Johannes von Kries’s Spielraum-theory is regarded as one of the most important philosophical contributions of the nineteenth century to an objective interpretation of probability. This paper aims at a critical and contextual analysis of von Kries’s approach: It is contextual insofar as it reconstructs the Spielraum-theory in the historical setting that formed his scientific and philosophical outlook. It is critical insofar as it unfolds systematic tensions and inconsistencies which are rooted in this context, especially in the grave change of mechanism (...) which took place in the late nineteenth century. In this regard, the paper focuses on von Kries’s understanding of natural laws and nomological knowledge in relation to his concept of objective probability. While the formal approach of the Spielraum-theory—as far as developed by von Kries—seems sound, his epistemological claims with respect to nomological knowledge sustain classical mechanism and are hence difficult to substantiate from the point of view of modern science. (shrink)

Reasoning about change is a central issue in research on human and robot planning. We study an approach to reasoning about action and change in a dynamic logic setting and provide a solution to problems which are related to the Frame problem. Unlike most work on the frame problem the logic described in this paper is monotonic. It (implicitly) allows for the occurrence of actions of multiple agents by introducing non-stationary notions of waiting and test. The need to state a (...) large number of frame axioms is alleviated by introducing a concept of chronological preservation to dynamic logic. As a side effect, this concept permits the encoding of temporal properties in a natural way. We compare the relative merits of our approach and non-monotonic approaches as regards different aspects of the frame problem. Technically, we show that the resulting extended systems of propositional dynamic logic preserve (weak) completeness, finite model property and decidability. (shrink)

Neutron matter-wave optics provides the basis for new quantum experiments and a step towards applications of quantum phenomena. Most experiments have been performed with a perfect crystal neutron interferometer where widely separated coherent beams can be manipulated individually. Various geometric phases have been measured and their robustness against fluctuation effects has been proven, which may become a useful property for advanced quantum communication. Quantum contextuality for single particle systems shows that quantum correlations are to some extent more demanding than classical (...) ones. In this case entanglement between external and internal degrees of freedom offers new insights into basic laws of quantum physics. Non-contextuality hidden variable theories can be rejected by arguments based on the Kochen-Specker theorem. (shrink)

Extensions of ongoing research identified in the introduction to this special issue are discussed here with farther reaching objectives: researching more intensely psychological universals thought to underlie religion, taking a more inclusive approach to psychology of religion, and constructing more comprehensive models. All three involve conscious experience, to which some observations are devoted. Remarks about the relationships between these research areas conclude the article.

_A artigo apresenta os estudos da cultura visual religiosa como linguagem religiosa, tanto como linguagem das ciências da religião na perspectiva de linguagens e narrativas sagradas como da teologia no sentido de símbolos visíveis e impactantes. Em formato de retrospectiva apresenta os movimentos da elaboração na área de uma teoria da religião ainda pouco considerada na areia e mapeia, pontualmente, suas epistemologias subjacentes e possíveis aplicações nos campos religiosos brasileiros. _.

Este artigo se dedica ao aparecimento do tema da vulnerabilidade, a partir do século 18, em xilogravuras cuja narrativa visual se refere ao processo de envelhecimento das pessoas em analogia com o motivo da escada ou dos degraus da vida. A ausência da consideração da deficiência como um possível atravessamento do ciclo da vida disparou o problema investigativo: Como se dá o aparecimento do tema da vulnerabilidade em xilogravuras cuja narrativa visual se refere ao motivo da escada ou dos degraus (...) da vida, acompanhada por uma narrativa religiosa? Apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa documental exploratória, realizada nos acervos do Museu da Imagem na cidade de Epinal, França, do Museu das Culturas, na cidade de Basileia, Suíça e da Igreja Estadual de Estugarda, Alemanha, no mês de julho de 2017. Argumenta, como primeiro resultado, comparando as narrativas visuais educacionais e religiosas, que há uma modificação da narrativa visual do motivo da escada da vida e que seu aparecimento antecipa, na área da educação, mas não na área da teologia, a consideração do respeito à vulnerabilidade como condição antropológica. Como segundo resultado, mostra-se a importância da cultura visual como narrativa própria e fonte essencial para as ciências humanas, em especial, para educação e as ciências da religião, neste caso a ressignificação da vulnerabilidade humana no campo da educação inclusiva que exige um novo olhar para a condição humana. (shrink)

O artigo aqui apresentado faz parte de uma elaboração sistemática de estilos iconográficos e suas respectivas mensagens iconológicas da cultura visual cristã, com foco na arte religiosa devocional. A obra em questão é um interessante exemplo flamengo da linguagem visual católica em uso cem anos depois da reforma protestante e criada, provavelmente, entre a Trégua dos Doze Anos e o início da[s] Guerra[s] dos Trinta Anos. É estudo a gravura Homo moriens de Hieronymus Wierix do ano [1609/1619]. Formalmente, trata-se de (...) um emblema clássico composto por uma Inscriptio, Pictura e Subscriptio. A obra é lida por meio do método iconológico de Erwin Panofsky. Conclua-se que se o tom da narrativa visual não é polêmico ou controverso, mas, pastoral e especialmente sensíveis à necessidade religiosa de pessoas que se encontram no leito da morte. Trata-se de um discurso visual “interno” da igreja, que dá jus às ênfases soteriológicas estabelecidas pelo Concílio de Trento em uma perspectiva de cuidado, construindo certezas, para poder enfrentar a inevitável agonia. (shrink)

Resenha do livro WULF, Christoph. Homo pictor : imaginação, ritual e aprendizado mimético no mundo globalizado: São Paulo: Hedra, 2013. ISBN: 978-85-7715-304-6. A resenha explora a contribuição dessa obra da área dos estudos antropológicos para o estudo das linguagens da religião, pela sua exploração das relações entre o ver e a imaginação, a imaginação e a memesis , e a imaginação os ritos e os gestos. Conclui-se que as perspectivas propostas pode ser aplicadas nos estudos da religião não somente no (...) estudos de fenômenos ou formas arcaicas da religião, mas, também de formas contemporâneas, tanto do âmbito. (shrink)

Book reviews: BOER, Wietse de; ENENKEL, Karl; MELION, Walter S.. Jesuit image theory. Leiden: Brill, 2016.. ISBN 978-90-04-31911-0 ISBN 978-90-04-31912-7.

O artigo apresenta e interpreta a gravura De smalle en de brede Weg de Hieronymus Wierix, criada no ano de 1619 na cidade de Antuérpia, já sob domínio espanhol. O objetivo é analisar uma expressão da cultura visual religiosa católica que influenciou as Américas e o Brasil colônia e que inspirou a cultura visual evangélica brasileira, no caso, mediante a xilogravura de Charlotte Reihlen no século 19. Como método aplicam-se os três passos de interpretação de arte religiosa renascentista propostos por (...) Ernst Panofsky, a descrição pré-iconográfica, a análise iconográfica e a interpretação iconológica. Espera-se enriquecer a compreensão da cultura visual religiosa na América Latina e no Brasil, inclusive em sua transconfessionalidade, investigando seu rico fundo imaginário. (shrink)

The article investigates the appearance of the double expressions δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosúne) - ὁσιότης (hosiótes) [justice - godliness] and δικαιοσύνη - εὐσεβέια (eusebéia) [justícia - piety] in texts of the New Testament written around the year 80 to 90 d. C., and discusses its functions and meanings in a double perspective: first, as an integration of a classic expression of the Greek-Roman world of civic and religious duties by the church after the end of the expectation of the proximity of the (...) parousia; second as an Christian interpretation of those duties, and as support of the introduction of new attitudes, both in the religious setting as in the public sphere. Seen together it is suggested that this double movement - integrate and reread - can serve as inspiration for the construction of a public theology today. (shrink)

Resenha do livro PATTON, Pamela A.. Envisioning Others: Race, Color, and the Visual in Iberia and Latin America [Tradução do título: Imaginado os/as outros/as: raça, cor e o visual na Ibéria e América Latina ] Leiden, Bel. / Boston, EUA: Brill, 2016. 382p com índice de 6p 63 imagens [Coletânea: The Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World, vol. 62]. ISBN 978-90-04-26917-0 ; ISBN 978-90-04-30215-0.

[From the editor's introduction (Robert Gibbs):] Helmut Holzhey offers us a rich account of the contents of the The Ethics, giving us a helpful overview of the work. His account focuses on the problematic of the human and of humanity. And he explores the contrast between sein and sollen (being and the ought- to-be) as the engine of the ethics. His exploration of the problem of God in the ethics leads to Cohen’s distinctive requirement of the sovereignty of ethics (...) over religion. The conclusion of Cohen’s work, and of this overview, is a discussion of the virtues. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCE OF BEING: ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METAPHYSICS AND THEOLOGY HELMUT HOPING University of Tubingen, Germany Introduction T:HE PHILOSOPHY of the twentieth century has been o no small extent a critique of metaphysics. Admittedly, philosophical programs have been developed in which the tradition of metaphysics survives. Yet the position of metaphysics in the modern age is disputed even today-as is demonstrated by the recent controversy between (...) Jiirgen Habermas and Dieter Henrich about the possibility of metaphysics after Kant.1 Since 1 See J. Habermas, "Ruckkehr zur Metaphysik: Eine Tendenz in der deutschen Philosophie?" Merkur 439/440, 39 (1985): 898-905; "Metaphysik nach Kant," in K. Cramer et al., eds., Theorie der Subjektivitiit: Dieter Henrich zum 60. Geburtstag (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1978), 425-443. (Both articles are reprinted in J. Habermas, Nachmetaphysisches Denken: Philosophische Aufsiitze [Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1988], 18-34; 267-279.) Henrich replied to Habermas's critique in the article "Was ist Metaphysik, was Moderne?: Thesen gegen Jurgen Habermas," Merkur 440, 40 (1986): 495-508 (reprinted in D. Henrich, Konzepte: Essays zur Philosophie der Zeit [Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1987], 11-43). On the controversy between Habermas and Henrich, see V. Gerhardt, " Metaphysik und ihre Kritik: Zur Metaphysikdebatte zwischen Jurgen Habermas und Dieter Henrich," Zeitschrift fur philosophische Forschung 42 (1988) : 45-70. Habermas's notion of a " return to metaphysics " undoubtedly has a certain diagnostic value; after all, there has indeed been a recent " discovery " of metaphysics. But Habermas 's criticism of the concept and content of metaphysics-i.e., his thesis that after Kant metaphysics is impossible-not only contradicts the self-understanding of modern philosophy for which metaphysics is essential; it also fails to recognize the metaphysical implications of his own theory of communicative action. See W. C. Zimmerli, "Kommunikation und Metaphysik: Zu den Anfangsgrunden von Habermas ' ' Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns,' " in W. Oelmuller, ed., Metaphysik heute? Kolloquien zur Gegenwartsphilosophie, vol. 10 (Paderborn: SchOningh, 1987), 97-111. 189 190 HELMUT HOPING metaphysics has been indispensable for the self-understanding of philosophy in the modern age up until Hegel, this controversy cannot be reduced to the simple disjunction: either the "end of metaphysics" or the "return to metaphysics "-as Habermas has suggested. The task of philosophy today lies in a metaphysical form of thinking that remains possible even after the critique of metaphysics in Kant and Heidegger. Until recently, the current debate about metaphysics has not been adequately addressed by theology. That is surprising because metaphysics is also indispensable for theology.2 But in the light of the modern critique of metaphysics, the self-understanding of theology and its relationship to metaphysics cannot remain unchanged -just as the self-understanding of metaphysics itself cannot remain unchanged. Yet at least in the realm of Catholic theology, the traditional doctrine of the praeambula fidei has not been abandoned. The aim of the following reflections is to show that the determination of the relationship between metaphysics and theology depends upon how metaphysics understands the " difference of Being" that is given with the manifold of beings. I will introduce four different understandings of the " difference of Being": that which is found in Aquinas's metaphysics; that in Kant's transcendental philosophy; that in Heidegger's thinking of Being; and that in the metaphysics of the absolute projected by Henrich. In some concluding reflections, I will then try to draw out some implications of these understandings of the " difference of Being " for the determination of the relationship between metaphysics and theology. I. Metaphysics of God and Creation : Theological Difference (Aquinas) It is well-known that Thomas Aquinas defines metaphysics as the science of being qua being. The subject-matter that dis2 See W. Kasper, " Zustimmung zum Denken: Von der Unerlasslichkeit der Metaphysik fiir die Sache der Theologie," Tiibinger Theologische Quartalschrift 169 (1989) : 257-271. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METAPHYSICS & THEOLOGY 191 tinguishes metaphysics from all other sciences is the ens inquantum est ens 3 or the ens commune.4 Contrary to later concepts of metaphysics, this is not an abstract-universal, for " the term ' a being' [ens], which is applied to a thing by reason of its being [esse], designates the same thing as the term which is applied... (shrink)

Wiplinger, F. Metaphysik, Logik, Sprachkritik.--Mück, O. Wahrheit und Verifikation.--Strasser, S. Zur Konsensustheorie der Wahrheit.--Rivera de Ventosa, E. Dialektik und Dialog.--Schöndorfer, U. Ganzheitliche Erkenntnistheorie.--Lotz, J. B. Denken als Vollzug im Ganzen.--Benedikt, M. Orientierung und Architektonik.--Schaff, A. Ein Marxist liest die Integrale Logik.--Ricoeur, P. Wissenschaft und Ideologie.--Kohlenberger, H. Geschichtsprozess als Integration.--Huber, G. Zur Grundproblematik der philosophischen Anthropologie.--Wisser, R. Schöpfung und Schöpfertum in der Philosophie.--Verosta, S. Zum Verhältnis von Ordnung und Macht.--Schneider, H. Politische Ethik in der gegenwärtigen Normenkrise.