Results for 'Jan Sirucek'

977 found
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  1.  12
    Survey on the current practice of research ethics committees in the Czech academic environment: a mixed-methods study.Renata Veselska, Jan Sirucek & Josef Kure - 2024 - BMC Medical Ethics 25 (1):1-13.
    The primary objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive questionnaire survey on the practices of research ethics committees reviewing academic research projects in Czechia. The study aims to provide an unbiased and objective assessment of the current practices of research ethics committees, namely to obtain the missing data on their functioning in the context of academic research, to identify difficulties and shortages that threaten the responsible functioning of research ethics committees in the country and to investigate the implementation (...)
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  2. Top-Down Causation and Emergence.Jan Voosholz & Markus Gabriel (eds.) - 2021 - Cham: Springer Verlag.
    This book presents the latest research, conducted by leading philosophers and scientists from various fields, on the topic of top-down causation. The chapters combine to form a unique, interdisciplinary perspective, drawing upon George Ellis's extensive research and novel perspectives on topics including downwards causation, weak and strong emergence, mental causation, biological relativity, effective field theory and levels in nature. The collection also serves as a Festschrift in honour of George Ellis' 80th birthday. The extensive and interdisciplinary scope of this book (...)
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  3.  60
    Does the extended evolutionary synthesis entail extended explanatory power?Jan Baedke, Alejandro Fábregas-Tejeda & Francisco Vergara-Silva - 2020 - Biology and Philosophy 35 (1):1-22.
    Biologists and philosophers of science have recently called for an extension of evolutionary theory. This so-called ‘extended evolutionary synthesis’ seeks to integrate developmental processes, extra-genetic forms of inheritance, and niche construction into evolutionary theory in a central way. While there is often agreement in evolutionary biology over the existence of these phenomena, their explanatory relevance is questioned. Advocates of EES posit that their perspective offers better explanations than those provided by ‘standard evolutionary theory’. Still, why this would be the case (...)
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  4.  11
    (1 other version)O zasadzie sprzeczności u Arystotelesa.Jan Łukasiewicz (ed.) - 1910 - Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk..
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  5.  81
    To-Do Is to Be: Foucault, Levinas, and Technologically Mediated Subjectivation.Jan Peter Bergen & Peter-Paul Verbeek - 2021 - Philosophy and Technology 34 (2):325-348.
    The theory of technological mediation aims to take technological artifacts seriously, recognizing the constitutive role they play in how we experience the world, act in it, and how we are constituted as (moral) subjects. Its quest for a compatible ethics has led it to Foucault’s “care of the self,” i.e., a transformation of the self by oneself through self-discipline. In this regard, technologies have been interpreted as power structures to which one can relate through Foucaultian “technologies of the self” or (...)
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  6. Top-Down Causation Without Levels.Jan Voosholz - 2021 - In Jan Voosholz & Markus Gabriel, Top-Down Causation and Emergence. Cham: Springer Verlag. pp. 269-296.
    The paper addresses a question concerning George Ellis’s theory of top-down causation by considering a challenge to the “level-picture of nature” which he employs as a foundational element in his theory. According to the level-picture, nature is ordered by distinct and finitely many levels, each characterised by its own types of entities, relations, laws and principles of behavior, and causal relations to their respective neighbouring top- and bottom-level. The branching hierarchy that results from this picture enables Ellis to build his (...)
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  7. Gesturing in Language: Merleau-Ponty and Mukařovský at the Phenomenological Limits of Structuralism.Jan Halák - 2022 - Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 53 (4):415-439.
    This study aims to corroborate Merleau-Ponty’s interpretations of fundamental ideas from Saussure’s linguistics by linking them to works that were independently elaborated by Jan Mukařovský, Czech structuralist aesthetician and literary theorist. I provide a comparative analysis of the two authors’ theories of language and their interpretations of thought as fundamentally determined by language. On this basis, I investigate how they conceive linguistic innovation and its translation into changes in the constituted language and other social codes and institutions. I explain how (...)
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  8.  16
    (1 other version)Introduction: Tacitism.Jan Waszink - 2025 - History of European Ideas 51 (1):1-9.
    This introduction to the papers on Tacitism presented at the Renaissance Society of America’s conference in Dublin in 2022, summarises some broader tendencies in the scholarship on Tacitism, and presents a provisional sketch of the contribution to that scholarship which the current Warsaw research group on Tacitism and its connected researchers are developing, as exemplified by the articles in this collection.
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  9. Tense as a Feature of Perceptual Content.Jan Almäng - 2014 - Journal of Philosophy 111 (7):361-378.
    In recent years the idea that perceptual content is tensed in the sense that we can perceive objects as present or as past has come under attack. In this paper the notion of tensed content is to the contrary defended. The paper argues that assuming that something like an intentionalistic theory of perception is correct, it is very reasonable to suppose that perceptual content is tensed, and that a denial of this notion requires a denial of some intuitively very plausible (...)
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  10.  92
    Medieval philosophy as transcendental thought: from Philip the Chancellor (ca. 1225) to Francisco Súarez.Jan Aertsen - 2012 - Boston: Brill.
    This book provides for the first time a complete history of the doctrine of the transcendentals and shows its importance for the understanding of philosophy in the Middle Ages.
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  11.  35
    Data Access Committees.Jan Piasecki & Phaik Yeong Cheah - 2020 - BMC Medical Ethics 21 (1):1-8.
    BackgroundSharing de-identified individual-level health research data is widely promoted and has many potential benefits. However there are also some potential harms, such as misuse of data and breach of participant confidentiality. One way to promote the benefits of sharing while ameliorating its potential harms is through the adoption of a managed access approach where data requests are channeled through a Data Access Committee (DAC), rather than making data openly available without restrictions. A DAC, whether a formal or informal group of (...)
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  12.  39
    Democracy’s critical infrastructure: Rethinking intermediary powers.Jan-Werner Müller - 2021 - Philosophy and Social Criticism 47 (3):269-282.
    Ever since the 19th century, political parties and free media were widely deemed indispensable for the proper functioning of representative democracy. They constituted what one might call the criti...
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  13.  23
    How to understand ‘nonsense’: do not ask what nonsense is, but rather how we show that something is nonsense!Jan Wawrzyniak - forthcoming - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy.
    This article considers the problem of how to elucidate the concept of nonsense. Viewed from a general philosophical standpoint this matters because the concept is used by certain philosophers in their criticism of philosophical questions and theses. I start with a presentation of examples of utterances considered nonsense, along with Baier's classification of kinds of nonsense. I then present various approaches, pointing out that none of them are completely satisfactory. I subsequently propose an approach that is a modification of the (...)
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  14. Locke vs. Boyle: The real essence of corpuscular species.Jan-Erik Jones - 2007 - British Journal for the History of Philosophy 15 (4):659 – 684.
    While the tradition of Locke scholarship holds that both Locke and Boyle are species anti-realists, there is evidence that this interpretation is false. Specifically, there has been some recent work on Boyle showing that he is, unlike Locke, a species realist. In this paper I argue that once we see Boyle as a realist about natural species, it is plausible to read some of Locke’s most formidable anti-realist arguments as directed specifically at Boyle’s account of natural species. This is a (...)
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  15.  54
    Where organisms meet the environment.Jan Baedke & Tatjana Buklijas - 2023 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 99 (C):4-9.
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  16.  56
    Affective priming of semantic categorisation responses.Jan De Houwer, Dirk Hermans, Klaus Rothermund & Dirk Wentura - 2002 - Cognition and Emotion 16 (5):643-666.
  17.  71
    A problem for extensional theories of time-consciousness.Jan Almäng - 2021 - Synthese 199 (5-6):14865-14880.
    Extensionalist theories of the specious present suggest that every perceptual experience is extended in time for a short while, such that they are co-extensive in time with the time experienced in them. Thus, there can be no experience of time, unless the experience itself is extended in time. Accordingly, there must be something that unites the temporal parts of a perceptual experience into temporally extended wholes. I call this the “glue-problem for extensionalism”. In this paper I suggest three desiderata that (...)
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  18. Trustworthy use of artificial intelligence: Priorities from a philosophical, ethical, legal, and technological viewpoint as a basis for certification of artificial intelligence.Jan Voosholz, Maximilian Poretschkin, Frauke Rostalski, Armin B. Cremers, Alex Englander, Markus Gabriel, Hecker Dirk, Michael Mock, Julia Rosenzweig, Joachim Sicking, Julia Volmer, Angelika Voss & Stefan Wrobel - 2019 - Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems Iais.
    This publication forms a basis for the interdisciplinary development of a certification system for artificial intelligence. In view of the rapid development of artificial intelligence with disruptive and lasting consequences for the economy, society, and everyday life, it highlights the resulting challenges that can be tackled only through interdisciplinary dialogue between IT, law, philosophy, and ethics. As a result of this interdisciplinary exchange, it also defines six AI-specific audit areas for trustworthy use of artificial intelligence. They comprise fairness, transparency, autonomy (...)
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  19. Vertrauenswürdiger Einsatz von Künstlicher Intelligenz.Jan Voosholz, Maximilian Poretschkin, Frauke Rostalski, Armin B. Cremers, Alex Englander, Markus Gabriel, Dirk Hecker, Michael Mock, Julia Rosenzweig, Joachim Sicking, Julia Volmer, Angelika Voss & Stefan Wrobel - 2019 - Fraunhofer-Institut Für Intelligente Analyse- Und Informationssysteme Iais.
    Die vorliegende Publikation dient als Grundlage für die interdisziplinäre Entwicklung einer Zertifizierung von Künstlicher Intelligenz. Angesichts der rasanten Entwicklung von Künstlicher Intelligenz mit disruptiven und nachhaltigen Folgen für Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Alltagsleben verdeutlicht sie, dass sich die hieraus ergebenden Herausforderungen nur im interdisziplinären Dialog von Informatik, Rechtswissenschaften, Philosophie und Ethik bewältigen lassen. Als Ergebnis dieses interdisziplinären Austauschs definiert sie zudem sechs KI-spezifische Handlungsfelder für den vertrauensvollen Einsatz von Künstlicher Intelligenz: Sie umfassen Fairness, Transparenz, Autonomie und Kontrolle, Datenschutz sowie Sicherheit und (...)
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  20.  91
    Negative “GHIs,” the Right to Health Protection, and Future Generations.Jan Deckers - 2011 - Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 8 (2):165-176.
    The argument has been made that future generations of human beings are being harmed unjustifiably by the actions individuals commit today. This paper addresses what it might mean to harm future generations, whether we might harm them, and what our duties toward future generations might be. After introducing the Global Health Impact (GHI) concept as a unit of measurement that evaluates the effects of human actions on the health of all organisms, an incomplete theory of human justice is proposed. Having (...)
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  21.  46
    (1 other version)On Fuzzy Logic III. Semantical completeness of some many‐valued propositional calculi.Jan Pavelka - 1979 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 25 (25‐29):447-464.
  22. Introduction.Jan Voosholz & Markus Gabriel - 2021 - In Jan Voosholz & Markus Gabriel, Top-Down Causation and Emergence. Cham: Springer Verlag.
    This is the introduction and table of contents to the collected volume "Top-Down Causation and Emergence". It honours George F.R. Ellis and explains the parts and chapters of the volume.
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  23.  42
    Tractarian Sätze : Instructions for Use.Jan Wawrzyniak - 2020 - Philosophia 48 (3):1209-1234.
    The main question addressed by this article is this: How should one understand the role of the sentences of the Tractatus, given Wittgenstein’s statement that they are nonsensical? I begin with a presentation of three general principles of interpretation in order to avoid answering the question in an inappropriate way. I then move on to a short presentation and commentary on a selection of readings – namely, the ineffabilist, resolute and elucidatory ones – and elaborate the answers given by advocates (...)
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  24.  91
    Un Juego Ontológico formal. ¿Necesita una Correlación el Realismo Especulativo de Meillassoux?Jan Voosholz - 2019 - Estudios Filosóficos 68 (199):531-542. Translated by Jimmy Hernandez Marcelo.
    Quentin Meillassoux descarta la cuestión de la correlación correcta en su Después de la finitud y en las publicaciones siguientes porque su trabajo tiene como objetivo refutar el correlacionismo. La pregunta central que planteo en el artículo es:¿ necesita la posición de Meillassoux algo más que un juego ontológico formal (y los realismos especulativos y los nuevos realismos en general)? Mi respuesta a esta pregunta será un no, pero creo que él y todos los realistas especulativos y nuevos realistas necesitan (...)
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  25.  74
    Saving the World through Sacrificing Liberties? A Critique of some Normative Arguments in Unfit for the Future.Jan Christoph Bublitz - 2016 - Neuroethics 12 (1):23-34.
    The paper critically engages with some of the normative arguments in Julian Savulescu and Ingmar Persson’s book Unfit for the Future. In particular, it scrutinizes the authors’ argument in denial of a moral right to privacy as well as their political proposal to alter humankind’s moral psychology in order to avert climate change, terrorism and to redress global injustice.
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  26.  14
    Seeking Understanding: The Lifelong Pursuit to Build the Scientific Mind.Jan Visser & Muriel Visser (eds.) - 2019 - Boston: Brill | Sense.
    _Seeking Understanding: The Lifelong Pursuit to Build the Scientific Mind_ explores the multiple ways in which the human mind grows in understanding of the self and the world as an essential dimension of transformative learning along the lifespan.
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  27.  76
    A Formal Ontological Game. Does Meillassoux’s Speculative Realism Need A Correlation?Jan Voosholz - 2019 - In Alexander Kanev, New Realism: Problems and Prospects. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press. pp. 225-234.
    Quentin Meillassoux dismisses the question of the right correlation both in his 'After finitude' and in subsequent publications because his work aims to refute correlationism. The central question I want to address in this article is: Does Meillassoux’s position (and the New Realisms more generally) need a correlation to be more than just a formal ontological game? My answer to this question will be a no, but I think that both his and other versions of speculative and new realism need (...)
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  28.  45
    On the Origins of Constitutional Patriotism.Jan-Werner Müller - 2006 - Contemporary Political Theory 5 (3):278-296.
    Political theorists tend to dismiss the concept of constitutional patriotism for two main reasons. On the one hand, constitutional patriotism — understood as a post-national, universalist form of democratic political allegiance — is rejected on account of its abstract quality. On the otherhand, it is argued that constitutional patriotism, while apprearing universalist, is in fact particular through and through. According to this genealogical critique, it is held that constitutional patriotism might have been appropriate in the context when it originated — (...)
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  29.  93
    Debate: Immigrants and Newcomers by Birth—Do Statist Arguments Imply a Right to Exclude Both?Jan Brezger & Andreas Cassee - 2016 - Journal of Political Philosophy 24 (3):367-378.
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  30.  49
    Action negation and alternative reductions for dynamic deontic logics.Jan Broersen - 2004 - Journal of Applied Logic 2 (1):153-168.
  31.  30
    From Disembodied Intellect to Cultivated Rationality.Jan Derry - 2016 - Journal of Philosophy of Education 50 (1):117-122.
    The issues that Paul Standish alerts us to are significant since they situate McDowell's argument in reference to works lying outside the mainstream tradition o.
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  32.  54
    Why current uk legislation on embryo research is immoral. How the argument from lack of qualities and the argument from potentiality have been applied and why they should be rejected.Jan Deckers - 2005 - Bioethics 19 (3):251–271.
    ABSTRACT On 22 January 2001, the UK became the first country to approve of embryonic stem cell research by passing the Human Fertilisation (Research Purposes) Regulations 2001, which legislated new research purposes for which early embryos can be used, in addition to those approved by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. Legal advisory committees, most notably the Chief Medical Officer's Expert Group and the House of Lords’ Select Committee, have offered various reasons, which can also be found in the (...)
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  33.  91
    Locally finite theories.Jan Mycielski - 1986 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 51 (1):59-62.
    We say that a first order theoryTislocally finiteif every finite part ofThas a finite model. It is the purpose of this paper to construct in a uniform way for any consistent theoryTa locally finite theory FIN which is syntactically isomorphic toT.Our construction draws upon the main idea of Paris and Harrington [6] and generalizes the syntactic aspect of their result from arithmetic to arbitrary theories. The first mathematically strong locally finite theory, called FIN, was defined in [1]. Now we get (...)
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  34.  7
    Die Entwicklung der Sprachtheorie im Mittelalter.Jan Pinborg - 1985 - Aschendorff.
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  35.  55
    Dealing With Uncertainties When Governing CSR Policies.Jan Lepoutre, Nikolay A. Dentchev & Aimé Heene - 2007 - Journal of Business Ethics 73 (4):391-408.
    As corporate social responsibility involves a voluntary business endeavour to address social and environmental issues beyond legal compliance, governments cannot fall back on hierarchical command-and-control policies to support it. As such, it is complementary with the increasing popularity of public policies known as New Governance policies, where the government is engaged in a horizontal inter-organizational network of societal actors and where public policy is both formed and executed by the interacting and voluntary efforts from a multitude of stakeholders. However, such (...)
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  36. Property and rights.Jan Narveson - 2010 - Social Philosophy and Policy 27 (1):101-134.
    I present what I take to be the approach to property rights, in which property is basically a unitary concept: owners are the ones with the right to do, and prohibit others from doing, whatever there is to do with the thing owned, within the limits imposed by the rights of others to their things. I expound and defend the idea of in more or less Lockean mode. I also point to the many difficulties of application of the general idea, (...)
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  37.  61
    Promising, Expecting, and Utility.Jan Narveson - 1971 - Canadian Journal of Philosophy 1 (2):207 - 233.
    In this paper, I shall be concerned to explore the utilitarian account of promising, which for some time has had, in many circles, the status of a dead horse. My aim is not to flog it, however, but to show that perhaps it yet lives. At least, I hope to show that some prominent and apparently powerful objections to this account do not find their mark. In the course of this, several subjects of wider interest will come in for review (...)
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  38.  23
    Advances in ethics education in the history classroom: after intersections of moral and historical consciousness.Jan Löfström, Niklas Ammert, Silvia Edling & Heather Sharp - 2021 - International Journal of Ethics Education 6 (2):239-252.
    Using the history classroom as a context for ethics and moral education is a long, but also contested, tradition. Recently, more emphasis has been put on how to incorporate ethics education, with this paper exploring the spaces of ethics and moral education in the history classroom. It is argued here that insights from moral philosophy and theories of historical consciousness, but – importantly – also moral psychology and the study of moral emotions, are needed to realise the potential of history (...)
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  39.  60
    Libertarianism, postlibertarianism, and the welfare state: Reply to Friedman.Jan Narveson - 1992 - Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society 6 (1):45-82.
    Jeffrey Friedman broaches a number of criticisms of Libertarianism as a conceptual basis for opposing the extensive modern welfare state, examining several variants and concluding that they are fundamentally unsupported. He opts for a “consequentialist” view of foundations. Nevertheless, he thinks that the modem welfare state is subject to effective critique along such lines. But rational contractarian individualism works and does provide foundations for libertarianism, while “consequentialism” is an ill‐defined theory.that is quite unpromising for the proposed critique; nevertheless, Friedman's empirical (...)
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  40.  10
    Falsifikation.Jan Voosholz - 2017 - Wörterbuch der Sprach- Und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Vol. 15 Sprachphilosophie.
    Definiensposition: Widerlegung einer Aussage oder Hypothese durch eine ihr widersprechende Beobachtungsaussage. Englische Definiensposition: disproof of a statement or hypothesis by an opposing observational statement.
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  41.  30
    Henry Savile's Tacitus and the English role on the Continent: Leicester, Hotman, Lipsius.Jan Waszink - 2016 - History of European Ideas 42 (3):303-319.
    SUMMARYThis article argues that Henry Savile's widely admired Tacitus of 1591 should not be read as an implied call for a more aggressive English stance against Spanish advances on the Continent, but precisely for a more restrained and prudential approach. Secondly, it calls into question the generally accepted view that Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, played a prominent role in the composition of the book. It argues that in reconstructing the work's original intellectual context and especially that of the supplement (...)
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  42.  42
    Using the Work. Remarks on the Text of De iure praedae.Jan Waszink - 2007 - Grotiana 26 (1):215-245.
    This paper aims at showing that all scholars writing on De iure praedae should refer to the extant manuscript of the work, or to the new electronic edition when it becomes available, to check the passages they use in their arguments. The printed text as edited by Hamaker, though generally reliable as a nineteenth-century edition, must now be considered outdated because of its suppression of all previous stages of the text, as well as its replacement of the original punctuation with (...)
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  43.  31
    How Matter Becomes Conscious: A Naturalistic Theory of the Mind.Jan Faye - 2019 - Springer Verlag.
    This innovative book proposes a unique and original perspective on the nature of the mind and how phenomenal consciousness may arise in a physical world. From simple sentient organisms to complex self-reflective systems, Faye argues for a naturalistic-evolutionary approach to philosophy of mind and consciousness. Drawing on substantial literature in evolutionary biology and cognitive science, this book offers a promising alternative to the major theories of the mind-body problem: the quality of our experiences should not, as some philosophers have claimed, (...)
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  44.  35
    Jak to jest być nietoperzem w wirtualnej rzeczywistości? Technologia VR jako narzędzie do doświadczania perspektywy innego.Jan Waligórski - 2023 - Avant: Trends in Interdisciplinary Studies 14 (1).
    Knowing the subjective perspective of other agents, how the world manifests itself to them, through the prism of their specific embodiment and situated, remains beyond the limits of our direct cognition and sometimes even imagination. Simulations using virtual reality technology (VR) can partially bring us closer to the embodied perspective of other agents. This technology enables the experience of another body, as one’s own and causal, during the phenomenon of virtual embodiment. The user can be situated in a simulated environment (...)
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  45.  28
    Wittgenstein on Truth: Some Remarks on Paragraphs 134-137 of Philosophical Investigations.Jan Wawrzyniak - 2023 - Analiza I Egzystencja 63:5-26.
    The main aim of this text is to explicate what paragraphs 134-137 of Philosophical Investigations say about truth. Nevertheless, I start with a discussion of the remarks on truth contained in the Tractatus because the thoughts expressed in the latter should be read in the context of the thoughts expressed in the former. According to my interpretation of paragraphs 134-137 of the Investigations, Wittgenstein aims to show that the relationship between the concept of truth and the concept of a proposition (...)
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  46.  20
    Civic Education and the Reasonable Religious Citizen.Jan Harald Alnes - 2017 - Contrastes: Revista Internacional de Filosofía 20 (3).
    El propósito de este artículo es refutar las objeciones de Marc Ramsey a los principios de educación cívica del liberalismo político. Argumento que Ramsey malinterpreta la distinción entre la esfera pública y la esfera privada que emana del liberalismo político, y que su opinión de que, cuando es escrutado, el liberalismo político deriva en un liberalismo comprehensivo o de la «autonomía» carece de fundamento. La relevancia del tema es que la educación de acuerdo con el liberalismo político es más tolerante (...)
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  47.  38
    Reversible Experiments: Putting Geological Disposal to the Test.Jan Peter Bergen - 2016 - Science and Engineering Ethics 22 (3):707-733.
    Conceiving of nuclear energy as a social experiment gives rise to the question of what to do when the experiment is no longer responsible or desirable. To be able to appropriately respond to such a situation, the nuclear energy technology in question should be reversible, i.e. it must be possible to stop its further development and implementation in society, and it must be possible to undo its undesirable consequences. This paper explores these two conditions by applying them to geological disposal (...)
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  48.  48
    Privacy Concerns in Brain–Computer Interfaces.Jan Christoph Bublitz - 2019 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 10 (1):30-32.
    I join Gerben Meynen’s call for an ethical assessment of mind-reading technology by enlarging on four points he raises. First, I suggest distinguishing between neural and mental data, apprehending...
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  49.  19
    Elucidating the Role of Truth-Expressions.Jan Wawrzyniak - 2023 - Forum Philosophicum: International Journal for Philosophy 28 (2):319-353.
    The aim of this text is to elucidate certain aspects of the use of expressions such as “is true” and “it is true that” (henceforth “truth-expressions”) and, through this, some features of the concept of truth. It focuses on addressing the question of whether truth-expressions play the role of a predicate or an operator. The investigations pursued are intended to be grammatical—in Wittgenstein’s sense of the term. I begin with a short presentation of a widely held view about the role (...)
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  50.  5
    Induktionsproblem.Jan Voosholz - 2017 - Wörterbuch der Sprach- Und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Vol. 15 Sprachphilosophie.
    Definiensposition: Problem in der Erkenntnistheorie, dass Schlüsse von endlich vielen, wahren Einzelaussagen über Beobachtungen niemals die Wahrheit einer Allaussage oder Prognose garantieren. Englische Definiensposition: problem in epistemology that inferences from finitely many, true, individual statements about observations can never ensure the truth of a universal statement or prediction.
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