The Muhaddis have demonstrated their efforts for the identification and preservation of ḥadīths by compiling various types of works such as musnad, mucem, sunen, musannef, cami‘.‎ On the ṣaḥīḥs and Sunens in the golden age of classification, especially the works of Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī (d. 256/870) and Ebu'l-Hüseyn Müslim b. al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ (d. 261/875) some studies have been done.‎ Mustedrek, Mustakhraj, zawâid, aggregation, summary and commentary are studies on the main ḥadīth sources. From the third century on, in (...) ḥadīth studies, it is seen that the works of the ḥadīths, which the ḥadīths gave importance to, have been dealt with depending on the subject of the authentic ḥadīth and some of their benefits have been explained. Based on the definitions in the method works, istihraj is the determination of the tariks of the narrations in a ḥadīth book by another scholar. The ‎tariq and the ‎producer he reached are sometimes combined with the sheikh of the author of the work, or with a sheikh who is higher up, sometimes even with a companion. In these works, expressions such as al-Muharrec, al-Musnad, es-Ṣaḥīḥ, ‎es-Ṣaḥīḥu'l-Muharrec, al-Müsnedü's-ṣaḥīḥ and al-Müsnedü'l-Mustakhraj are sometimes used instead of the concept of mustahrec. The words "Mustakhrajat has a great value in the eyes of the people of ḥadīth" reveal its value in the eyes of ḥadīth scholars. Scholars valued the genre of mustahraj, which is thought to have contributed significantly to the science of ḥadīth, and they intensified their studies on Bukhari and Muslim, who are considered the basis of ḥadīth science (umdetu'l-ilm). According to the Muhaddis, in order to be able to pass judgment on any narration, it is necessary to have knowledge about the narration and its narrators. Considering the contributions it has made to the ʿulūm al-ḥadīth, to convey more than one narration on the same subject is an important issue. Because, in cases such as its determination, interpretation and preference, determining that the ḥadīth comes from different tariqs (chain) is accepted as a fact that strengthens the narration. The primary goal of the works of the mustahrec type is to obtain the ālī isnād, but it is seen that the copyrighted works contain a significant amount of ‎abuses to the original text as well as to the individual texts. Considering that excess affect the ruling, it is considered important to focus on the mustakhraj type works, which contain different tariks, in terms of the discovery of the meaning and its contribution to the change of the ruling. In this study, an evaluation has been made about the nature of the mustakhraj, its benefits, the value of the mustakhraj as a species, their contribution to the ʿulūm al-ḥadīth in terms of promissory sanad and texts, and what they contain. In the research, the comparison of the narrations selected from the works of the mustakhraj type with the originals and whether the narrations in these works were used in the annotations were investigated. In the study, besides the ḥadīth method works, especially in determining the examples, due to the fact that it is one of the early period works and its reputation, Abū ‘Awāna Ya'kup al-Isferâyînî's ‎‎(d. 316/929) “Musned ṣaḥīḥu'l-muharrec 'ala kitâbi Müslim” In the context of his work named, the concept of mustakhraj has been emphasized. As a result of the research, it can be said that being knowledgeable about the tariqs of the ḥadīths made important contributions to the sanad and text, and that the ḥadīthists referred to the tariqs in the aforementioned literature in the interpretation of the ḥadīth. In summary, in the context of narration and wisdom sciences such as gharib al-hadīth, ıkhtilaf al-hadīth, mushkil al-ḥadīth, ʿIlal al-ḥadīth, nâsiḫu’l-ḥadīth ve mensûḫuh, fiqh al-ḥadīth, it is seen that it makes significant contributions the determination and evaluation of the ḥadīth. Each item mentioned about the benefits of the works in question has a comprehensive study and research field in the science of ḥadīth. It can be said that the methods used/offered in the current researches in which studies on the holistic approach style are carried out are applied by the hadith scholars in the tradition of ḥadīth science (partly in the differences of isnad and commentaries). It is possible to say that the ḥadīthists refer to the tariks in the aforementioned literature in the interpretation of the ḥadīth. As a result of the research, it is understood that the narrations in the mustakhraj support the originals in terms of wording and meaning. In addition to the aim of increasing the prestige of the original, the differences in the isnad and texts show the necessity of evaluating the narrations independently of the original. This study on the mustakhraj shows that extensive research can be done on the place of the related literature in the ʿulūm al-ḥadīth. (shrink)

Sanem Yazıcıoğlu. Husserl Fenomenolojisinde Zaman Algı Bellek. Ankara: Fol Kitap, 2022. 272s. ISBN: 9786258411553.

Esta é a terceira vez que tenho a honra de participar dos Colóquios Habermas, o qual tem propiciado aos pesquisadores da Ciência da Informação, no Brasil, um encontro com o pensamento do filósofo e sociólogo Jürgen Habermas. No processo, aprendi com meus colegas pesquisadores e entrei na rede de conexões conceituais que tece o fio de Habermas no tear conceitual da Ciência da Informação, no Brasil. Começou em 2020, quando compartilhei o resultado de exercício sobre o conceito de esfera pública (...) aplicado no Laboratório de Tecnologias Intelectuais – LTi. Na revisão da literatura, na Brapci, usando, identifiquei 94 artigos que fazem menção ao descritor, no período de 1972 a 2020. Alguns desses artigos me ajudaram a compreender o conceito e aplicá-lo às ações de mediação no Portal do LTi na web. Uma nova busca, combinando tornou-se necessária, sendo recuperados apenas oito arquivos. O entendimento, ao final, é que as redes sociais do LTi podem ser consideradas como esfera pública, embora não apresentem o aspecto político partidário presente na abordagem habermasiana. (shrink)

In this article, our aim is to examine the place of “reality” in Richard Rorty’s thought in view of the important and key discussion of language in the philosophy of this thinker. In other words, we know that with the occurrence of the “linguistic turn” in the middle of the twentieth century, the relationship between language and reality has become one of the central debates of philosophy, especially analytical philosophy, and has become of particular importance. Is it language that determines (...) the external reality for us? Is knowing the world outside the mind possible only through the possibilities that language gives us? And to what extent does the structure of language affect our cognitive pattern? These are only a part of the linguistic concerns that have occupied the minds of contemporary philosophers. The main concern and problem of the present article, which has been approached using a descriptive-analytical method, is to examine the relationship between language and reality in Richard Rorty’s thought and to show how he defends the linguistic structure of having reality. Rorty, following an analytical philosophy that, in addition to detailed analyses of traditional philosophical concepts, like the concepts of truth, meaning, necessity, etc. and by changing the discussion from experience to discussion from language in the direction of pragmatizing the basic principles of positivism, believes that it is trans-lingual and trans-temporal. The common denominator that Plato found in the outside world and transferred to man in the Cartesian-Kantian tradition is sought in analytic philosophy in language, and so analytic philosophers continue to pursue the traditional philosophy project of providing a trans-historical and eternal framework for the accurate representation of the world. Rorty tries to overcome this view of analytical philosophers with a Darwinist and pragmatic view of language and under the influence of philosophers such as Wittgenstein.For Darwinists, language is a tool among other tools that gives its users the ability to better and more efficiently adapt to their environment and meet their needs. For the likes of Wittgenstein and like-minded people, despite their many and sometimes profound differences, language had an important and pivotal place with its eventual and possibility feature. Influenced by thinkers such as Wittgenstein, and in the context of his Darwinist and pragmatic approach to language, Rorty attributes certain characteristics to language that can be said to influence his whole thought. Firstly, he considers language as a tool like other tools and, therefore, considers it to have no fixed nature and identity. Given that it is not possible to leave the language and on the other hand language has a poetic and metaphorical character, the function of language cannot be a representation of reality and reality can never be available to us naked and as independent of language and descriptions. Therefore, from Rorty’s point of view, reality is a linguistic and constructed matter of language that we humans have invented in cooperation with each other and in accordance with our historical-cultural situation and needs. Of course, Rorty’s point in saying that reality is made by language is by no means that we create reality arbitrarily and as we wish; rather, what is happening is that we are responding to an external stimulus, a response of various sentence types that manifests itself as linguistic reactions. (shrink)

Esbozamos los elementos de un nuevo modelo conceptual para entender desde la perspectiva latinoamericana qué ocasiona el desbalance entre naturaleza y sociedad y vislumbrar así las verdaderas oportunidades y amenazas de soslayar el abismo entre lo ambiental y lo social al integrar efectivamente desarrollo y conservación. Como propuesta teórica endógena compatible con la perdurabilidad del bienestar humano y producto de 10 años de investigación en el medio rural latinoamericano (sur), presentamos al enfoque Conservación Integral Alternativa. En este artículo además de (...) considerar los temas de pobreza, población y neoliberalismo, entre otros, redefinimos los conceptos de desarrollo sustentable, diversidad biocultural y conservación biológica; los que, analizados a la luz de valores ancestrales, acumulación de riqueza, agricultura para la vida y políticas ambientales, arrojan un panorama diferente de la visión convencional de la conservación. (shrink)

Theism in Indic philosophy from the point of view of Christianity.

Müslüman olmayıp belirli şartlar çerçevesinde İslâm devletinin hâkimiyetinde yaşayan insanlara “gayrimüslim” denilmektedir. Hz. Peygamber Medine’ye hicretiyle beraber gayrimüslim toplumla karşılaşmış ve bunlarla ilgili duruşunu “Medine Sözleşmesi” ile net bir şekilde ortaya koymuştur. Sahabe dönemi ile başlayan yoğun fetih hareketleri sonucunda gayrimüslimler İslâm devletinin tebaası olmuştur. Bunlarla ilgili hukukî düzenlemeler gerçekleştirilerek devlet nezdindeki ve toplum içerisindeki statüleri belirlenmiştir. İslâm inancını kabul etmeye zorlanmayan bu insanlara inanç ve ibadet hürriyeti de tanınmıştır. Bununla birlikte bu hürriyetin çerçevesi, İslâm devleti ve Müslüman toplumun maslahatı (...) ile sınırlandırılarak toplumsal güven ve huzur temin edilmiş, bir arada yaşamanın temel parametreleri tesis edilmeye çalışılmıştır. İslâm devletleri, sulh ile alınan yerler ile savaş sonucunda alınan yerlerdeki gayrimüslim mâbetlerini farklı değerlendirmiştir. Sulh ile alınan yerlerde, mâbetlerin yıkılması veya camiye çevrilmesi hususunda gayrimüslim halkın rızası alınırken; savaş ile alınan yerlerde bulunan mâbetler üzerindeki tasarruflarda böyle bir rızaya ihtiyaç duyulmamıştır. İlkesel olarak gayrimüslimlerin fetih öncesi inşâ edilmiş olan mâbetlerine dokunmama ve onları tamir etmeme prensibi hemen hemen bütün dönemlerde korunmuş, yeni mâbet inşâ edilmesine de olumlu bakılmamıştır. İlkesel olarak din ve vicdan hürriyeti kapsamında gayrimüslimler inançlarında serbest bırakılmış ve Müslüman olmaya zorlanmamışlardır. Ancak Müslüman toplumun dinini muhafaza edebilmesi için gayrimüslimlerin din, kültür ve geleneklerini ulu orta yaşamalarına izin verilmediği gibi; mâbetleri hususunda da kısıtlamalar getirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda bazı kiliselerin yıkılması ve mevcut mâbet sayısının azaltılması gibi bir dizi önlem alınmıştır. Buna rağmen zarurî ihtiyaç halinde yeni mâbet inşâsına izin verildiği de olmuştur. Bu durumda mâbetlerin ihtişamlı inşâ edilmesine izin verilmemiş, mimaride bazı ölçülere riâyet etmeleri şart koşulmuştur. Bu çalışmada Hz. Peygamber döneminden başlamak üzere İslâm hukuk tarihinin farklı dönemlerinden bazı uygulama örnekleriyle İslâm devletlerinin gayrimüslimlerin ibadethânelerine yönelik yürüttüğü politikaların dinî mi yoksa siyasî mi olduğu sorusuna cevap aranacaktır. Bu bağlamda İslâm devletinde “zimmî” olarak tanımlanan bu insanların genel hukukî statülerinden ziyade bunlara ait mâbetlerin durumu bu çalışmamızın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmamız Hıristiyan ve Yahudilere ait mâbetler ile sınırlı tutulmuştur. (shrink)

Compartilha resultados de pesquisa exploratória para aplicação do modelo de regime de informação ao conjunto das 14 edições dos Anais do Colóquio Habermas, evento de comunicação científica na área de Ciência da Informação. Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva e documental, apoiada no método indiciário (Ginzburg) e na técnica do brauseio (Araújo), realizada nos arquivos dos Anais dos Colóquios no período de 2009 a 2022. Adota a abordagem do regime de informação na perspectiva de González de Gómez, apresentando seus elementos — atores (...) sociais, ações, dispositivos e artefatos de informação — no contexto da forma de vida da comunidade científica. Descreve as interações entre os elementos do regime de informação do Colóquio Habermas desde a criação, por atores sociais, de um valor de informação (estrato semântico-pragmático) à conformação das regras em dispositivos (estrato meta-informacional) e o compartilhamento dos resultados mediante artefatos digitais (infraestruturas de informação). Foram identificados quatro grupos de atores sociais no conjunto de participantes dos Colóquios Habermas: (a) os que participam desde o início; (b) os que começaram a participar em meados da série histórica; (c) os que começaram a participar recentemente, mantendo regularidade na participação; e (d) os que participaram apenas uma vez. Em uma análise preliminar, entende-se que através da realização dos Colóquios e da publicação dos Anais os resultados da pesquisa científica foram compartilhados e discutidos por uma comunidade qualificada, propiciando a criação de novos conhecimentos na Ciência da Informação. (shrink)

This paper applies a Ricœurian ethics in a two-fold personal/societal critique, choosing as a case study the representation of an “other” in a newspaper article. The personal critique uses a historical narrative as a window. Through it, we see hysterical stories about national enemies—in this case the Greek Cypriots—imposing themselves upon the developing consciousness of a growing child. I describe my awakening—through Ricœur’s idea of the creativity of language—from the spell of these dominant normative national narratives to the possibility of (...) re-reading them creatively. Ricœur’s blueprint for engagement with such narrative structures holds out the promise of reading them in an ethical manner, and this is achievable through his linguistic hospitality. From there, this study, analyzing the ethical predicaments of mainstream journalism from the perspective of critical media studies, problematizes the issue of otherness in the news. The example taken up, a current Turkish newspaper article covering a Turkish Cypriot Parliamentarian’s remarks in session regarding the experiences of 1974 Cyprus, reveals how this otherization is actually constructed under the name of the journalistic profession. This essay then borrows a Ricœurian ethical perspective with a view to making news language more hospitable, repositioning both news organizations and news items alike within Ricœur’s ethical paradigm of leading a good life with and for others within just institutions. This conceptualization of the news item itself as a just institution is a change that journalists could make in order to bring the news more in line with a Ricœurian sense of ethics and away from the current dominant practices in mainstream journalism. (shrink)

There is an explicit belief – evident in jurisprudential literature – that developments in behavioural genetics in the very near future will necessitate a dramatic revolution in common law criminal justice systems. This paper considers what is truly shown by behavioural genetics in relation to free will, and the effect of such conclusions on criminal justice systems which rely upon the concept of free will as a foundation element. This paper ultimately concludes that it is unlikely that criminal justice systems (...) will be shaken – or indeed substantially influenced – by past or future discoveries in genetics. Three major arguments are employed: that theses connecting genetic traits with criminal free will exhibit a naïve conception of partial genetic determinism; that theses connecting genetic traits with criminal free will have been unduly motivated by discoveries in behavioural genetics which are disreputable or misleading; and that even should an unexpected discovery be made exhibiting a strong causal connection between genetics and criminal behaviour, this will not prove to be an intolerable novelty for any criminal justice system which otherwise assumes free will to exist. (shrink)

The recent development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has rekindled the ethical debate concerning human germline modification that has begun decades ago. This inexpensive technology shows tremendous promise in disease prevention strategies, while raising complex ethical concerns about safety and efficacy of the technology, human dignity, tampering with God’s creation, and human genetic enhancement. Germline gene editing may result in heritable changes in the human genome, therefore the question of whether it should be allowed requires deep and careful discussion from various perspectives. (...) This paper explores Islamic perspectives on the concerns raised and highlights the ethical principles in Islam that should be taken into consideration when assessing the permissibility of CRISPR/ Cas9-mediated human germline gene editing. As argued in this paper, human germline gene editing would be considered lawful for medical purpose under certain conditions. It should not be applied on humans until the safety and efficacy issues are resolved. Robust ethical guidelines and strict regulations are necessary to preserve human dignity and to prevent premature and misuse of the technology. Maqasid al-shariah’s principles of preservation of human life, lineage, and dignity and ‘preventing harm takes precedence over securing benefit’ are among the guiding principles in assessing the permissibility of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated human germline editing from an Islamic perspective. Further discussions are important to address the controversies as well as to explore the related ethical principles. (shrink)

The discovery and invention of new medical applications may be considered blessings to humankind. However, some applications which might be the only remedy for certain diseases may contain ingredients or involve methods that are not in harmony with certain cultural and religious perspectives. These situations have raised important questions in medical ethics; are these applications completely prohibited according to these perspectives, and is there any room for mitigation? This paper explores the concept of darurah and its deliberation in the formulation (...) of fatwas on medicine issued by the National Fatwa Council of Malaysia. Darurah has explicitly been taken into consideration in the formulation of 14 out of 45 fatwas on medicine thus far, including one of the latest fatwas regarding uterine donation and transplantation. These fatwas are not only limited to the issues regarding the use of unlawful things as remedies. They include issues pertaining to organ transplantation, management of the corpse and treatment of brain dead patients. While deliberation of darurah in medicine may vary from issue to issue, darurah applies in a dire situation in which there are no lawful means to prevent harm that may be inflicted upon human life. Nevertheless, other aspects must also be taken into the deliberation. For example, consent must be obtained from the donor or his next of kin to conduct a cadaveric organ transplantation. (shrink)

Understanding the actions of others is fundamental for human social life. It builds on a grasp of the subjective intentionality behind behavior: one action comprises different things simultaneously (e.g., moving their arm, turning on the light) but which of these constitute intentional actions, in contrast to merely foreseen side-effects (e.g., increasing the electricity bill), depends on the description under which the agent represents the acts. She may be acting intentionally only under the description “turning on the light,” but did not (...) turn on the light in order to increase the electricity bill. In preregistered studies (N = 620), we asked how adults and children engage in such complex subjective action interpretation and evaluation in moral dilemmas. To capture the deep structure of subjects' representations of the intentional structures of actions, we derived “act trees” from their response patterns to questions about the acts. Results suggest that people systematically distinguish between intended main and merely foreseen side-effects in their moral and intentionality judgments, even when main and side-effects were closely related and the latter were harmful. Additional experimental conditions suggest that, when given ambiguous information, the majority of subjects assume that agents act with beneficial main intentions. This “good intention prior” was so strong that participants attributed good intentions even when the harmful action was no longer necessary to resolve the dilemma (Study 2). These methods provide promising new ways to investigate in more subtle and fine-grained ways how reasoners parse, interpret, and evaluate complex actions. (shrink)

The field of bioethics aims to ensure that modern scientific and technological advancements have been primarily developed for the benefits of humankind. This field is deeply rooted in the traditions of Western moral philosophy and socio-political theory. With respect to the view that the practice of bioethics in certain community should incorporate religious and cultural elements, this paper attempts to expound bioethical tradition of the Malay-Muslim community in Malaysia, with shedding light on the mechanism used by the National Fatwa Council (...) to evaluate whether an application of biological sciences is ethical or not. By using the application of the genetically modified food as a case study, this study has found that the council had reviewed the basic guidelines in the main references of shari'ah in order to make decision on the permissibility of the application. The fatwa is made after having consultation with the experts in science field. The council has taken all factors into consideration and given priority to the general aim of shari'ah which to serve the interests of mankind and to save them from harm. (shrink)

Advancement of modern agricultural biotechnology has brought various potential benefits to humankind, but at the same time ethical concerns regarding some applications such as genetically modified foods have been raised among the public. Several questions are being posed; should they utilize such applications to improve quality of their life, or should they refrain in order to save themselves from any associated risk? What are the ethical principles that can be applied to assess these applications? By using GMF as a case (...) study, this paper discusses possible answers to these questions from Islamic perspective. Such answers are based on the understanding of the Islamic concept of maslahah and mafsadah as well as the Islamic principles of priority. There is no specific GMF that has been declared as unlawful by Muslim scholars thus far. Nevertheless, they generally state that any GMF that contains unlawful substance is prohibited in Islam. Such statement can be understood since Islam puts highest priority to preserve shari’ah which prescribes the lawful and unlawful things in human life. Priorities have also been given to preserve human health and environment therefore any GMF that may inflict harm on both entities is also considered as unlawful. (shrink)

This paper describes maslahah, a fundamental concept in Islam and its application in deliberating permissibility of human germline gene editing from an Islamic perspective. This paper refers to He Jiankui’s research that led to the birth of the world’s first gene edited babies, who were edited to be protected from HIV. The objective, procedure, and output of the research were assessed against the conditions of maslahah. It can be concluded that the experiment did not meet the conditions; it is inconsistent (...) with the objectives of shariah and some fundamental Islamic teachings that it did not preserve greater benefit, hence it could be considered impermissible. (shrink)

Journal of Applied Philosophy, EarlyView.

Investiga a produção científica na temática Epistemologia e Historiografia da Ciência da informação a partir dos Anais do Encontro Nacional de Pesquisa em Ciência da informação, de dados da Plataforma Lattes e da literatura indexada na Base de Dados da Ciência da informação. Identifica o coletivo de pesquisadores que dão continuidade e consistência ao trabalho epistemológico e historiográfico da área. Destaca, na temática abordada, um grupo que consegue produzir mais que a maioria dos demais pesquisadores. Pesquisadores com alunos na pós-graduação (...) tendem a publicar mais artigos em colaboração do que os outros autores que se não encaixam nesse perfil. Os resultados permitiram a descrição de perfis de pesquisadores a partir de um recorte. Conclui que as pesquisas sobre a referida temática, alinhadas aos preceitos dos estudos métricos, podem permitir o desenvolvimento de teias conceituais e metodológicas da Ciência da Informação. (shrink)

Advancements in science and technology have not only brought hope to humankind to produce disease-free offspring, but also offer possibilities to genetically enhance the next generation’s traits and capacities. Human genetic enhancement, however, raises complex ethical questions, such as to what extent should it be allowed? It has been a great challenge for humankind to develop robust ethical guidelines for human genetic enhancement that address both public concerns and needs. We believe that research about public concerns is necessary prior to (...) developing such guidelines, yet the issues have not been thoroughly investigated in many countries, including Malaysia. Since the novel often functions as a medium for the public to express their concerns, this paper explores ethical concerns about human genetic enhancement expressed in four Malay science fiction novels namely Klon, Leksikon Ledang, Transgenesis Bisikan Rimba and Transgenik Sifar. Religion has a strong influence on the worldview of the Malays therefore some concerns such as playing God are obviously religious. Association of the negative image of scientists as well as the private research companies with the research on human genetic enhancement reflects the authors’ concerns about the main motivations for conducting such research and the extent to which such research will benefit society. (shrink)

Investigating how a number of modern empires transform over the long century (1789-1914) as a consequence of their struggle for ascendancy in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, Foundations of Modernity: Human Agency and the Imperial State moves the study of the modern empire towards a comparative, trans-regional analysis of events along the Ottoman frontiers: Western Balkans, the Persian Gulf and Yemen. This inter-disciplinary approach of studying events at different ends of the Ottoman Empire challenges previous emphasis on Europe as (...) the only source of change and highlights the progression of modern imperial states.The book introduces an entirely new analytical approach to the study of modern state power and the social consequences to the interaction between long-ignored "historical agents" like pirates, smugglers, refugees, and the rural poor. In this respect, the roots of the most fundamental institutions and bureaucratic practices associated with the modern state prove to be the by-products of certain kinds of productive exchange long categorized in negative terms in post-colonial and mainstream scholarship. Such a challenge to conventional methods of historical and social scientific analysis is reinforced by the novel use of the work of Louis Althusser, Talal Asad, William Connolly and Frederick Cooper, whose challenges to scholarly conventions will prove helpful in changing how we understand the origins of our modern world and thus talk about Modernity. This book offers a methodological and historiographic intervention meant to challenge conventional studies of the modern era"--Provided by publisher. (shrink)

The negotiations with the Ottomans over how exactly to define the boundary separating each party's domain were largely confused by a completely different set of criteria. The Ottomans constantly argued that the areas they claimed had historically and thus always formed part of the Ottoman territory. They installed troops in the areas in dispute and actually started to collect taxes, in part thanks to Muqbil's aggressive alliance-building. The longer this physical presence was maintained, the more difficult it was for the (...) British to argue that these areas were actually Dali. It was largely the growing insurgency in Ottoman Yemen, in some respects a product of British machinations, that ultimately led to the 1903 capitulation by the Ottoman authorities to British demands for formal control of the Dali plateau. (shrink)

Discussions of the relationship between consciousness and language are troubled by simplistic views of both. Denying a central role of consciousness in linguistics is commonplace in generative linguistics, but self-contradictory. On the other hand, a defence of consciousness by some cognitive and functional linguists is marred by a conflation of consciousness with 'introspection'. I argue for the need to distinguish (at least) between three kinds of acts of consciousness: observation, introspection and intuition, where the last one is based on intersubjectively (...) binding social norms. It is intuition that is the most fundamental form of consciousness for the study of language, from antiquity to the present. Furthermore, I show how the three modes of (linguistic) consciousness are related, by defining empathy (as used e.g. in typological explanations) as vicarious introspection, and intuition as conventionalized empathy. (shrink)

Zihinde bulunmayan bir manaya isim verilemeyeceğinden vaz‘ esnasında öncelikle mananın bulunması gerekir. Bu bağlamda Kur’ân’ın, kendisini apaçık Arapça bir kelam olarak tanımlaması, Kur’ân’da geçen bütün kelimelerin ilk muhataplar tarafından bilindiği manasını çağrıştırmaktadır. Ne var ki Kur’ân’da, ilk muhatapların kullandığı bazı kelimelerin, muhatapların bilmediği olgulara isim olarak belirlendiği görülmektedir. On üç âyette وما أدراك ما formunda gelen sorular ve peşinden gelen âyetlerde bu sorulara verilen cevaplar, isim-müsemma, lafız-mana ilişkisine dair en canlı örnekleri teşkil etmektedir. Muhatabın zihin dünyasında ve tecrübe alanında karşılığı (...) bulunmayan bu müsemmaların dil üzerinden bilinebilmesi başlı başına bir meseledir. Bu mesele son tahlilde Kur’ân’ın beyan keyfiyeti ve Kur’ân’da hakikatini sadece Allah’ın bilebileceği âyetlerle ilişkilidir. Bu çalışmada, Kur’ân’da وما أدراك ما formunda gelen sorular ve cevapları analiz edilmekte; muhatabın, mahiyete dair sorulan bu sorular ve cevapları üzerinden ilgili müsemmaların hakikatlerini kavrama imkânları belirlenmektedir. Çalışmada, çoğu metafizik alana ait olan bu isimlerin mahiyet itibari ile kavranamayacak olgular olması, müteşabih âyetlerle ilişkilendirilmekte ve sonuçta kategorik tespitlere yer verilmektedir. (shrink)

The comparative analysis of Hesychasm in the late Byzantine Orthodox Church and Sufism in the Islamic tradition illuminates intriguing parallels and distinctions in their spiritual frameworks. Emphasizing the significance of spiritual experiences through prayer, Hesychasm, rooted in Orthodox spirituality, focuses on hesychia and the prayer of the heart. Sufism, within the Islamic tradition, centers on dhikr, the continuous remembrance of Allah. Despite shared teachings on the heart and continuous prayer, the traditions diverge in practices, such as the Jesus Prayer in (...) Hesychasm and the invocation of Allah's name in Sufism, contributing to the rich tapestry of spiritual experiences. This comparative exploration offers nuanced insights into diverse ways spiritual seekers engage with the divine across cultures. Recognizing universal quests for connection with the transcendent, the analysis contributes to the broader dialogue on mysticism and spirituality. The discussions on divine light, knowledge of God, and transformative processes underscore shared themes, while differences in theological nuances highlight the unique paths individuals traverse in their spiritual journeys. Ultimately, both Hesychasm and Sufism emphasize the experiential dimension of spirituality, fostering profound encounters with the divine despite their theological and philosophical distinctions. (shrink)

Apresenta resultados de pesquisa sobre emergência de produção científica publicada em periódicos sobre a temática no campo da Ciência da Informação, no Brasil. Discorre sobre o contexto teórico das ciências sociais e o modelo de rede conceitual proposto por Wersig (1993) para a Ciência da Informação. Relata o processo de pesquisa, que adotou o método indiciário e o brauseio como instrumentos para a identificação dos indícios de produção sobre a temática na literatura indexada pela Base de Dados Referencial de Artigos (...) de Periódicos em Ciência da Informação - Brapci. Conclui que nos últimos 13 anos a produção sobre a temática vem crescendo na literatura brasileira, em número de autores e artigos, os quais abordam temas relacionados à epistemologia (responsabilidade social como fundamento da Ciência da Informação), à teoria (ações de política e gestão na sociedade da informação) e da aplicação (em unidades e para profissionais da informação). (shrink)

PurposeDrawing upon the stimulus-organism-response model, this paper aims to investigate the effects of stores’ environmental components on Chinese consumers’ emotions and intentions to purchase luxury brands.Design/Methodology/ApproachData were collected from Chinese consumers who have purchased luxury brands from retail stores. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis were employed for data analysis.FindingsThe results of PLS-SEM indicated that three dimensions of the store environment directly and significantly influenced Chinese consumers’ emotions. However, fsQCA revealed greater heterogeneity among respondents by highlighting (...) stores’ environmental components and Chinese consumers’ emotions.Originality/ValueThis study makes significant contributions to the marketing literature by examining the S-O-R model alongside fsQCA approach to conditionally predict outcomes in a luxury brand context. The present study may be one of the first to examine the effects of stores’ environmental components on Chinese consumers’ emotions and purchase intentions, applying both symmetrical test and asymmetrical test approaches to determine significant components of the store environment as well as component combinations that predict Chinese consumers’ emotions and purchase intentions. (shrink)

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Although there are numerous studies about the Circassian Mamluk state, however there are no well rounded and integrated studies dealing with the phenomenon of the high grain and foodstuffs prices in Egypt during that era. The study problem aims to address the factors influencing the high prices like state control over the agricultural lands and the monopoly over grains by the men in power, the power struggles, and the abundant fraud in (...) the coins, the study methodology is based on the collection of data from historical sources contemporaneous of the Mamluk state, and proceeding with the analysis of those sources followed by a critique and discussion, then framing an outcome within a comprehensive and well integrated paper, and we conclude form the study that the immediate cause of corruption during the Mamluk state was the practice of selling the public office positions, where jobs were gives to the ones who pay more regardless of skills and qualifications, which led to jobs being occupied by inefficient and unqualified individuals, who have no interest but to collect money unjustly which was reflected in a very negative manner on the whole of the administrative, social and economic conditions of the state, and the high prices phenomenon had grave and harsh effects on the Egyptian society, where two million individuals died, the policy of repressions and authoritarianism practiced by the state had great influence on limiting the demonstrations of the public against the high prices, the benefit of this study is that it shows how the corruption of the state administration leads to negative and grave effects on the conditions of the society, so ultimately states should be aware of that and must seek to apply justice and fairness in dealing with the citizens. (shrink)

This research aims to study the description, life and biography of the Ayyubid sultan Saladin by Ibn Jubayr, and the economic and social conditions of Egypt as witnessed and described by the traveler Ibn Jubayr and the following results are concluded: First: Ibn Jubayr praised the Ayyubid sultan Saladin and his good conduct and behavior with the subjects, his fairness, his patience and forbearance, modesty and his keen in interest in Jihad for the Sake of Allah. He called him the (...) (Just Sultan).Second: Ibn Jubayr talked about the keen interest of the sultan in the economic matters of the subjects and especially in regard to tax reform in the state where he dropped them completely, and worked to promote security and order, and securing the trade routes, and also gave an accurate description of the international trade stations in Egypt between the east and the west and the markets in some of the cities.Third: Ibn Jubayr described the keen interest of the Sultan in regard to the religious and scientific institutions in the society like schools, mosques, religious landmarks and hospitals through the establishment of some of those institutions, and creating the endowments connected to each one of them, in addition to securing steady salaries for those working and serving in those institutions, and spending on the scholars, students and the poor who came to those institutions. (shrink)

Les philosophes syriaques du IIe au XIVe siècle s'élancèrent à la recherche de la philosophie des Grecs, et principalement celle d'Aristote. Ils étaient les héritiers des anciens Assyriens, des Babyloniens et des Araméens. Ils traduisirent la pensée philosophique grecque en syriaque, idiome de l'araméen, et l'enseignèrent, provoquant ainsi, en Mésopotamie et en Orient, son essor et son succès.

Positive transcription elongation factor b (P‐TEFb), which comprises cyclin‐dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) kinase and cyclin T subunits, is an essential kinase complex in human cells. Phosphorylation of the negative elongation factors by P‐TEFb is required for productive elongation of transcription of protein‐coding genes by RNA polymerase II (pol II). In addition, P‐TEFb‐mediated phosphorylation of the carboxyl‐terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of pol II mediates the recruitment of transcription and RNA processing factors during the transcription cycle. CDK9 also phosphorylates (...) p53, a tumor suppressor that plays a central role in cellular responses to a range of stress factors. Many viral factors affect transcription by recruiting or modulating the activity of CDK9. In this review, we will focus on how the function of CDK9 is regulated by viral gene products. The central role of CDK9 in viral life cycles suggests that drugs targeting the interaction between viral products and P‐TEFb could be effective anti‐viral agents. (shrink)

Destination image is essential to tourists' loyalty and has been discussed in length among researchers and marketers in the tourism industry for decades. Based on a literature review, the destination image model, including cognitive image, affective image, and conative image, has been firmly established as an acceptable means to gain an understanding of tourists' behavior toward revisiting and recommendations. The understanding of the moderating role of cultural constructs is still unclear, especially in cross-cultural travel behavior. Therefore, this conceptual paper proposes (...) an integrated model of cognitive-affective-conative image that includes the constructs of individualism and uncertainty avoidance. Based on the underpinning theories and empirical studies, this paper proposes affective image potentially mediates the correlation between cognitive image and conative image. This model also incorporated individualism and uncertainty as potential moderating effects between affective image and conative image. By integrating individualism and uncertainty avoidance into the theoretical model from the perspective of tourism, this paper contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the influence of travel behavior on emerging tourism marketing. (shrink)

The literary art of Tashbīh at-Tamthīlī (representational simile), involves drawing comparisons based on two or more characteristics to create profound meanings. This technique conveys abstract concepts through more concrete and comprehensible images, offering readers an aesthetic experience. In Tashbīh at-Tamthīlī, the poet aims to make abstract thoughts more understandable by materializing the scenes or situations depicted, thus fostering a deeper comprehension of complex ideas. In this context, Imru’ al-Qays, is considered one of the most adept poets in using analogy during (...) the pre-Islamic period of jāhiliyyah Arab literature. His skill in employing Tashbīh at-Tamthīlī is a notable feature of his poetry. Imru’ al-Qays effectively combines both tangible and intangible elements in his verses, producing intricate and aesthetic images. His use of Tashbīh at-Tamthīlī is frequently observed in themes such as nature, love, war, and heroism. The poet particularly employed this art in his depiction of natural events and human emotions, expressing abstract ideas through concrete imagery. In his poetry, natural phenomenas are often connected to love or heroism, thus endowing them with deeper and more impactful meanings. This approach not only heightened the artistic quality of his work but also allowed him to reach a philosophical depth, positioning him as one of the leading figures in Arab literature. As a result, his works achieve coherence both in terms of aesthetics and meaning. The clearer and more effective presentation of abstract concepts enabled Imru’ al-Qays to communicate his feelings and thoughts to the audience with greater depth and significance. By mastering the art of Tashbīh at-Tamthīlī, Imru’ al-Qays had a profound impact on Arab literature, influencing contemporary literary circles and inspiring subsequent generations of poets. His use of this technique not only provided aesthetic beauty but also became a vehicle for conveying social and artistic messages. By blending this artistic mastery with profound thought, Imru’ al-Qays set a literary example for both his contemporaries and future poets. (shrink)

The Moral Equivalence Thesis claims that procreation in affluent countries and eco‐gluttony are morally on a par, and that both are impermissible. We argue that this ambiguates between two different theses, the Strict and the Lax. On the Strict Reading of the thesis, procreation and eco‐gluttony are both wrong for the same reasons, that is, because both involve individuals overstepping their carbon budget. We argue that this is false at least with regard to a certain number of children and a (...) range of the costs of children. By contrast, a Lax Reading of the thesis is, we think, defensible. On this reading, procreation and eco‐gluttony may both be wrong, but for different reasons and under different conditions. While eco‐gluttony is wrong across a range of ideal and non‐ideal conditions because it is a failure to live within one's fair carbon budget, having a child is only wrong, if it is wrong, under non‐ideal conditions where prospective parents have weighty reasons, or an obligation, to pick up the moral slack of others. (shrink)