Dionysus has several sets throughout Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) books. This question will arouse the interest of Brazilian interpreters when football is under observation. The aim of this article is to discuss the appropriations from the philosopher's concepts since the first half of the twentieth century. Commentators and the author himself saw that there are inflections about this theme in the Nietzschean work. The wide circulation of football elements in Brazil, its close connection with the national identity and with the popular (...) cultural has to be taken into account in a consistent investigation. (shrink)

Na semana de Pentecostes de 1923, reuniu-se em um hotel na cidade de Ilmenau na Turíngia, região central da Alemanha, um grupo de intelectuais em um encontro que foi denominado “Semana de Trabalho Marxista” (Marxistische Arbeitswoche). Dele participaram seu idealizador – Felix Weil – e cerca de 20 pessoas. Destacaram-se entre os participantes Friedrich Pollock e Karl August Wittfogel. A intenção da “Semana de Trabalho Marxista” era discutir as obras Marxismo e filosofia, de Karl Korsch, e História e consciência de (...) classe, de Georg Lukács – autores um pouco mais velhos, mas igualmente jovens intelectuais cujas contribuições teóricas foram tidas como alento e retomada das reflexões marxistas a partir da perspectiva do jovem Marx. As ideias apresentadas por Korsch e Lukács se afastaram do marxismo clássico e ortodoxo até então em evidência na Europa Central. A “Semana de Trabalho Marxista” foi o embrião para a criação, um ano depois, do Instituto de Pesquisas Sociais, igualmente por iniciativa desses jovens e de seu mentor intelectual e agora patrono financeiro Felix Weil. Esse Instituto foi sediado como um anexo da Universidade de Frankfurt, totalmente custeado pelo aporte financeiro do pai de Felix Weil, o senhor Hermann Weil. Ao longo dos anos, o conhecimento teórico ali produzido ou a menção ao local em que esse conhecimento foi gestado se impuseram como marcas que passaram para a história do pensamento contemporâneo: Teoria Crítica e Escola de Frankfurt são nomes que praticamente se confundem quando se trata da concepção teórica produzida pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Sociais. As referências aos seus pensadores mais significativos – Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse e Walter Benjamin – tornaram-se realidade a partir do momento em que Max Horkheimer chegou à posição de diretor do Instituto, em 1930, pois sob sua gestão foram formuladas as diretrizes teóricas, combinadas à realização de pesquisas empíricas com base nos métodos e campos de investigação das demais ciências parcelares (Psicologia, Sociologia, Economia, Direito etc.), em articulação com a Filosofia que caracterizam essa escola de pensamento à qual estes nomes estão umbilicalmente ligados. Sob sua “ditadura”[1] Horkheimer tentou, quando possível, conservar as diferenças de temas e objetos de estudo de cada autor, congregando os diferentes campos de conhecimento. Esses primeiros pensadores foram responsáveis por um movimento de ideias que cobriu boa parte do século XX, estendendo-se de 1930 a 1979. Uma segunda geração de teóricos ligados ao Instituto prosseguiu as reflexões iniciais, expandindo-as; outros se distanciaram delas. A teoria crítica da sociedade, assim, constituiu-se como uma fonte de pensamento e método de investigação e análise da realidade na qual fenômenos sociais, bem como determinados temas e objetos de estudo, vinculados a tal realidade, em seu movimento histórico, tornaram-se alvos de crítica permanente. Dentre tais aspectos a serem destacados, mencionamos o legado deixado pelos autores da teoria crítica – especificamente, Adorno, Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, dentre outros – de dados, discussões e análises de pesquisa empírica, de caráter interdisciplinar, voltados aos temas do autoritarismo, preconceito e formação do indivíduo sob as contradições sociais do capitalismo e seus desdobramentos histórico-sociais. Neste movimento, as ciências parcelares, já apontadas acima, tais como a Psicologia, Psicanálise, Economia, Ciências Sociais dentre outras foram convocadas como momentos teórico-metodológicos específicos para compor o projeto interdisciplinar do Instituto de Pesquisa Social, juntamente com a Filosofia, promovendo a premissa epistemológica fundamental da Teoria crítica: a pesquisa interdisciplinar. Em 2021, o Grupo de Pesquisa “Teoria Crítica e Filosofia Social”, sediado na UFU e desde 2003 registrado no Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa do CNPq, organizou e realizou o “I Colóquio de Teoria Crítica da UFU: aporias da emancipação”. Foi a tentativa de integrar, em um evento online dos tempos da pandemia do Covid-19, as pesquisas desenvolvidas por professores da UFU espalhados em alguns de seus institutos e faculdades com outros pesquisadores do Brasil em torno das diversas possibilidades de apropriação da Teoria Crítica da Escola de Frankfurt. Os autores da primeira geração da Escola, que herdaram as reflexões e transformações históricas oriundas do Iluminismo, não apresentaram formulações unívocas ou romantizadas nas suas análises acerca dos limites da Racionalidade burguesa: suas reflexões esbarraram em dificuldades e essa constatação abre a possibilidade de se seguir problematizando, na esteira desta primeira geração, questões decisivas da teoria social nos dias de hoje. Em 2023, o encontro de Ilmenau, que foi o acontecimento propulsor da Teoria Crítica, completa 100 anos. A proposição do dossiê “Teoria Crítica 100 anos” pretende ser uma comemoração, um Festschrift ao centenário de uma data bastante emblemática e marcante para o pensamento filosófico do século XX. O núcleo do dossiê é constituído por algumas palestras proferidas no evento de 2021 que foram transformadas em artigos pelos seus apresentadores. Mais do que isso, com a intenção de ser um Festschrift representativo, o dossiê conta com a contribuição de um pesquisador internacional que não participou do evento. Por ser a Teoria Crítica uma corrente filosófica multifacetada, suas reflexões abrangem os campos da filosofia social, filosofia da história, filosofia política, estética, literatura, música, psicanálise e educação junto à teoria social. Atentos a essa diversidade, sua riqueza temática ficará preservada na proposta do dossiê. Além disso, é importante resgatar a atualidade da centenária Teoria Crítica. O dossiê é constituído por uma entrevista, seis artigos e uma tradução. O entrevistado será o professor Rodrigo Duarte, da UFMG, que fará um balanço da Teoria Crítica, sobre sua recepção no Brasil anterior a 1990 e posterior a essa data. Embora a recepção desta escola de pensamento tenha se dado já na década de 1960, por nomes como Cohn, Merquior, Kothe e Konder, a partir dos anos 1990, Rodrigo Duarte se transformou em uma das principais referências para a sua continuidade em solo nacional. Daí essa entrevista ser um reconhecimento de sua contribuição. [...] [1] A expressão “ditadura do diretor” foi o termo empregado por Horkheimer para indicar o tipo de trabalho interdisciplinar que seria desenvolvido a partir de sua gestão à frente do Instituto. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

The author's primary aim is to help readers discover what is distinctive in Confucius & to learn what he can teach us.

Machine generated contents note: 1. The Computability Concept;2. General Recursive Functions;3. Programs and Machines;4. Recursive Enumerability;5. Connections to Logic;6. Degrees of Unsolvability;7. Polynomial-Time Computability;Appendix: Mathspeak;Appendix: Countability;Appendix: Decadic Notation;.

Both and agree that there are universals—that qualities are universals. To say that the quality white is a universal is to say, in part, that one and the same thing is connected in some way to both Plato and Socrates and accounts for the truth of the sentences "Plato is white" and "Socrates is white." To put it another way, the term "white" in both sentences refers to the same entity. What arguments are there for such a view? Russell elegantly (...) put forth the classic argument in "On the Relations of Universals to Particulars." To deny universals is to assert that the quality attributed to Socrates is not one and the same with the quality attributed to Plato. The quality "in" each is numerically distinct and, furthermore, no one thing accounts for these distinct qualities being of the same kind. [I mention this latter point since one might, on a version of, hold that there are particular qualities as well as universal qualities. The former account for the whiteness of particular patches; the latter for such particular whitenesses being just that.] One must then hold that such particular qualities are related in some way, since they are the entities in virtue of which we truly assert that both things are white. One must then specify such a relation. The obvious point is that such a relation will either be taken as a universal or a particular instance. If a particular then the original problem recurs when we introduce a third white patch or a pair of black patches. If admitted as a universal then the view finally accepts universals, albeit relational ones. No other alternative can answer the original question—to account for Socrates and Plato having the same color. That is, no alternative acknowledging only individuals—that denies the two patches are connected, in some way, to one and the same entity—can prevent the recurrence of exactly the same kind of question we started out with. Let us consider the case of particulars. One may argue that just as universals account for the sameness of quality, something must account for the difference of two patches which, conceivably, have all their nonrelational qualities in common. This something, the ground of numerical difference, is considered to be a substratum which stands in a unique relation or connection with universals to form or constitute facts and the things we started out with, Plato and Socrates. These ordinary things are thought of as composed of a substratum and universals connected together. Facts about such things may be composed of the substratum and one universal. The facts are about the things since the same substratum is a constituent of both sorts of entities. Such substrata account for the difference of the two patches; for there being two and not one thing. These substrata, in turn, are held to be simply different. At this point one may balk. If substrata are held to be simply different, why bother with them at all? Why not hold that Socrates and Plato are composites, not classes, of universals, and that they are different composites of the same universals? They just simply differ. If substrata can simply differ, why may not composites of universals simply differ? The proponent of substrata must retort that since Plato and Socrates are composite entities they cannot simply differ but must be held to differ in a constituent. Only simple entities can simply differ. Let me call this assertion the axiom of difference. The first point to note is that it is a necessary assumption in the argument to establish the need for substrata in an adequate ontology. We must then inquire why some accept, implicitly or explicitly, such an axiom. (shrink)

Even those who are unfamiliar with Aquinas will find this book gripping. Published posthumously, this study is thoroughly rewarding and will increase McCabe's reputation as one of Britain's finest theologians of recent years.

THIS ARTICLE IS AN ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT LEGAL REASONING AND LAW AS TO THE CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF ALCOHOLICS, AND AN ANALYSIS OF THE MEDICAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND. THE LEGAL ARGUMENTS TO ABSOLVE THE ALCOHOLIC OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR CRIMINAL ACTS WHILE DRUNK ARE SHOWN TO REST ON UNSATISFACTORY ARGUMENT AND FUNDAMENTALLY FALSE FACTUAL ASSUMPTIONS.

My purpose in this study is to explore various forms of irrationality and to name some true irrationals in order to find the bounds of reason. The irrational-if there is such -sets a priori limits to philosophical investigation, for reason must stop before unreason's province. I begin by defining a primary meaning of rational. Forming, then, by opposition, the genus irrational, I analyze the various species of the irrational traditionally offered as true irrationals. I then judge which irrationals do inhere (...) in in nature or in spirit. PART I THE IRRATIONALITY OF THE WORLD CHAPTER] REASON To understand a primary and consistent meaning of the "rational" it is necessary to see how the term has been used. In the Theaetetus, Socrates, interested in what it means to have knowledge, sets about finding a rational answer and, by his analysis, illustrates a primary meaning of reason. In answer to Socrates' question. What is knowledge, Theaetetus responds with instances of knowledge: Then I think the things one can learn from Theodorus are knowledge - geometry and all the sciences you mentioned just now; and then there are the crafts of the cobbler and other workmen. Each and all of these are knowledge and nothing else. ' Yet a mere enumeration of particulars does not satisfy Socrates. (shrink)

Consider statements like ``Machines will never be able to think'' or ``You cannot turn a cat into a dog''. Many people will find such propositions evident, but we have learned to be cautious. 100 years from now things might look very different; it seems unduly dogmatic to insist on todays opinions as unrevisable points of reference, disallowing future breakthroughs in computer science or biology. The scientific outlook presupposes and enhances a high degree of curiosity and it seems a good idea (...) to generally keep one's meanings flexible so as to master break-downs of everyday understanding induced by unforseen circumstances, science or technology. Such intuitions are at the heart of Quine's philosophy. According to him we find ourselves enmeshed within a web of belief that joins together past and present attitudes, cognitive procedures and evidential tests. The strands show various degrees of coherence and interconnectedness and there are no general rules on how to proceed in case something unexpected happens. Sometimes it is ignored, sometimes it is explained away and sometimes it induces more or less extensive changes in our predictive and behavioural patterns. This seems to be the lesson drawn from the Vienna Circle's battle against metaphysics. Philosophers like Putnam, Kripke and Davidson have, it is true, come up with accounts of meaning, necessity and reality that seriously challenge Quine's indeterminacy of translation and ontological relativity, re-introducing elements of a priori presuppositions and (quasi-)transcendental arguments into philosophical discourse. But - compared to Quine's unrelenting insistence on naturalistic first-level talk - those attempts have a free-floating, speculative touch. Quine refuses to engage in elaborate philosophical constructions designed to block the permanent drift of meaning. His is a truly radical position, admirably suggestive and provocative, to be challenged on its own ground. The untenability of a priori truth is suggested by profound experiences that cannot easily be refuted by arguments purporting to show how some more or less exotic sentences could, after all, be held immune from change.1 If the untenability thesis is to be shaken a more down to earth strategy seems to be called for. It would have to be shown that Quine's radical move entails consequences that are highly unattractive even according to its own standards. (shrink)

Derogatory terms can be powerful mechanisms of subordination, while re-appropriating these terms can be a strategy to fight back against social injustice. I argue that projects seeking to reclaim slurs have a performative structure that raises particular hazards. Whereas more familiar forms of protest may fail to bring about their intended result, attempts to re-appropriate slurs can fail to be understood as transgressive acts at all. When attempts at reclamation fail, their force is distorted; context and convention lead the hearer (...) to give uptake to the speech act as a traditional deployment of the slur. The force of this traditional use is to validate and re-entrench the very norms the act was intended to subvert. This is the precarious structure of reclamation projects: when successful, reclamation is the subversion of powerful mechanisms of oppression, but when unsuccessful, the act has the ironic force of constituting mechanisms of oppression. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in (...) the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

On January 1, 2020, I (the first author), started my term as the new Editor in Chief of Metaphor and Symbol. I wanted to inaugurate that moment with a short editorial piece in the journal seeking t...