La determinación de la identidad de los presbíteros en los documentos del Concilio Vaticano II no es clara. La recepción de la enseñanza conciliar, en consecuencia, ha sido compleja, en especial en la formación del clero. En términos generales, los aportes de Optatam totius y Presbyterorum ordinis deben interpretarse a la luz de Lumen gentium 10, 2, pues este texto constituiría el principio de armonización teológica de la enseñanza conciliar. En esta investigación se da cuenta de la doctrina de dichos (...) textos conciliares, de Pastores dabo vobis, de las normas vaticanas para la formación del clero (rationes) y de la recepción de estos documentos en el magisterio y las directrices correspondientes de la Iglesia en América Latina y el Caribe. El resultado, en pocas palabras, es preocupante. En las rationes nationales se reconoce una involución respecto de las innovaciones más importantes del Concilio. (shrink)

In recent years, millions of citizens all over the world have used digital dating services. It remains unknown to what extent human sexuality will be changed by this. Based on an evolutionary psychological perspective, we assume that sexual selection shaped behavioural tendencies in men and women that are designed to increase the reproductive fitness. These tendencies are referred to as sexual strategies. Males and females sexual strategies differ according to sex-dimorphic reproductive investments. We assume that this inheritance will affect human (...) sexuality also in a digital future. To evaluate this assumption, we conducted a selective review of studies on digital dating services. Based on sexual selection theory, we derived a number of hypotheses regarding how men and women will use digital dating services typically and how the use of digital dating services might affect sexual wellbeing. Out of an initial data set of 2,568 records, we finally reviewed a set of 13 studies. These studies provided support for the notion that men and women act in the digital dating area according to sex-typical strategies. However, sometimes the circumstances of digital dating affect communication flow, e.g., in that men are even more active in establishing contacts than they are in real world conditions. Overall, women appear to accomplish their sexual goals in digital dating arenas more than men do given a surplus of male demand. Our results suggest that future human sexuality will be impacted by an interaction of both: sex-dimorphic ancient sexual strategies and new technologies. (shrink)

Our pains can be more or less intense, our mental imagery can be more or less vivid, our perceptual experiences can be more or less striking. These degrees of intensity of conscious experiences are all manifestations of a phenomenal property I call mental strength. In this article, I argue that mental strength is a domain-general phenomenal magnitude; in other words, it is a phenomenal quantity shared by all conscious experiences that explains their degree of felt intensity. Mental strength has been (...) largely overlooked in favor of mental states’ type, representational contents, domain-specific phenomenology, or processes such as attention. Considering mental strength in our reflections about the mind illuminates debates about the relation of representational contents and phenomenal character, and it also helps address questions about the structure and functions of consciousness. Mental strength provides a unifying construct to model what is shared in the phenomenology of different types of conscious experiences. (shrink)

This study adopts moral reasoning strategies to investigate why consumers support companies involved in ethical transgressions. Drawing on several cases of real multinationals publicly involved in tax avoidance practices, it aims to demonstrate that moral rationalization and moral decoupling depend not only on how consumers perceive the magnitude of the transgression, but also on their individual differences, such as political ideology and brand identification. A quantitative study with a sample of 3989 consumers of five different focal brands was employed to (...) test a set of hypotheses. Findings reveal that moral decoupling directly explains purchase intentions. However, rationalization only explains behavioral intentions if it leads to a reduction in the perceived immorality of the action. Furthermore, the study reveals significant differences across personal values. Left-leaning individuals tend to rationalize less and decouple more when they perceive that the magnitude of the transgression as egregious. Interestingly, consumers who are highly identified with the brand are less affected by the transgression and tend to be more supportive toward the brand by engaging in rationalization mechanisms. (shrink)

El cóndor es una presencia común que vuela y se posa en nuestro territorio mental, como parte de esa memoria simbólica que se alimenta por generaciones a través del relato oral. Estas imágenes –visuales y orales- se nos reiteran en el tiempo desde el relato inmemorial hasta las redes de comunicación del siglo XXI. En ese contexto, el cóndor -más como símbolo que como patrimonio natural tangible- concita una afinidad de miradas y de identificaciones adquiridas, que convergen en las piedras, (...) las cavernas, los ritos, los objetos utilitarios, la heráldica, la numismática, la filatelia, los productos de consumo, las imágenes en el ciberespacio: del ave sagrada, a la institucional ave nacional; de la sordidez de la Operación Cóndor al cómic representado por Condorito. En el humor y en el horror. En la reverencia y la irreverencia. En la cotidianidad. En la atmósfera cultural, el cóndor es parte de la «respiración» del imaginario común. (shrink)

This volume provides a superb introduction to the philosophical, social, and political elements of Hispanic/Latino identity. It is an indispensable tool for anyone interested in issues that concern Hispanics/Latinos, social policy, and the history of thought and culture.

After reviewing various formulations of the problems of universals and individuation, this essay considers the dialectic that informs the relationship between the two. This dialectic involves a distinction between a realist theory of universals that satisfies the requirements of science but fails to account for the non-instantiability of individuals and a nominalist theory of universals that fails to satisfy the requirements of science but accounts for the non-instantiability of individuals. Inadequacies found in one view tend to motivate movement to the (...) other view. But, like a pendulum swing, this movement inevitably involves facing what motivated the original view. This dialectic is illustrated by a consideration of the views of five medieval authors: Boethius, Peter Abelard, Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. (shrink)

This article presented the concept of the sinister in the aesthetic work of the Spanish painter Francisco de Goya, who used his painting for a historical expressionism to capture the resistance and the Spanish impetus for independence from the French regime under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte. The analysis is based on a bibliographic and pictographic review on ductility of two categories: Goya and the representation of the sinister and the symbolic of painting in Iberian romanticism. It is intended to (...) demonstrate that, beyond a style, there exists in Goya art the hermeneutical supratextuality retained in the aesthetics of the sinister over the eternity of the canvas. From this reflection, it could be revealed that the aesthetic of the sinister mediated by the sublime becomes an expression that causes fascination, curiosity and at the same time rejection. Hence, when speaking of the sinister, we refer to that which is veiled and which needs to cast off its shadow, in order to be able to see itself clearly. In Goya, the tragic is connected: the faces full of drama reveal the disturbing reality of their surroundings and his work leaves encoded images of emotions, history and horror sealed in the murals of his room. It is at that moment that the sublime fulfills the fundamental role of being the bridge that allows access to knowledge in the face of the questions that are part of existence, since in the philosophical amazement it is sought to reveal the doubtful, hidden and disturbing that is part of our humanity. (shrink)

In this work, the author presents an updated state-of-the-art study about the fundamental concept of time, integrating approaches coming from all branches of human cognitive disciplines. The author points out that there is a rational relation for the nature of time coming from human disciplines and scientific ones, thus proposing an overall vision of it for the first time. Implications of this proposal are shown providing an existentialist approach to the meaning of “time” concept.

In recent years, at least in the so-called western societies, a clear trend has been established to consume products that aim to promote a state of nostalgia in the consumer: fashion, cinema, television... everything that concerns mass consumption, in its aesthetics, it dresses with elements that try to evoke part of its target's past, and it works. In this article we will analyse, understanding consumption only as the most obvious expression, what motivates us to seek stimuli that evoke the past, (...) what pushes us to it and how much does the state of anguish to which the type of circumstance draws us have to do with it that we live. We will try to demonstrate how nostalgia, beyond topics, is offered as the most accessible and effective refuge to temporarily mask that anguish caused by a medium perceived as inhospitable and fragmented, and without the need to renounce itself. (shrink)

El artículo busca exponer el pensamiento de Emmanuel Levinas en su obra Humanismo del otro hombre en torno a cuatro cuestiones fundamentales: identidad, relación, libertad y trascendencia. Opuesta a la postura de Nietzsche y de otros autores modernos respecto a cada una de estas cuestiones, Levinas presentará una solución paradójica a estas cuatro grandes claves antropológicas que sirven de fundamento para elaborar una teoría de la justicia: la identidad será entendida como vulnerabilidad; la relación como heteronomía; la libertad como diaconía (...) y Obra; la ética como el encuentro religioso fundamental. (shrink)

In this work, we discuss the failure of the principle of truth functionality in the quantum formalism. By exploiting this failure, we import the formalism of N-matrix theory and non-deterministic semantics to the foundations of quantum mechanics. This is done by describing quantum states as particular valuations associated with infinite non-deterministic truth tables. This allows us to introduce a natural interpretation of quantum states in terms of a non-deterministic semantics. We also provide a similar construction for arbitrary probabilistic theories based (...) in orthomodular lattices, allowing to study post-quantum models using logical techniques. (shrink)

El tratado hidrostático fue uno de los primeros textos de Descartes, fruto de su decisivo encuentro con Isaac Beeckman. En este artículo, analizaremos cómo fue concebido y los motivos que llevaron a Descartes a cuestionar alguno de los aspectos fundamentales de la física matemática de Beeckman. Este episodio está íntimamente relacionado con la independencia de las disciplinas matemáticas y su aplicación a cuestiones propias de la filosofía natural.Descartes’ hydrostatic treatise was one of his first text, fruit of his crucial meeting (...) with Isaac Beeckman. In this article, we will analyse how it was conceived and the reasons which leaded Descartes to question some fundamental aspects of Beeckman’s Physico-mathematics. This subject is closely connected with theautonomy and implementation of mathematical sciences to typical matters of natural philosophy. (shrink)

Die Untersuchungen betreffen die Rezeption von kantischem Denken in der Hispanidad. Es handelt sich um Akten eines Kongresses, der 1983 an der Universitat zu Koln stattfand. Die verschiedenen Reaktionen (positive wie auch kritische) auf das kantische Denken von Autoren wie M. Nieto Serrano, J.M. Rey y Heredia, K.C.F. Krause, J. Sanz del Rio, J. Zubiri und R. Torretti werden thematisiert.".

t. 1. La filosofia como pensamiento limite.--t. 2. El conocimiento.

In the 10 years after the launch of the United Nations Global Compact (GC), there have been very few empirical assessments of the initiative in the academic literature. In this study, drawing from institutional theory and the resource-based view of the firm, we examine motivations of business participants to adopt the GC principles in the Spanish context. Using survey data from Spain – the country reporting the highest volume of business participants in the GC – we find that external institutional (...) forces as well as internal organisational resources shape motivations for adopting GC principles. In particular, we find that early and late adopters are motivated similarly by the perceived opportunity of achieving image gains, while late adopters are motivated more by economic gains than early adopters. We further find that regardless of the extent of internal intangible resources possessed, firms are similarly motivated by economic gains. The results also show that companies with more intangible resources are motivated more by image gains than those with fewer resources. Our findings indicate that contrary to its earlier days, economic gains have emerged as an important motivator for the adopters of the GC principles with image gains still being an important motivator. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza dos herramientas teóricas relevantes para estudiar la función del mérito como un dispositivo que cumple una función de legitimación de las desigualdades políticas: una crítica democrática de la diferencia manual e intelectual en la división social del trabajo y la distinción entre capital y recurso. Para ello, comenta las posiciones de Marx y Durhkeim sobre la división social del trabajo y especifica cómo esta se concreta en la diferencia manual/intelectual apoyándose en Étienne Balibar. Posteriormente, se expone la (...) distinción entre capital y recurso de José Luis Moreno Pestaña para abordar cómo esa lógica se reproduce en el campo político en la actualidad, ejemplificándolo con referencias a Rawls y Lenin. Finalmente, concluye proponiendo dos salidas para democratizar la diferencia manual/intelectual desde la política actual. (shrink)

Este trabalho analisa as condições de crença numa Europa contemporânea marcada por uma forte e crescente diversidade cultural. Observamos o estado da arte relativamente aos resultados de estudos anteriores sobre o binómio religião-diversidade. Verificamos que, tendencialmente, a diversidade se encontra negativamente associada à coesão e vitalidade religiosas. Os efeitos fragmentadores e relativizadores da diversidade e o crescimento de uma cultura, implícita ou explicitamente, secular são habitualmente apontados como os motivos fundamentais para a fragilização dos laços religiosos, sobretudo dos tradicionais/institucionais. No (...) entanto, a maioria dos investigadores vem resistindo à afirmação dessa correlação negativa, assumindo apenas a deslocação e recomposição da religião em condições de diversidade. Concluímos que se pode concordar com essa asserção; porém, torna-se difícil negar que a diversidade tem efeitos secularizantes, ainda que limitados, na religião, particularmente por conta da emergência e hegemonia dum paradigma imanente de interpretar o mundo. (shrink)

The author studies the theory of "first principles" at Leonardo Polo's philosophy (at the book El conocimiento habitual de los primeros principios) and Aristotle thought. He critics Polo's theory of first principles in using aristotelian concepts from Metafísica, III, IV and IX.