Artykuł charakteryzuje zmianę francuskiej pluralistycznej demokracji zmierzająca do bipolaryzacji systemu partyjnego i podziału ideologiczno - programowego na prawicę i lewicę społeczną. Dwubiegunowo ść bvła pochodną prezydenckiego ustroju V Republiki przy odpowiedzialności premiera przed parlamentem. Ważne były także przemiany w strukturze społeczeństwa na dwie podstawowe klasy i siły społeczne, tj. pracodawców i pracowników najemnych. W kryterium stosunku do własności i zakresu ingerencji państwa w gospodarkę, orientacja prawicowa obejmuje gaullistowski Ruch na Rzecz Republiki i liberalną Unię Demokracji Francuskiej, natomiast do orientacji lewicowej (...) zalicza się nurt socjalizmu reformistycznego i ruch komunistyczny. Omówione zostaną także organizacje skrajne. (shrink)

San Tommaso d'Aquino ha trattato della legge in generale e della legge naturale in particolare in numerosi scritti, ma soprattutto nella Summa theologiae. Egli ha posto in evidenza il carattere razionale della legge: se la legge esprime un ordine dell'essere, essa non puo non essere l'espressione di un'intelligenza: „rationis est enim ordinare ad finem''. Secondo lui la legge e un comando della ragione ordinato al bene comune, promulgato da chi e incaricato di una comunita: „Quaedam rationis ordinatio ad bonum commune, (...) ab eo qui curam communitatis habet promulgata''. Questa definizione della legge si realizza, analogicamente, nei diversi tipi di legge. Nella sua definizione l'Aquinate da grande rilievo a due caratteri fondamentali della legge: la razionalita e l'universalitä. La legge e opera della ragione. Infatti la legge e una norma direttiva dell'agire umano in ordine al fine dell'uomo. Bisogna conoscere il fine e il rapporto dei mezzi al fine, in modo da scegliere i piu adatti e stabilire il miglior piano di esecuzione: e questo e compito proprio della ragione. La legge deve avere di mira il bene comune e per questo deve possedere carattere universale. II bene comune e il bene di una comunita di persone ed e quindi relative alla natura della comunita, a cui si riferisce. (shrink)

The article deals with the perception of the Pope John Paul II and Poland in the two speeches of the Presidents of the United States of America. The George W. Bush’s speech given on the occasion of the dedication of the Pope John Paul II Cultural Center in Washington DC on March 22, 2001 and the Donald Trump’s speech delivered in front of the Warsaw Uprising Monument on the Krasinski Square in Warsaw on July 8, 2017 were used as the (...) sources for the study. The former speech is a laudation in honor of the Pope from Poland, whose biography was considered by the 43rd President of the United States as one of the most interesting in human history. Among the most notable episodes of the pontificate, George W. Bush listed the 1979 pilgrimage to his homeland, the 1995 visit to Manila in Philippines, the unprecedented visits to a synagogue and a Muslim country, the forgiveness shown to Ali Ağca – the would-be assassin, and the visits to the United States during which the Pope from Poland reminded the people of human dignity and the virtues of a just society. The latter speech is a laudation on the spirit of the Polish nation. Donald Trump emphasized the steadfastness of the Poles in the struggle to preserve their cultural identity despite the loss of their homeland. He recalled the period of partition and extermination of the Polish nation by the German Nazis and the Soviet Communists during World War II. The 45th President of the United States reminded the world about famous Poles: Nicolaus Copernicus, Frederic Chopin, Casimir Pulaski, Thaddeus Kosciuszko and Saint John Paul II. He also spoke about the lasting ties between the Americans and the Poles and about the common values cherished on both sides of the Atlantic. On the example of social transformations in Poland and Europe initiated by John Paul II’s pilgrimage to Poland in 1979, Donald Trump emphasized the influence of faith in God on political and social transformations in the world. He also expressed hope for the survival of Western civilization based on faith in God and the preservation of family and freedom. (shrink)

Historically, Ehrenfest’s theorem is the first one which shows that classical physics can emerge from quantum physics as a kind of approximation. We recall the theorem in its original form, and we highlight its generalizations to the relativistic Dirac particle and to a particle with spin and izospin. We argue that apparent classicality of the macroscopic world can probably be explained within the framework of standard quantum mechanics.

We take I.Q. tests but not Compassion Aptitude tests. Yet mind and emotions need to be seen as two different parts of the same spectrum if the battered human psyche is to be mended. Skolimowski sees the opportunity for a new order to be brought about if the Western mind can return to, then reintegrate, the spiritual.

We give new proofs of both incompleteness theorems. We do not use the diagonalization lemma, but work with some quickly growing functions instead.

We give a survey of automorphisms of countable recursively saturated models of Peano Arithmetic.

The volume collects classics of Marxist historiography of science, including a new translation of Boris Hessen's “The Social and Economic Roots of Newton's ...

W artykule wykazuję, że życie i twórczość Jana Jakuba Rousseau w kuriozalny sposób wpisują się w schemat tragedii greckiej. Jest to teatr jednego aktora, inspirowany przedstawieniami pierwszego tragika Tespisa. Rousseau przez całe życie z wielkim patosem gra przed światem rolę cierpiętnika, który jako człowiek jest ciemiężony przez ludzi. We wszystkich jego tekstach chodzi tylko o jego własną, jednostkowo pojętą wolność. Rzekomo broniąc tej wolności, Rousseau nakłada wiele teatralnych masek i wciela się w Boga oraz w wiele fikcyjnych postaci, dzięki którym (...) chce zmienić świat na taki, który lepiej odpowiadałby jego potrzebom. Dwa główne dzieła Jana Jakuba, _Umowa społeczna _i _Emil_, powstałe w tym samym czasie, są dramatyczną próbą połączenia _polis _z _oikos _i odtworzenia indywidualnego raju utraconego. Niebawem jego paranoja osiąga apogeum i Rousseau czuje się ofiarą powszechnego spisku przeciw niemu i czyni szaleńcze próby zachowania dla potomnych swego patologicznego dzieła, w którym występuje jako sędzia we własnej sprawie. W _Przechadzkach samotnego myśliciela _wreszcie trafia do swojego raju, ale to oznacza, że zupełnie traci kontakt z rzeczywistością i ulega iluzorycznemu utożsamieniu z wielbioną przez siebie naturą. Występując na wyimaginowanej scenie, Rousseau pewnie nie uświadamia sobie faktu, że sam jest ciemiężycielem bliskich mu osób. Cynicznie wykorzystuje bowiem sprzyjających mu ludzi, by osiągnąć życiowy sukces i potwierdzić swoją niezwykłą wielkość, oraz oddaje własne dzieci do przytułku, by nie przeszkadzały mu w karierze. W ten sposób dyskredytuje się jako człowiek i ponosi klęskę jako tragiczny twórca, ponieważ działa pod wpływem pychy (_hybris_) i nie umie adekwatnie ocenić sytuacji, w jakiej się znalazł (_hamartia_). Być może oczyszczenie z win (_katharsis_) przyniosłoby mu poddanie się medycznej terapii wodnej dla maniaków, o której pisze Foucault w _Historii szaleństwa w dobie klasycyzmu_. Rousseau jednak z niej nie korzysta, a w jego czasach nie jest jeszcze stosowana psychoanaliza Freuda, która pozwoliłaby mu opowiedzieć terapeucie wszystkie swoje sny o potędze, uwolnić się od stłumionych pragnień oraz fantazji i w końcu powrócić do świata normalnych ludzi, jako człowiek bez manii wielkości i manii prześladowczej. (shrink)

The 'Discussion' section of this issue contains the following responses to Wilfred Beckerman's article 'Sustainable Development: Is it a Useful Concept?' Environmental Values 3,3 (1994): 191-209. Herman Daly, 'On Wilfred Beckerman's Critique of Sustainable Development'; Michael Jacobs, 'Sustainable Development, Capital Substitution and Humility: A Response to Beckerman'; and Henryk Skolimowski, 'In Defence of Sustainable Development'. These criticisms are answered by Beckerman in Environmental Values 4,2.

Author: Mamzer Henryk Title: TRANSFORMATION OF PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS INTO THE CULTURAL STUDIES ONES AS THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE PROCESS OF WORLD’S HUMANIZATION (Przekształcanie się problemów filozoficznych w kulturoznawcze jako wyraz procesu humanizacji świata) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2011, vol:.12, number: 2011/1, pages: 263-278 Keywords: NOTION OF CULTURE, CULTURAL STUDIES, PROCESS OF WORLD’S HUMANIZATION Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:This text is inspired by main research problem undertaken by Jerzy Kmita in (...) his book Konieczne serio ironisty. O przekształcaniu się problemów filozoficznych w kulturoznawcze (Poznań 2007). The mentioned problem is related to this area of culture to which „The human being had invaded and thanks to this started to construct both the world and himself”. Beginning from this moment the way followed by humans equals the process of the world’s humanization. This is not a continuous process. Each epoch, each culture, has its own vision of own functioning and the way which surrounding world functions, the world in which the social actor participates and creates. The practice proves that usually ethnocentric human attitudes influence the way in which original assumptions are introduced into the life. Reaction to this fact is giving up practicing philosophical practices related with the notion of “absolute” and, as consequences, moving into the field of cultural studies. This process is the demonstration of the world’s humanization. The notion of culture is the superior one. In a way – a priori – of all types of human activities. The science and philosophy are produced by the culture as well, and they are shaped by the values and expectations present in given culture. Because of this cultural studies (knowledge on the culture) appears to be “broad meaning type of knowledge”, exceeding the borders of the philosophy. (shrink)

Rhymed text and movable pictures present a variety of amusing situations.

This article addresses the problem of the understanding of love in St. Thomas Aquinas. For him love is the basis of ethics. He divides love into the natural, the sensual and the rational. In turn, rational love is divided into appetitive love and benevolent love. The latter is the basis of friendship, which is possible when such love is reciprocated. True friendship is based on virtue, and when her primary subject is God, the friendship becomes a supernatural virtue—that of charity.

Schopenhauer uważa, że wzniosłe uczucie między dwojgiem osób zawsze jest wyrazem miłości płciowej, perfidnie wywołanej i atrakcyjnie ukazanej przez wolę życia. W gruncie rzeczy w miłości chodzi o to, aby właściwie dobrane jednostki łączyły się w pary i płodziły dzieci, przedłużając w ten sposób trwanie gatunku, a ostatecznie - zapewniając odpowiednią jakość i trwałość życia jako takiego. Osoby oszukane przez wolę życia zwykle nie osiągają spełnienia ani szczęścia, a ich jednostkowe egzystencje naznaczone są trudnym do zniesienia bólem i cierpieniem. Schopenhauerowska (...) metafizyka miłości płciowej ujawnia stosowane przez wolę kryteria absolutne i relatywne w doborze kochanków, rozpatruje kwestię rzadkiego fenomenu miłości metafizycznej oraz wskazuje na możliwość częściowego wyzwolenia się spod wpływu woli i zadbania o własne dobro. (shrink)

L'autorita di Agostino e la necessita di una nuova riflessione. San Anselme d'Aosta, come lo chiamano gli italiani dalla sua citta di nascita, o di Canterbury, dalla sua sede episcopale e stato chiamato "l'altro Agostino", perche il suo pensiero spesso corrisponde bene al pensiero di Sant'Agostino. Tutti e due infatti hanno dedicate molta attenzione al problema della liberta. Liberta, una parola sublime, nel cui nome sono state combattute tante battaglie e si sono accesi tanti ideali, a causa della quale l'uomo (...) e un'essere unico, e si gloria di essa come del fondamento della sua dignita. II liberalismo contemporaneo tende verso la concezione negativa della liberta che ha la sua versione odierna nel concetto della neutralita. La liberta e stata elevata nel medioevo ad altezza metafisica da Duns Scoto che partendo da essa definisce la persona "ultima solitude". L a dottrina di Agostino si fonda, piuttosto, sulla distinzione tra liberta e libero arbitrio. Agostino distingue il libero arbitrio, inteso come facolta di scelta, dalla liberta che e potere di evitare il male. II primo e una liberta minore, la seconda e la liberta maggiore e piu vera, ma entrambe possiedono una positivita; infatti la prima consente anche il "poter non peccare", la seconda consiste nel "non poter peccare". (shrink)

Nel pensiero umano il problema dell’amicizia - cioe il problema del affetto mutuo fra due persone o sentimento che trasporta verso l’altro, originate da uma adequata conformita di cui i caratteri tipici sono il disinteresse e la reciprocita - occupa un posto significante, perche ogni uomo e fatto per rapportarsi a un cuore che ha bisogno di complementarieta, di comimione, di discemere e di camminare insieme. Grazie all’amicizia l'uomo puo diventare un paradise per l’uomo. La comprensione del problema dell’amicizia esprime (...) il livello della civilta attuale. La nostra societa e purtroppo piu una societa di mercato, di utile economico, di competizione, di potere, dell’uomo lupo all’altro uomo, che ima societa di rapporti veramente umani. Inoltre l’amicizia sembra trasferita nel campo dell’utile particolare per aveme vantaggi, al di fuori del merito. (shrink)

Report on analysis of ” pergamene sigillata“ from Delos This paper presents the results of the analysis of twenty samples of ” pergamene sigillata” from destruction layers of Delian living quarter, which can be dated to 69 BC. The programme included petrographical and chemical analysis, as well as MGR (Matrix Group by Refiring) method. The results show that the samples belong to several groups, among which some could be identified by comparison with chemical reference groups. Two samples were produced in (...) the Ketios valley workshops, four come from the Çandarlı area, and four others probably from the Pergamon region, from workshops not yet identified. The rest of the samples do not originate from that region, and were produced in other Asia Minor centers (six of them come from Ephesos, the rest from unidentified workshops). (shrink)

Offers a radical new spiritual philosophy: the earth is a sanctuary and we must treat it as such. Uniquely inspiring and provocative.