Artykuł omawia archiwum Kazimierza Sowińskiego przechowywane w Krakowie wraz ze spuścizną Oficyny Poetów i Malarzy z Londynu, zapisaną Uniwersytetowi Jagiellońskiemu przez Krystynę Bednarczyk. W 138 teczkach znajdują się dokumenty, które dzielą się na trzy grupy: 1. rezultaty prac nad edycją Vade-mecum Cypriana Norwida, pierwszym drukowanym wydaniem tego zbioru, przygotowanym przez Sowińskiego i wydrukowanym w Oficynie w 1953 r.; w archiwum pozostały cenne komentarze edytorskie, których Sowiński nie zdołał ukończyć na czas; 2. materiały związane z twórczością Tadeusza Sułkowskiego, z którym Sowiński (...) był związany wieloletnią przyjaźnią: listy, dokumenty z pobytu Sułkowskiego w obozie jenieckim Murnau podczas II wojny światowej, a także dokumentacja przygotowywanej edycji dzieł literackich Sułkowskiego; 3. teksty poetyckie Sowińskiego w kopiach zawierających liczne warianty, a także dokumenty powstałe w czasie jego dwudziestoletniej pracy w Radiu Wolna Europa, głównie teksty przygotowanych przezeń programów kulturalnych. Wszystkie trzy grupy dokumentów są interesującymi świadectwami pracy Kazimierza Sowińskiego jako poety, edytora i dziennikarza radiowego. (shrink)

This volume explores the range of Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy and his relevance to contemporary philosophical traditions.

Paul Edwards' October 1989 essay, ‘Heidegger's Quest for Being’ illustrates the wisdom of the dictum that the only legitimate criticism of a philosopher's position is a constructive criticism. His negative critique amounts to no more than expressions of distaste, dislike, and displeasure, and nothing of philosophical interest follows from his assertions, as the discourse is primarily an argument ad hominem . He grossly misinterprets Heidegger on some elemental and fundamental matters as well. In particular, he sorely misinterprets what he refers (...) to as the ‘Quest for Being’, which only further contributes to the objectionable character of the essay. (shrink)

The European Summer Schools in Logic, Language and Information (ESSLLI) have been organised every year since 1989 under the auspices of the Association for Logic, Language and Information (FoLLI) in different cities around Europe. The 24th European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information (ESSLLI 2012) took place at the University of Opole, Poland, during August 6-17, 2012. The organisation committee was chaired by Janusz Czelakowski and Urszula Wybraniec-Skardowska (Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Opole) and the programme (...) committee was chaired by Andreas Herzig (University of Toulouse and CNRS). During two weeks, over 340 participants from 36 countries were offered a rich academic program of their choice from 9 foundational, 16 introductory and 17 advanced courses and 6 workshops. Just as in the previous years, the 17th conference on Formal Grammar collocated with ESSLLI. Besides the regular courses, a traditional highlight of the summer school were the 4 evening lectures by distinguished academics: - Johan van Benthem (Institute for Logic, Language & Computation (ILLC), Amsterdam and Department of Philosophy, Stanford University), "Computation as Agency''; - Melvin Fitting (Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, City University of New York), "Reasoning About Games''; - Jonathan Ginzburg (UFR Études anglophones, Université Paris-Diderot (Paris 7)), "False starts, jokes, and music:semantics in the 21st century''; - Adam Przepiórkowski (Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw), "Secret life of corpora''. Another traditional event was the student session, organised by a student programme committee chaired by Rasmus K. Rendsvig (University of Copenhagen): master and doctoral students presented 16 papers and 5 posters, and Michał Zawidzki obtained the best paper award and Raul Fervari obtained the best poster award. Moreover, the Beth Dissertation Prizes were announced at the FoLLI General Meeting and went to Andreas Kapsner (University of Barcelona) and Daniel R. Licata (Carnegie Mellon University). Apart from the busy academic programme, participants of the summer school were offered an exciting social program as well. In addition to the traditional ESSLLI Party and the famous Students vs. Lecturers Soccer Match (also called `Johan van Benthem Cup'), kayaking, and excursions to Kraków and Wrocław were offered. -/- . (shrink)

The principle of explosion asserts that any formula can be derived from any pair of other contradictory formulas. Paraconsistent logic is typically regarded as a logic in which the universal validity of this principle is questioned. Therefore, a key point is determining when the validity can be considered universal to classify a logic as paraconsistent. A pertinent example to illustrate this point is the calculus CB1 that admits the principle but only for negated formulas, i.e., from any set {α, ∼α} (...) any other formula follows if and only if α is of the form ∼γ. Another example is Sette’s calculus P1, which is paraconsistent at the level of variables but not complex formulas. Both serve as compelling examples of the so-called borderline cases. In this paper, we examine several calculi expected to be paraconsistent at the level of literals. It means that a pair of formulas, α and ∼α, can yield any β if, and only if α is neither a propositional variable nor is its iterated negation. Furthermore, it is assumed that in some calculi presented here, β must adhere to specific restrictions. Once these conditions are satisfied, we refer to calculus as paraconsistent in a “controllable manner”. (shrink)

We are facing a crisis of trust in expertise today. Fewer and fewer people trust experts, and more and more politicians openly ignore expert consensus. 'Democracy in the Post-Truth Era' asks what might happen to democracy if we reject the fundamental liberal assumption that people are capable of making informed choices. The book explores the potential impact on society if people, including politicians, never appreciate the relevance of expert opinions. What if people cannot choose between supporters and opponents of key (...) issues such as the causes of climate change, effectiveness of vaccines and ways of combating economic and social crises? Applying social epistemology to these questions, the book considers whether democracy can be defended in the post-truth era. (shrink)

In this paper, we present a calculus of paraconsistent logic. We propose an axiomatisation and a semantics for the calculus, and prove several important meta-theorems. The calculus, denoted as CB1, is an extension of systems PI, C min and B1, and a proper subsystem of Sette’s calculus P1. We also investigate the generalization of CB1 to the hierarchy of related calculi.

This book makes a significant contribution to the standard decision theory, that is, the theory of choice built around the principle of maximizing expected utility, both to its causal version and to the more traditional noncausal approach. The author’s success in clarifying the foundations of the standard decision theory in general, and causal decision theory in particular, also makes the book uniquely suitable for a person whose research in philosophy has led her to want to learn about contemporary decision theory. (...) The book presupposes some mathematical sophistication, and it contains more philosophical and mathematical argumentation per page than may be suitable for an undergraduate level course; but it stands out as an ideal textbook for a graduate-level course focused on the foundations of the standard decision theory. (shrink)

Endowed with all the traits of an outstanding monarch and creator of his state, King Kazimierz III (also known as the Great) appears one of the greatest figures in the history of Poland. It was him who laid out the legal and political foundation of the modern state. He initiated legislative, administrative, economic, military and cultural reforms which became the source of the power of the Jagiellonian dynasty. However, apart from the above mentioned virtues, Kazimierz Wielki had a number of (...) vices and weaknesses. He tended to be irritable and bad-tempered. He overly appreciated jewels and luxury. What is more, he was promiscuous and overindulged in drinking and eating. (shrink)

Any finite support iteration of posets with precalibre ℵ 1 which has the length of cofinality greater than ω 1 yields a model for the dual Borel conjecture in which the real line is covered by ℵ 1 strong measure zero sets.

In the paper we study the class of weakly algebraizable logics, characterized by the monotonicity and injectivity of the Leibniz operator on the theories of the logic. This class forms a new level in the non-linear hierarchy of protoalgebraic logics.

The Absolute is a basic and fundamental issue for philosophy as such. I present different concepts of the Absolute (substantialism, energetism, escapism, methodologism). We can say that contemporary European philosophy “orphaned” the neo-Platonic tradition. Thereafter Russian philosophy developed in an intensive and turbulent as well as relatively uniform fashion, in view of the well-established Neo-Platonist context. This makes Russian philosophy not only part of a lasting universally acknowledged tradition; not only has Russian philosophy continued to develop currents of thought abandoned (...) by modern European philosophiers, but it is also heir to a philosophical tradition of particular quality and value in the universal history of thought. (shrink)

This book is both suitable for logically and algebraically minded graduate and advanced graduate students of mathematics, computer science and philosophy, and ...

Situational aspects of action are discussed. The presented approach emphasizes the role of situational contexts in which actions are performed. These contexts influence the course of an action; they are determined not only by the current state of the system but also shaped by other factors as time, the previously undertaken actions and their succession, the agents of actions and so on. The distinction between states and situations is explored from the perspective of action systems. The notion of a situational (...) action system is introduced and its theory is expounded. Numerous examples illustrate the reach of the theory. (shrink)

The aim of the paper is twofold. First, we want to recapture the genesis of the logics of order. The origin of this notion is traced back to the work of Jerzy Kotas, Roman Suszko, Richard Routley and Robert K. Meyer. A further development of the theory of logics of order is presented in the papers of Jacek K. Kabziński. Quite contemporarily, this notion gained in significance in the papers of Carles Noguera and Petr Cintula. Logics of order are named (...) there _logics of weak implications_. They play a crucial role in their monograph (Noguera and Cintula _Logic and Implication. An Introduction to the General Algebraic Study of Non-Classical Logics_, Trends in Logic 57, Springer, Berlin, 2021). But, more importantly, the other goal is to define some subclasses of the logics of order in reference to later results of Jacek K. Kabziński and Michael Dunn. The original conception of implication is due to Kabziński. Implication is a stronger notion than the notion of the connective of order aka weak implication. As a result, the three subclasses of logics of order are isolated: logics of implication, logics of symmetry, and tonoidal logics. These notions are uniformly defined and investigated from various viewpoints in terms of consequence operations. The emphasis is put on their semantics. (shrink)

This article attempts to answer the question: what has the current migration crisis revealed in relations between Christianity and Islam, two religions with common Abrahamic roots? What conclusions can be drawn about the state of these relations, particularly with regard to ordinary members of the two religions? How should we assess the reaction of Christians in Europe to the inflow of refugees from Muslim countries in the light of the Gospel, the Second Vatican Council and the teaching of Pope Francis?The (...) article consists of four parts. Part I briefly presents Christian-Muslim relationships over the centuries. Part II focuses on the sense of danger occurring in European societies in connection with the influx of Muslims during the migration crisis. Part III presents the teachings of the Second Vatican Council about Islam and Part IV describes Pope Francis’s attitude towards refugees from Muslim countries. (shrink)

In 1953, Jerzy Kalinowski published his paper on the logic of normative sentences. The paper is recognized as one of the first publications on the formal system of deontic logic. The aim of this paper is to present a tableau system for Kalinowski’s deontic logic and to discuss some of the topics related to the paradoxes of deontic logic.

Action theory may be regarded as a theoretical foundation of AI, because it provides in a logically coherent way the principles of performing actions by agents. But, more importantly, action theory offers a formal ontology mainly based on set-theoretic constructs. This ontology isolates various types of actions as structured entities: atomic, sequential, compound, ordered, situational actions etc., and it is a solid and non-removable foundation of any rational activity. The paper is mainly concerned with a bunch of issues centered around (...) the notion of performability of actions. It seems that the problem of performability of actions, though of basic importance for purely practical applications, has not been investigated in the literature in a systematic way thus far. This work, being a companion to the book as reported, elaborates the theory of performability of actions based on relational models and formal constructs borrowed from formal lingusistics. The discussion of performability of actions is encapsulated in the form of a strict logical system. This system is semantically defined in terms of its intended models in which the role of actions of various types is accentuated. Since due to the nature of compound actions the system is not finitary, other semantic variants of are defined. The focus in on the system of performability of finite compound actions. An adequate axiom system for is defined. The strong completeness theorem is the central result. The role of the canonical model in the proof of the completeness theorem is highlighted. The relationship between performability of actions and dynamic logic is also discussed. (shrink)

This text offers the report on the activities of The Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Cracow—a research and educational institution at the Department of Philosophy of the Pontifical Academy of Philosophy in the Cracow. The main areas of its research are the philosophy of science, the history of science, and problems connected with the interrelations between philosophy, theology and the sciences.

Matematyczność fizyki jest zjawiskiem, którego obecność jest dla nas zaskakująca, ale które pozwala nam na poznanie przyrody poprzez analizę matematycznych struktur ją opisujących. Dotyczy to jednak wyłącznie fizyki. Stopień matematyzacji biologii jest niewielki, a próby użycia języka matematyki sprowadzają się w istocie do stosowania w biologii metod matematycznych, których używa się do opisu układów fizycznych. Jest prawdopodobne, że popełniamy w ten sposób błąd przypisując układom biologicznym cechy, których nie posiadają. Pojawiają się głosy, że biologia wymaga nowych metod matematycznych dostosowanych do (...) jej potrzeb, nie znanych z fizyki. Sądzę jednak, że z uwagi na specyfikę złożoności, którą reprezentują układy biologiczne, zamiast o matematyczności biologii należy mówić o jej algorytmiczności. Jako przykłady algorytmicznego podejścia można przywołać tak zwane modele osobnicze używane między innymi do opisu dynamik populacji lub metody modelowania fraktalnego stosowane do opisu złożoności geometrii i jej dynamiki skomplikowanych struktur biologicznych, takich jak na przykład drzewa. (shrink)

The paper is concerned with the old conjecture that there are infinitely many twin primes. In the paper we show that this conjecture is true, that is, it is true in the standard model of arithmetic. The proof is based on Rasiowa–Sikorski Lemma. The key role are played by the derived notion of a Rasiowa–Sikorski set and the method of forcing adjusted to arbitrary first–order languages. This approach was developed in the papers Czelakowski [ 4, 5 ]. The central idea (...) consists in constructing an appropriate countable model \(\textbf{A}\) of Peano arithmetic by means of a Rasiowa–Sikorski set. This model validates the twin prime conjecture. Since \(\textbf{A}\) is elementarily equivalent to the standard model, the conjecture follows. Thus the standard model validates the twin primes conjecture. More generally, it is shown that de Polignac’s conjecture has a positive solution. The paper employs methods borrowed from the contemporary mathematical logic. Such a ’logical’ approach may be viewed as a useful addition to the dominant methodology in number theory based on mathematical analysis. (shrink)

By a sentential logic we understand a pair, where S is a sentential language, i.e. an absolutely free algebra freely generated by an infinite set p, q, r,... of sentential variables and endowed with countably many finitary connectives §1, §2,... and C is a consequence operation on S, the underlying set of S, satisfying the condition of structurality: eC ⊆ C, for every endomorphism e of S and for every X ⊆ S. If no confusion is likely we shall identify (...) a logic with its consequence operation C. A logic C is standard if C = [ {C : Y ⊆ X & Y is finite}, for all X ⊆ S. (shrink)

The main result of the present paper — Theorem 3 — establishes the equivalence of the interpolation and amalgamation properties for a large family of logics and their associated classes of matrices.

Rozdział szósty podsumowuje całą pracę. Staram się w nim sprecyzować znaczenie terminu "kryterium logiczności" i pokazać jaką budowę powinny mieć takie kryteria. Analizując trzy spośród sformułowanych w poprzednich rozdziałach kryteriów logiczności, podejmuję dyskusję na temat zakresu ich stosowania. Na zakończenie szkicuję sposób konstruowania złożonych kryteriów logiczności i pokazuję, że zaproponowane przeze mnie kryterium jest spełnione przez logikę klasyczną i przez intuicjonistyczny rachunek predykatów. [ZE WSTĘPU AUTORA].

The class Matr(C) of all matrices for a prepositional logic (, C) is investigated. The paper contains general results with no special reference to particular logics. The main theorem (Th. (5.1)) which gives the algebraic characterization of the class Matr(C) states the following. Assume C to be the consequence operation on a prepositional language induced by a class K of matrices. Let m be a regular cardinal not less than the cardinality of C. Then Matr (C) is the least class (...) of matrices containing K and closed under m-reduced products, submatrices, matrix homomorphisms, and matrix homomorphic counter-images. (shrink)