b is regulated by the transmembrane helix 11 and (...) the subsequent luminal extension loop, both of which are specific to this isoform. More recently, our cryo‐EM analysis has revealed that SERCA2b likely adopts open and closed conformations of the cytosolic domains in the Ca2+‐bound but ATP‐free (E1∙2Ca2+) state, and that the closed conformation represents a state immediately prior to ATP binding. This review article summarizes the unique mechanisms underlying the conformational and functional regulation of SERCA2b. (shrink)

This paper studies the theory and practice of Minna in Manabi, as the Japanese concept of learning from the perspective of moral education. The Japanese word Minna, which means “all” or “everyone,” plays an important role in Manabi. The word “Minna” is often found in textbooks used in moral education classes, and great value is placed on “thinking about everyone.” Minna, a component of Manabi, not only makes the self (the learner) nothing and selfless, but also makes it possible to (...) enter all, everyone, and the world. This may create possibilities for inclusiveness, reciprocal harmony, hospitality, solidarity, and cooperativeness. This Manabi of “thinking about everyone” can be found in moral classes and in all aspects of learning (educational) activities in Japanese schools. Among them, in addition to being a traditional Buddhist practice dealing with Nothingness and Selflessness, Souji (cleaning time) is also very important in schools as a Japanese moral practice of “thinking about everyone.” The moral concepts developed in the West, such as democracy, community, solidarity, engagement, and citizenship, are not only realized through the establishment of the individual, self-realization, and perfection of personality, but by “thinking about everyone,” as expressed in Nothingness, Selflessness, and Minna. (shrink)

In motion-induced blindness , a target within rotating random dots is occasionally hidden from observers’ consciousness during observation. In the present study, a red ring-like cue was centered on a target and presented immediately after observers reported subjective disappearance of the target in MIB . The radius of the cue was systematically modulated. Observers quickly regained awareness of the disappeared object only after they were provided with a pinpoint cue of its location. We also found that a flickering cue at (...) 1 Hz hindered MIB when the radius of the cue was critically small . Furthermore, abrupt onset of a small square was enough to regain awareness of the target . Successful revival of the target with a small cue indicates that critical spatial distribution of visual attention determines what in the visual scene is included in visual awareness. (shrink)

This is a preliminary essay on the rhetoric of ‘obosen’ of President Rodrigo Duterte. The essay discusses how the President employed the term ‘obosen’ to show his leadership quality characterized by strenght, firmness, patriotism and courage. He used ‘obosen’ as a way to persuade his target audience. The essay explicates how he was able to excellently manipulate and control the Philippine social consciousness. To soften the effects of Duterte’s ‘obosen’, his political rivals offered couinter-rhetorics which the essay also presented. To (...) cap it all, a simple summary at the end was provided. (shrink)

The completion of the human genome has given rise to a genre of mapping that enables scientists to explore biological life systems at a molecular level. Influenced by the human genome project, the human brain mapping project is underway with the goal in understanding the molecular basis of human cognition. In November 2002, scientists Daryl Macer and Masakazu Inaba developed a mental mapping project called the "human behaviourome" in order to map the broad spectrum of human ideas. Although the (...) aim of the human behaviourome is to understand the diversity of human ideas in given situations, it can be used in several ways and cross-cultural settings. This article explores some of the human behaviourome's potential uses. (shrink)

The History and Culture of Iran and Central Asia from the Pre-Islamic to the Islamic Period. Edited by D. G. Tor and Minoru inaba. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2022. Pp. xiv + 349. $90.