Going beyond the theory/practice and discourse/matter divides -- Learning and becoming in an onto-epistemology -- The tool of pedagogical documentation -- An intra-active pedagogy and its dual movements -- Transgressing binary practices in early childhood teacher education -- The hybrid-writing-process: going beyond the theory/practice divide in academic writing -- An ethics of immanence and potentialities for early childhood education.

In this book, Martin Lenz provides the first reconstruction of intersubjective accounts of the mind in early modern philosophy. Some phenomena are easily recognised as social or interactive: certain dances, forms of work and rituals require interaction to come into being or count as valid. But what about mental states, such as thoughts, volitions, or emotions? Do our minds also depend on other minds? The idea that our minds are intersubjective or social seems to be a recent one, developed (...) mainly in the 19th and 20th centuries against the individualism of early modern philosophers. By contrast, this book argues that well-known early modern philosophers often started from the idea that minds are intersubjective. How then does a mind depend on the minds of others? Early modern philosophers are well known to have developed a number of theories designed to explain how we cognize external objects. What is hardly recognized is that early modern philosophers also addressed the problem of how our cognition is influenced by other minds. This book provides a historical and rational reconstruction of three central, but different, early modern accounts of the influence that minds exert on one another: Spinoza's metaphysical model, Locke's linguistic model, and Hume's medical model. Showing for each model of mental interaction (1) why it was developed, (2) how it construes mind-mind relations, and (3) what view of the mind it suggests, this book aims at uncovering a crucial part of the unwritten history of intersubjectivity in the philosophy of mind. (shrink)

Managers of multinational companies often favour an aggressive tax avoidance strategy that pushes the legal limits onto the advantage of shareholders and the disadvantage of the spirit of democratically legitimized tax laws. The public and media debate whether such aggressive behaviour is immoral. Aggressive tax avoidance is a subset of the aggressive legal interpretations potentially observable in all fields which places little weight on the will of a democratically legitimized legislation. A thorough ethical analysis based on the deontological approach of (...) Kant demonstrates that aggressive tax avoidance as a special case of operating on the edge of legal boundaries is potentially immoral. Applying the Kantian “contradiction of conception or will” test shows that this maxim might not be conceived or willed as a general law of nature. If all natural or legal persons aggressively interpret laws on all subjects and in every imaginable situation, then central principles of the system of law we all rely upon would be severely compromised. Therefore, aggressive tax avoidance by managers of multinational companies may violate the managers’ moral duty to obey not only the letter but also the intention or spirit of the law. The validity of the argumentation depends critically on the formulation and interpretation of the respective maxims and on assumptions about the legal system. Preserving central elements of Kantian philosophy, the article demonstrates the complexity of a philosophical argumentation which tries to justify the moral intuitions that underpin the common negative evaluation of aggressive legal strategies in business. (shrink)

Pt. 1. The context -- pt. 2. Principles of ethics in psychiatry -- pt. 3. The applications of the ethical principles in psychiatric practice and research -- pt. 4. Non-medical uses of psychiatry -- pt. 5. Teaching ethics in psychiatry -- pt. 6. Conclusions and summary.

Normativity has long been conceived as more properly pertaining to the domain of thought than to the domain of nature. This conception goes back to Kant and still figures prominently in contemporary epistemology, philosophy of mind and ethics. By offering a collection of new essays by leading scholars in early modern philosophy and specialists in contemporary philosophy, this volume goes beyond the point where nature and normativity came apart, and challenges the well-established opposition between these all too neatly separated realms. (...) It examines how the mind’s embeddedness in nature can be conceived as a starting point for uncovering the links between naturally and conventionally determined standards governing an agent’s epistemic and moral engagement with the world. The original essays are grouped in two parts. The first part focuses on specific aspects of theories of perception, thought formation and judgment. It gestures towards an account of normativity that regards linguistic conventions and natural constraints as jointly setting the scene for the mind’s ability to conceptualise its experiences. The second part of the book asks what the norms of desirable epistemic and moral practices are. Key to this approach is an examination of human beings as parts of nature, who act as natural causes and are determined by their sensibilities and sentiments. Each part concludes with a chapter that integrates features of the historical debate into the contemporary context.​. (shrink)

One of Ockham's fundamental tenets about the human intellect is that its acts constitute a mental language. Although this language of thought shares some of the features of conventional language, thought is commonly considered as prior to conventional language. This paper tries to show that this consensus is seriously challenged in Ockham's early writings. I shall argue that, in claiming the priority of conventional language over mental language, Ockham established a novel explanation of the systematicity of thought—an explanation which anticipates (...) the idea that thought becomes systematic through the acquisition of conventional language. (shrink)

Diese phänomenologische Studie bietet im historisch orientierten ersten Teil eine umfassende mentalitätsgeschichtliche Analyse der Deutung und Bewertung des Lachens von der europäischen Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Kritisch analysiert werden die vier wichtigsten und folgenreichsten Argumentationsmodelle: - die ethisch orientierte platonisch-stoisch-augustinische Argumentationstradition, die dem Lachen misstrauisch bis feindlich gegenübersteht; - die anthropologisch orientierte Argumentationstradition, die von Aristoteles über Joubert und Kant bis herauf zu Plessner und Schmitz reicht und die das Lachen als ein proprium hominis deutet und rechtfertigt; - die physiologisch-mechanistisch-energetische (...) Argumentationstradition, die mit Descartes beginnt und mit Freud immer noch nicht beendet ist; - die evolutionsgeschichtlich-ethologische Argumentationstradition, die von Darwin begründet wurde und heute die wohl dominanteste ist. Der zweite, systematische Teil führt die anthropologisch orientierte Argumentationstradition auf der Grundlage der Neuen Phänomenologie von Hermann Schmitz fort und beschreibt das Lachen in seinen drei Grundtypen als Bekundungs-, Interaktions- und Resonanz-Lachen auf den verschiedenen ontogenetischen Stufen von Lachmündigkeit als Spiel von personaler Emanzipation und personaler Regression wie auch als synergetischsynästhetisches Gesamtverhalten bei verschiedenen Einstellungen und in verschiedenen Situationen. Die beiden letzten Kapitel bieten Überlegungen zur Lebensfunktion des Humors und Empfehlungen zum Vertrauen in die je eigene Leiblichkeit als dem tragenden Grund personalen Seins. (shrink)

In the course of the debates on Priscian's notion of the perfect sentence, the philosopher Peter Abelard developed a theory that closely resembles modern accounts of propositional attitudes and that goes far beyond the established Aristotelian conceptions of the sentence. According to Abelard, the perfection of a sentence does not depend on the content that it expresses, but on the fact that the content is stated along with the propositional attitude towards the content. This paper tries to provide an analysis (...) and a consistent interpretation of Abelard's arguments within the framework of the mediaeval models of language and mind. (shrink)

In der 1970 gegründeten Reihe erscheinen Arbeiten, die philosophiehistorische Studien mit einem systematischen Ansatz oder systematische Studien mit philosophiehistorischen Rekonstruktionen verbinden. Neben deutschsprachigen werden auch englischsprachige Monographien veröffentlicht. Gründungsherausgeber sind: Erhard Scheibe, Günther Patzig und Wolfgang Wieland. Von 1990 bis 2007 wurde die Reihe von Jürgen Mittelstraß mitherausgegeben.

Mit Beiträgen zahlreicher Fachwissenschaftler.

The Condemnation of 1277 is one of the most salient events in arguing about the nature and boundaries of philosophy. My aim is not to add another estimation of the Condemnation as a clash of faith and reason, but rather to consider the concept of philosophy at work. To sidestep deciding on a particular notion of philosophy in advance, I will focus on the kind of disagreement displayed in the document of the Condemnation. With a side-glance to contemporary argumentation theory, (...) I shall argue that the disagreement we encounter fulfils crucial criteria of what is known today as deep disagreement. We will see that we are in fact dealing not with one concept of philosophy but two different kinds of philosophy. At the same time, it will turn out that the reception has mainly focused on one kind of philosophy only, namely the rationalist approach attacked in the Condemnation. (shrink)

This article discusses ethical problems related to postsecondary–K-12 collaborative work involving instructional technologies. Technology related school-university collaboration in particular can give rise to some ethical dilemmas, due to the variety of skills, interests, and obligations of participating teachers, tech specialists, professors, and school administrators. Participants, in promoting narrow interests and concerns too immoderately, can lose sight of a learning-driven framework for decision making. Ethics are implicated, because student learning should be at the heart of the codes that guide all educators (...) in their professional behavior. This article begins by identifying potential advantages of using technology to enrich teacher education classes. The article then describes problems related to initiating access to K-12 classrooms and to negotiating a plan of action. The article seeks to reconcile the concerns of school administrators’and information technology officers’typical concerns with those of K-12- and university-based instructors. (shrink)

Social philosophy of mind and epistemology seem to be fairly recent inventions. According to a still widespread picture, early modern philosophers were constrained by an individualistic paradigm that settles epistemological and psychological explanations by considering the minds of single thinkers. This picture is mainly owing to the historiography epitomized in Gilbert Ryle's attack on dualism. However, once we look beyond this picture, we can see that at least some early modern views on the mind can be read as social approaches. (...) Accordingly, a great part of understanding the history and philosophy of early modern social epistemology depends on understanding what the Rylean picture amounts to and how it functions. Drawing mainly on my case study of Spinoza, I shall argue that the Rylean picture needs to be both taken seriously and challenged. I will begin by considering its features as a historiographical narrative and zoom in on the conceptual connection between dualism and individualism to assess its adequacy. (shrink)

Das juristische Konzept der Einwilligung nach Aufklärung ist im Respekt vor dem Selbstbestimmungsrecht begründet. Es entwickelte sich seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, gewann mit der rapiden Ausweitung der klinischen Forschung seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts mittels der Deklaration von Helsinki und seit 1972 in den USA als Konzept des informed consent erhebliche Bedeutung in der klinischen Forschung, nachfolgend auch in der klinischen Praxis. Die psychiatrische Forschung stieß bald auf das grundlegende ethische Problem, dass psychische Krankheiten die Einwilligungsfähigkeit und damit die (...) Voraussetzung jeder Forschungsteilnahme beeinträchtigen oder gar zerstören können. Versuche der Lösung dieses ethischen und juristischen Problems in den letzten 30 Jahren – von frühen, durch das Konzept angestoßenen Fragen über die Entwicklung von Verfahren zur Feststellung der Einwilligungsfähigkeit bis zu aktuellen Vorschlägen für Forschungs- bzw. Probandenverfügungen und Forschungsvollmachten – werden im Kontext ihrer gesellschaftlichen Resonanz wie auch der eigenen Erfahrung skizziert. Die Übersicht soll die zunehmende Differenzierung des Konzepts verdeutlichen; sie folgt der Auseinandersetzung mit Problemen, die sich aus der Umsetzung und Wirksamkeit des Konzepts in der Forschungspraxis ergaben, um das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Probanden zu bewahren. Als Schlussfolgerung ergibt sich 1. Das juristische Konzept der Einwilligung nach Aufklärung wurde erst durch die Entwicklung klinischer Kriterien zur Erfassung der Einwilligungsfähigkeit praktikabel; im Forschungskontext ist die Feststellung der Einwilligungsfähigkeit unverzichtbar, da von ihr die Gültigkeit der Einwilligung abhängt. 2. Zu erkennen ist ein langsamer Wandel von der Erfüllung einer juristisch begründeten Pflicht des forschenden Psychiaters, den potentiellen Forschungsteilnehmer nach Aufklärung um seine Einwilligung zu bitten, hin zu einer stärkeren Patientenorientierung; sie anerkennt das Selbstbestimmungsrecht und bemüht sich, im Prozess der Aufklärung die Fähigkeit des Patienten zu optimieren, sich zu einer Forschungsteilnahme selbstbestimmt entscheiden zu können. Dabei wird die Einwilligungsfähigkeit anhand klinischer Kriterien bestimmbar. 3. Es wird bezweifelt, dass die jüngsten legislativen Bemühungen geeignet sind, die Selbstbestimmung bei Forschung ohne potentiellen individuellen Nutzen mit nicht-einwilligungsfähigen Probanden zu sichern; denn es ist fraglich, ob die vorverlegte, dann aber prinzipiell nur unspezifisch mögliche Aufklärung und die auf einen später spezifisch aufgeklärten Vertreter verlagerte Entscheidung praktisch ausreichend realisiert werden können; ethisch enthält diese kontroverse Einschränkung der Selbstbestimmung zumindest das Risiko, das Verhältnis zwischen Individualwohl und Gemeinwohl zu Ungunsten des Individuums zu verschieben. Dadurch wäre dann auch das mit der Respektierung des Selbstbestimmungsrechtes begründete Konzept der Einwilligung nach Aufklärung infrage gestellt. (shrink)

The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare the hygienic-sanitary conditions of two Units of Food and Nutrition (UANs) (A and B) located in two municipalities of the Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul, by means of Ordinance No. 78/2009, which established the Checklist of Good Practices for Food Services. This legislation composes a checklist with 153 criteria distributed in 12 categories. Each criterion is endowed with the options "Yes", "No" and "NA" (not applicable), which were marked (...) with an "x", being: "NA" when the criterion did not correspond to the UAN reality, "No" when the criteria were not in compliance with the legislation, and "Yes" when UAN met the evaluation criteria legislation. The classification of each UAN followed the scoring criteria established by RDC 275/2002. The a UAN presented a total of 90.85% (n = 129) of compliance and the "B" UAN totaled 88.27% (n = 128) of compliance. Both were classified in Group 1 of DRC 275/2002. The "A" UAN presented 05 nonconforming categories, totaling 13 criteria (9.15%), and Unit B 08 nonconforming categories, totaling 17 criteria (11.72%). Both UANs had good hygienic-sanitary conditions because they met most of the criteria in accordance with the legislation. (shrink)

Volume 32, Issue 6, December 2024, Page 1486-1494.

This article theorizes and exemplifies reconceptualized teaching practices, both in early childhood education 1 and in a couple of programs within the new Swedish Teacher Education . 2 These programs are tightly knit to the last 12 years of reconceptualized early childhood education practices in and around Stockholm, built on deconstructive, co‐constructive, and re‐constructive principles, inspired by poststructural and feminist poststructural theories. The aim is foremost to work towards a dissolution and/or transgression of the modernist theory‐practice binary that dominates ECE (...) and teacher education practices, where theory is meant to be applied to practice. Student teachers, as well as pre‐school teachers, use what I have conceptualized as deconstructive talks, as a possibility of making visible the dominant discourses of childhood, identity, learning, play, and gender in the performed and documented teaching practices. In teacher education, students’ narratives are also deconstructed. The aim is to transgress teaching‐as‐usual; i.e. dominant and normative ways of thinking and acting in teaching and learning situations. I will suggest an ethics of ‘resistance’, affirmation and becoming, inspired by Derridean deconstructionist thinking, as a professional attitude and reflexive mode for teachers, teacher students and teacher educators. (shrink)

Modern Philosophy, the third volume in the history of philosophy series edited by Etienne Gilson, is a comprehensive critical study of philosophical thought from Descartes to Kant. Containing detailed discussions of individual figures, both major and minor, it treats not only their metaphysical and epistemological views but also their philosophies of art, religion, morals, and politics. It presents the historical settings in which they wrote and shows the dialectical interplay among their views. As Gilson and Langan point out, there inevitably (...) is some arbitrariness in deciding what to include or emphasize in a volume such as this, but, in my opinion, it would be difficult to give a more balanced and complete survey than theirs. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Das Mittelalter Jahrgang: 19 Heft: 2 Seiten: 420-452.

Brecht hat im Laufe seiner geistigen Entwicklung eine ganze Reihe von ideologischen Positionen eingenommen und für sein poetisches Werk fruchtbar gemacht, von denen die marxistische nur eine von vielen war. Deshalb stellt dieser neue Blick auf Brecht sein Werk als einzelne Stationen einer nach allen Seiten offenen Entwicklung dar und konzentriert sich dabei auf die Positionen, die bisher in der Forschung zu kurz gekommen, übersehen oder schlichtweg geleugnet worden sind: die nationalprotestantischen Anfänge des jungen Dichters, die enge Orientierung an der (...) Philosophie von Max Stirner in den frühen Augsburger Dramen und die ebenso enge Orientierung an Lao-Tse in den späten klassischen Werken. (shrink)

Against the background of the increasing importance of digitization in health care, the paper examines how medical practitioners who are involved in the development of digital health technologies legitimate and criticize the implementation and use of digital health technologies. Adopting an institutional logics perspective, the study is based on qualitative interviews with persons working at the interface of medicine and digital technologies development in Switzerland. The findings indicate that the developers believe that digital health technologies could harmonize current conflicts between (...) an increasing economization of the health care system and professional–ethical demands. At the same time, however, they show that digital technologies can undermine the demand for medical autonomy, a central element of the medical ethos. (shrink)

The first is of a more historical nature, the second of philosophical concern: what was the place occupied by angels in the medieval world-view and what was ...

In reply to the question whether articles of faith can be demonstrated, William of Ockham articulated a peculiar thesis: Even though it is impossible to prove articles of faith in this life, the blessed in heaven could demonstrate our creditive propositions. In contrast to traditional views, William held that both conclusions drawn in heaven and conclusions drawn in this life are subject to the same criteria. This assumption led to a controversy between William's contemporaries, namely, Walter Chatton and Adam Wodeham, (...) who discussed whether theories of propositions are applicable to articles of faith. This essay tries to explain why the problem of demonstrating creditive propositions arose and in what way William's answer gave a new meaning to the dispute. (shrink)

This article explores the possibilities of considering how ‘matter and meaning are mutually constituted’ in the production of knowledge (Barad, 2007: 152) through presenting a diffractive analysis of a piece of interview data with a six-year-old boy in a preschool class. Inspired by Donna Haraway’s (1997) and Karen Barad’s (2007) theorising, I understand diffractive analysis as an embodied engagement with the materiality of research data: a becoming-with the data as researcher. Understanding the body as a space of transit, a series (...) of open-ended systems in interaction with the material-discursive ‘environment’, diffractive analyses constitute transcorporeal engagements with data. Stacy Alaimo’s (2010) theorisation of the transcorporeal is put to work diffractively with Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari’s (1987) thinking on the process of becoming minor or minoritarian. This implies a reconceptualisation of the very act of thinking as a transcorporeal process of engagement, going beyond the idea of reflexivity and interpretation as inner mental activities taking place in the mind of the researcher understood as separated from the data. Through my example, I argue that diffractive analysis can make visible new kinds of material-discursive realities that can have transformative and political consequences. (shrink)