El presente artículo tiene por objetomostrar la armónca int.egración de las doctrtnas dela Equidad en las Filosofias Prácticas de AlbertoMagno y de Tomás de Aquino. Las soluciones queambos autores ofrecen perrniten extraer importanteselementos de juicio a fin de resolver e! importanteproblema de la Filosofia Política y Jurídicaactual a saber, e! dei modo de determinar la medidade la Justicia que sirve como situación de partidapara la formación y regulación de la ComunidadPolitica. E! texto está compuesto de cuatro partesprincipales. En primer lugar (...) se puntualiza la inclusióndei tema dentro de los problemas de la FilosofiaPráctica actual. En segundo lugar se formulanalgunas presiciones histórico filosóficas que serviránluego de apoyatura para delinear las doctrinasde los autores tratados. Aqui mismo se presentauna sistemática amplia acerca dei concepto deEquldad en la cual quedan int.egrados los rasgoscomunes que las historia de! concepto desde laantigüedad hasta la Edad Media permite bosquejar.En tercer lugar se ofrecen las doctrinas de Alberto yde Tomás, poniendo especial atención tanto a lapresentación de los textos pertientes como a suacuerdo sea entre un autor y e! otro, como tambiénrespecto de la tradición llamada iusnaturalista. Porúltimo se extraen algunas conclusiones mediantelas que se pretende abrir un debate posteriorcentrado en la misma perspectivca de! presetneestudio a saber, revalorizar la inclusión de lasargurnentaciones de Alberto y de Tomás en lascuestiones más actuales de las Filosofias: Políticasy Jurídicas. (shrink)

El presente estudio se propone rehabilitar la fundamentación onto-teológica del Justo natural platónico y poner en evidencia su proyección en orden a, en primer lugar, la constitución de la - politike episteme - Ciencia Política, en segundo lugar, la constitución de la polis, y, en tercer lugar, la constitución del - psykhe - alma humana, desde donde nace la polis justa. La misión del verdadero filósofo-político es la de ascender hacia la contemplación del Bien Supremo y posteriormente, una vez lograda (...) la purificación de su alma - katharsis -, iniciar el descenso hacia la polis, a fin de intentar la resolución del conflico existente entre el Poder Político y la Filosofía. Finalmente el propósito será subrayar la originalísima reducción del mundo sensible a la clave suprasensible que ofrece el mundo de las ideas y del Bien Supremo en particular, no sin dejar de poner en evidencia la debilidad de la dialéctica platónica al mantener dicho Bien Supremo en el plano meramente intuitivo. (shrink)

Objeto del presente estudio es poner en evidencia que a partir de la obra de Descartes, en particular, de su doctrina del ego cogito, es posible articular los moldes de la moderna Teoría del Estado. Lo característico de esa Teoría del Estado es que la misma se torna deudora de las premisas gnoseológicas establecidas por Descartes. En efecto, la Teoría del Estado no formulada explícitamente por Descartes, ni por Kant, fue desarrollada recién por los neo-kantianos de Marburgo en el siglo (...) XIX, haciéndose ellos también deudores del racionalismo cartesiano, a través del apriorismo kantiano. En la base del presente estudio subyace un contraste algunas premisas metafísicas con derivación política, formuladas por Tomás de Aquino. (shrink)

RésuméIntroductionLa motivation est. un thème crucial et répandu en médecine. Que. ce soit pour un scénario clinique ou chirurgical, l’acceptation de prendre une pilule ou de se rendre à une consultation est. essentielle au succès du traitement médical. La “décennie du cerveau” a fourni aux praticiens des données neuroscientifiques substantielles sur le comportement humain, a aidé à expliquer pourquoi les gens font ce qu’ils font et a créé le concept de “cerveau motivé”. Les résultats de la psychologie empirique ont stratifié (...) la motivation en étapes de changement, qui sont devenues plus complexes au fil des décennies. Cette recherche vise à améliorer la compréhension de la façon dont les gens prennent des décisions concernant leur santé et comment mieux comprendre les stratégies et les techniques pour les aider à résoudre les problèmes d’ambivalence de manière efficace et ciblée.MéthodesNous établissons un dialogue avec la phénoménologie de la volonté de Ricoeur afin de comprendre le sens de ces découvertes scientifiques. À partir de la phénoménologie husserlienne, Paul Ricoeur a développé sa pensée en s’éloignant de l’idéalisme transcendantal en émancipant les structures intentionnelles de la volonté du domaine de la perception. Résultats: En introduisant les concepts de volontaire et d’involontaire, Ricoeur s’est. écarté du dualisme cartésien, qui fait du corps un corps d’objet, cible de vicissitudes naturelles. Le nouveau dualisme entre volontaire et involontaire est. traité par référence à ce que Ricoeur a appelé le mystère central de l’existence incarnée, qui considère l’homme “double dans l’humanité, simple dans lavitalité”. Cette dualité permet de considérer le cerveau comme l’organe naturel du comportement dans le corps humain et d’utiliser la psychologie empirique comme moyen d’échapper aux subjectivations superficielles des concepts.ConclusionLa simplicité (ou unité) d’existence invite la médecine à repenser certaines de ses hypothèses philosophiques, de telle sorte que les patients puissent être considérés comme des sujets autonomes avec des projets de vie d’auteur. L’anthropologie ricourienne a un impact éthique profond sur la manière dont la médecine devrait utiliser la technologie, ce qui découle de résultats de psychologie empirique. L’utilisation de ces nouvelles connaissances doit également faire l’objet d’une inspection minutieuse, car elle modifie le rôle social de la science médicale. (shrink)

O presente texto narra uma experiência de formação de alfabetizadores de jovens e adultos: uma alfabetização filosófica de 40 horas com 300 alfabetizadores em julho de 2022, como primeira etapa do Programa “Supera RN” em Pau dos Ferros, dentro da Política de Superação do Analfabetismo do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN). O texto tematiza em que sentido a experiência de Alfabetização filosófica se inspira e ao mesmo tempo se diferencia do curso de Alfabetização oferecido por Paulo Freire em (...) Angicos em 1963. Inspirado na curiosidade e no compromisso de Paulo Freire com os esfarrapados do mundo, o conceito “alfabetização filosófica” propõe uma formação experiencial sustentada nas seguintes disposições: escutar atentamente o mundo humano e não humano que nos rodeia; pensar juntos com cuidado e calma; relacionarmo-nos cooperativa e não competitivamente com as ideias das outras pessoas; perguntarmo-nos, colocando em questão, nossa vida e a maneira como nos relacionamos com ela, num tempo especial, singular, suspendido; conversar como iguais na busca de enfrentar as exigências de nossa comunidade; inventar novas formas de estar com outras e outros. O texto apresenta como essas disposições foram pensadas e praticadas durante a alfabetização filosófica em Pau dos Ferros, RN, através de cinco princípios (perguntar; escutar; tempo de infância; igualdade; pensar juntos) e lança algumas perguntas sobre possíveis desdobramentos da alfabetização filosófica no campo de formação de professores. (shrink)

El presente artículo pretende mostrar la profunda interrelación entre el Misterio, el silencio, la experiencia espiritual y el arte. Con ello se busca subrayar el requisito de la representación perteneciente a la experiencia espiritual a través del símbolo. El acontecer del Misterio y su acogida por parte del ser humano implica, en sí mismo, la necesidad del silencio y la contemplación. Estas dos características son elementos indispensables para identificar la autenticidad del ser humano espiritual. Aunque el silencio y la contemplación (...) parezcan hablar sobre la «pasividad» de lo humano, el dinamismo que se genera en la vivencia de esta experiencia impulsa al sujeto a expresar de diversas formas una realidad que lo trasciende y fascina. La vía más adecuada de esta expresión es el símbolo, el cual busca representar una vivencia que comunica y transforma. La fuerza de la creación y transformación constante de este proceso permite descubrir, en la obra de arte, el signo visible de la auto-revelación del Misterio Santo. Ante el bullicio del mundo contemporáneo, que no da lugar al recogimiento, esta reflexión se presenta como una alternativa para profundizar sobre la necesidad de la espiritualidad en la configuración de lo humano. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o conceito de diáspora e as novas linhas de investigação intelectuais abertas a partir do uso crescente do conceito, em especial, na música da diáspora Africana. Faz uma reflexão sobre o legado da filosofia moderna no processo de esvaziamento da possibilidade reflexiva da música negra, bem como, identifica no marcador da diáspora a condição desestabilizadora de absolutismos nacionais da música no Brasil que foram, diferentemente de outros assentamentos africanos da diáspora, ligados a creolização (...) e hibridação, influenciada pela fundamentação de mestiçagem que promoveu uma centralização na figura do “popular” e do “folclórico” das manifestações da música da diáspora africana no Brasil. Nesse contexto informa o “momento” de recepção da ideia de Diáspora Africana e como ela legitima o discurso da música negra no Brasil reagindo aos valores e padrões de um sistema de representações que restringem o acesso às culturas diaspóricas a sua reflexividade. Palavras-chave: África, Diáspora, Música Negra, Relações Raciais, pós-colonialismo. (shrink)

Beyond different starting points, stakeholder theory and Catholic Social Thought share many compatible perspectives when analyzing the role of the firm in economic activity, especially regarding the attention of the firm to different social and economic actors. Additionally, ST bears limitations regarding its ethical and anthropological foundation, and also about the legitimation of the different stakeholders’ interests. Therefore, ST lacks clear criteria to solve possible conflicts of interest between stakeholders. This paper analyzes the potentiality of ST, widely accepted in corporate (...) management, to integrate CST principles in order to solve those conflicts. At the same time, the paper studies the possibility of finding in the principles of CST an anthropological and ethical foundation for ST. This foundation could be the source of criteria to discuss the levels of legitimation and prioritization between stakeholders´ interests, especially when those interests collide. (shrink)

Normative systems have been advocated as an effective tool to regulate interaction in multi-agent systems. The use of deontic operators and the ability to represent defeasible information are known to be two fundamental ingredients to represent and reason about normative systems. In this paper, after introducing a framework that combines standard deontic logic and non-monotonic logic programming, deontic logic programs (DLP), we tackle the fundamental problem of equivalence between normative systems using a deontic extension of David Pearce’s Equilibrium Logic and (...) its monotonic basis, the logic of Here-and-There. We also show how deontic logic programs can be used to represent and reason about normative systems, and establish a strong connection with input-output logic. (shrink)

En los orígenes de la física cuántica, a principios del siglo xx, la asimilación y maduración de las nuevas teorías requirió del establecimiento de vínculos con sus antecesoras, antes de poder desprenderse de ellas y formar una nueva estructura totalizadora de comprensión en esta disciplina. En este..

The achievement of the common good is generally identified, specially in Christian social, economic and cultural environments, with the Kingdom of God. While for many this is an obvious thinking, in this paper this vision is challenged and dismissed. The recent celebration of the 500 anniversary of the conversion of St Ignatius of Loyola serves us as a revulsive to analyze his process of conversion in order to give light to the discussion about the common good and the Kingdom of (...) God. At the same time, we will use the narrative of the three temptations of Christ in order to reinforce our conclusions. In addition, we will reflect about the purpose of the corporation regarding the conversion of St. Ignatius and will discuss if the orthodox economic model could be a way of building the Kingdom of God. Finally, we will propose that only an economic approach that places in its core love, compassion and the logic of the gift could be compatible with building the Kingdom of God on earth. (shrink)

By simply watching news channels, visiting the internet, even watching diverse films, my observations led me to conclude that in today’s globalized world, different forms of subjective violence – or a kind of violence that has a clear and identifiable agent – are what commonly occupies our attention. However, it is crucial to note that in every form subjective violence, there is an objective background that invisibly sustains and overdetermines it. This objective frame, often imperceptible, contains a systemic and more (...) perilous violence, for it is, in fact, a violence that prolongs and generates the very subjective violence that we are fighting and responding against. Accordingly, I would argue that a reinvention of how we view a truly ethical act should necessitate itself in today’s globalized world. My claim is that the challenge for a truly globalized ethics is that it is not enough to simply respond to these different forms of subjective violence. Instead, what is more gripping to consider is to shamelessly question the objective violence upon which these different forms of subjective violence are inherent, reacting against, and being sustained in the first place – i.e. the inherent violence produced by the predominance of global capitalism. (shrink)

The purpose of this work is to present an educational experience with a group of high school students with the theme of recovering springs and water use in a rural community in the state of Oaxaca. It was carried out applying a formative project in a real problem of the context was approached, given its nature, it was possible to develop it transversally with the support of other subjects. According to the need within the community to cope with droughts and (...) water use, a campaign was carried out to raise awareness, reforestation, recovery of aquifers and aquifers that were abandoned with the support of students, parents and authorities. Working with training projects from the socioformative approach is an opportunity to develop competences among students inside and outside the classroom, since the practice is not focused on the learning of knowledge, it also allows solving real and contextualized problems, in this way the student learn, reflect and participate in society. Keywords: environment, training projects, socio-formation, knowledge society. (shrink)

Neste artigo mostra-se os resultados de uma busca em bases de dados internacionais sobre a teoria do agir comunicativo de Habermas na área da Administração de Organizações. A teoria de Habermas foi desenvolvida após a sua guinada linguística, de ruptura com a filosofia da consciência e a metafísica em 1981. Nela os usos da linguagem são modos de expressão e representação, mas também modo de construção de vínculos sociais. A partir desta teoria, Habermas desenvolve a ideia de discurso como agir (...) comunicativo orientado para o entendimento, e elabora uma ética do discurso e uma política deliberativa. A entrada da obra de Habermas na Administração antecede a sua guinada linguística, e deve ser destacado o uso da sua tese "Mudança estrutural da esfera pública". Neste artigo quer-se destacar as relações estabelecidas entre a filosofia da linguagem e a Administração, tanto em acordos teóricos quanto práticos. Entre os aspectos teóricos destaca-se os estudos teóricos do conhecimento, incluindo a epistemologia. Entre os aspectos práticos estão as questões da filosofia prática, a ética e a política. Quer-se assim apresentar o potencial da filosofia de Habermas para pesquisa e trabalho na Administração de Organizações. (shrink)

Public decisions concerning large projects with detrimental environmental or heritage impacts involve value conflicts which stem from the diverse interests and variety of ways of evaluating the costs and benefits of such projects. They are also framed by institutionalised procedures and practices which favour certain concerns to the detriment of others. This paper aims to contribute towards a better understanding of how these procedures and practices, namely decision support tools such as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), tend to shape public (...) decision-making processes in particular ways. It draws on a study of the public controversy surrounding the Foz Tua dam in Portugal, with a focus on the values upheld by the different parties in the controversy and their interplay in the production of justifications, specifically the actors’ positions on values and value conflicts and the restrictions posed by institutionalised public decision-making procedures on the expression and consideration of certain values. (shrink)

In this research, a sliding mode regulator with sine mapping is suggested for the stabilization of electricity generators being affected by magnet interaction nonlinearities and generator nonlinearities. To reach this goal, our suggested regulator has the following contributions: it starts from the sliding mode regulator with the modifications that the saturation mapping is used to reach a smoother performance instead of the signum mapping, and the sine mapping is applied to reach an upper bound in the proportional gain error, it (...) is used to reach some chosen constant behaviors for the angle position, angle speed, and current in the electricity generators, and its stabilization is ensured based on the Lyapunov approach. We show the simulation of the suggested regulator in two electricity generators. (shrink)

La memética es una disciplina joven que se inscribe en el campo de las teorías de la evolución cultural y que busca extrapolar hipótesis darwinianas de selección natural al campo de las ideas, proponiendo la existencia de replicadores culturales llamados memes. En el presente artículo se hace una revisión histórica de dicha disciplina, se examina la contribución que puede ofrecer a las teorías del cambio científico de Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos y Edgar Morin y se hace una evaluación de la (...) memética desde una perspectiva epistemológica basada en categorías ofrecidas por Karl Popper, Mario Bunge e Imre Lakatos, presentándola de esta manera, en un proceso recursivo, como elemento explicativo e interpretativo a la vez que como objeto de estudio y análisis. -/- 'Science in light of memes. Memes in light of science.' -/- Memetics is a young discipline that is inserted in the field of theories of cultural evolution and seeks to extrapolate Darwinian hypotheses of natural selection to the field of ideas by proposing the existence of cultural replicators called memes. In this article, we present a historical overview of the discipline, examining the contribution it can offer to theories of scientific change by Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos, and Edgar Morin. Lastly, we provide an assessment of memetics from an epistemological perspective based on categories suggested by Karl Popper, Mario Bunge and Imre Lakatos, thereby presenting that discipline in a recursive process as an explanatory and interpretative element, while at the same time as an object of study and analysis. (shrink)

Purpose This paper aims to examine whether there are morally defensible reasons for using or operating websites that offer distributed denial-of-service attacks on a specified target to users for a price. Booters have been linked to some of the most powerful DDoS attacks in recent years. Design/methodology/approach The authors identify the various parties associated with booter websites and the means through which booters operate. Then, the authors present and evaluate the two arguments that they claim may be used to justify (...) operating and using booters: that they are a useful tool for testing the ability of networks and servers to handle heavy traffic, and that they may be used to perform DDoS attacks as a form of civil disobedience on the internet. Findings The authors argue that the characteristics of existing booters disqualify them from being morally justified as network stress testing tools or as a means of performing civil disobedience. The use of botnets that include systems without the permission of their owners undermines the legitimacy of both justifications. While a booter that does not use any third-party systems without permission might in principle be justified under certain conditions, the authors argue that it is unlikely that any existing booters meet these requirements. Practical/implications Law enforcement agencies may use the arguments presented here to justify shutting down the operation of booters, and so reduce the number of DDoS attacks on the internet. Originality/value The value of this work is in critically examining the potential justifications for using and operating booter websites and in further exploring the ethical aspects of using DDoS attacks as a form of civil disobedience. (shrink)

Quality of language comprehension determines performance in all kinds of activities including academics. Processing of words initially develops as auditory, and gradually extends to visual as children learn to read. School failure is highly related to listening and reading comprehension problems. In this study we analyzed sex-differences in comprehension of texts in Spanish in three modalities presented to 12–14-years old students, native in Spanish. We controlled relevant cognitive variables such as attention, phonological and semantic fluency and speed of processing. Girls’ (...) comprehension was similar in the three modalities of presentation, however boys were importantly benefited by dual-modality as compared to boys exposed only to visual or auditory text presentation. With respect to the relation of text comprehension and school performance, students with low grades in Spanish showed low auditory comprehension. Interestingly, visual and dual modalities preserved comprehension levels in these low skilled students. Our results suggest that the use of visual-text support during auditory language presentation could be beneficial for low school performance students, especially boys, and encourage future research to evaluate the implementation in classes of the rapidly developing technology of simultaneous speech transcription, that could be, in addition, beneficial to non-native students, especially those recently incorporated into school or newly arrived in a country from abroad. (shrink)