Despite widespread discussion of the impact of corporate social responsibility activities on consumer perceptions, little research has examined how consumers cope with CSR-based crisis response messages as a bolstering strategy. To fill this gap, we propose a framework integrating situational crisis communication theory with the persuasion knowledge model, applying the model to an experiment with a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial design. In Study 1, we found interaction effects between CSR motives and crisis type on word-of-mouth intention and (...) purchase intention. In addition, inferences about CSR motives interacted with perceptions about CSR history on purchase intention. In Study 2, we replicated study 1 and found that crisis responsibility mediated the main effect of crisis type on behavioral intentions, but neither the main effect of CSR motives and CSR history nor the interactions effects among those variables were mediated by crisis responsibility. Our results indicate that consumer inferences from a company’s CSR-based crisis communications play a significant role in increasing consumer behavioral intentions in two situations: when a crisis is accidental and when a CSR history is short. Ethical and theoretical implications are discussed. (shrink)

This article aims to review the concept of ‘Sokhyung(贖刑)’ as an example of a pluralistic interpretation of ‘Heumhul(欽恤)’ in The Book of Documents in the 18th and 19th centuries, and compared and reviewed the interpretation of The Book of Documents by Jeong Yak-yong(丁若鏞) and Shim Dae-yoon(沈大允). Sokhyung is to replace the original sentence by paying property after the sentence is confirmed. It is a specific application example of Heumhul, which means careful and lenient application of punishment. In The Book of (...) Documents, the discussion related to Sokhyung is presented in Chapter 11 of Soonjeon(舜典) and Yeohyung(呂刑). Seojipjeon(書集傳) written by Chae Chim(蔡沈) became the standard for interpreting Sokhyung, and he opposed Sokhyung because it was not fair. At this time, Sokhyung has the meaning of ‘commutation’, and in this respect, Sokhyung takes on the character of Heumhul in that it is a lenient application of the law. Scholars of the Joseon Dynasty generally tended to follow the views of Chae Chim, but a new interpretation trend emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries. Jeong Yak-yong was in favor of the system of Sokhyung on the grounds that the body was preserved by carrying out Sokhyung. At this time, Sokhyung has a meaning of Heumhul in that it is a method of carefully applying punishment and plays a role in realizing the Virtue that likes to save lives(好生之德). Shim Dae-yoon opposed the system of Sokhyung, but did not fully agree with Chae Chim's view. He argued that Sokhyung has the character of applying the law leniently and plays a role of promising that the punishment will disappear(刑期無刑), but criticized the system of Sokhyung in that it interferes with the discretionary application of the law(權衡). (shrink)

본 논문은 대표적인 북학자 중 한명인 홍대용(洪大容, 1731~1783)의 세계관 변화를 고찰하고, 그의 세계관 변화 속에서 그가 일찍이 당시 수준에서 현대적인 글로컬화된 철학적 세계관을 가지고 있었음을 밝히는 것이다. 그의 세계관 변화를 고찰하는 것은 조선의 역사에서 지식인들의 세계관 변화의 추이를 대표해 살펴보는 것이다. 당시 조선 지식인들이 명(明)을 중화로 인식하고 조선을 동이(東夷)로 인식하던 것을, 명의 멸망 후 조선을 소중화(小中華)로 청(淸)을 북쪽 변방으로 인식했던 것이, 18세기에 이르러 변화했다는 것은 잘 알려진 사실이다. 이러한 변화를 대표하는 것이 홍대용의 세계관 변화이다. 홍대용의 세계관은 35세(1765~6년)에 있었던 북경 여행을 (...) 계기로 변화하기 시작하였다. 그리고 그의 말년인 50세(1780년) 전후의 작품으로 추정되는 「의산문답(醫山問答)」에 이르러서는 그의 철학적인 사유와 함께 완성된 세계관이 나타난다. 본 논문에서는 그의 세계관이 전통적 세계관에서 어떻게 어떤 내용으로 질적인 변화를 하는지, 그리고 그것의 철학적 의의가 무엇인지 밝히는 것이다. 홍대용의 학문이 원숙할 때 이른 경지는 모든 곳에 곳에 도가 있고, 그래서 모든 곳이 중심이 된다는 것이다. 홍대용의 세계 인식은 조선 지식인의 전통적 세계관인 화이관을 벗어난 것이다. 그는 지원(地圓), 지전(地轉)의 세계관을 바탕으로, 하나만의 중심을 무화(無化)시키고 전통적 화이관을 해체하였다. 이것을 현대적으로 풀이하면, 다원주의적이고 글로컬적인 세계 인식을 갖게 되었던 것이라 해석할 수 있다. 그에게 이제 도(道)는 모든 곳에 있는 것이며, 지역으로도, 종족으로도, 문화로도, 시간적으로도 각각이 모두 스스로 중심이 되는 것이다. 현재를 살아가는 우리에게 그는 지역성과 세계성이 동시에 가능해지는 현대적 의미의 글로컬라이제이션을 선구적으로 주창하고 사유했던 철학자로 해석된다. 그에게 하늘과 땅 사이에 존재하는 모든 인간은 각자의 자리에서, 인사(人事)와 천시(天時)에 따른 각자의 온전한 도(道)를 적절하게 이룰 수 있는 존재로 해석되었던 것이라 볼 수 있다. (shrink)

본 연구는 세계 문명의 생태적 관계망을 조율하는 21세기 새로운 문명관인 ‘생태 문명’의 실마리를 전통 시대 동아시아의 국제 공공성과의 연관 속에서 조선의 한반도라는 전통적 사유 공간에서 모색해보고자 했다. 구체적으로는 18세기 대표적인 북학 실학자이자 생태 사상가로 평가되는 담헌 홍대용의 철학사상을 21세기 동서 통합의 새로운 ‘생태적 연대 문명’이라는 현재적 의미로 재구성하는 데 맞춰졌다. 그 문제 설정은 기본적으로 기존의 동서 보편 문명관에 내장된 ‘주변부’에 대한 ‘중심부’의 양분적이고 차별적인 기제에 주목하는 데서 출발한다. 홍대용의 생태철학은 직접적으로는 동양적 문명 범주에 내재된 ‘중화 대 이적’이라는 절대적 타자를 상정하는 (...) 차별 기제의 해체 문제와 관련된다. 동양적 문명론 범주에서 보면 국제 공공성 범주는 ‘중화주의’라는 불완전한 중세적 보편 문명론과 맞닿아 있다. 전통 시대 동아시아 세계에서 ‘중화’는 문명의 단수로 존재하여 중심적 가치를 거부하는 주변국들을 원천적으로 문명의 범주로부터 봉쇄하여 야만국으로 폄하하는 논리적 장치를 구동해 왔다. 이러한 계서적 국제 규범은 중국 중심의 천하관인 ‘화이론’에 기초한다. 홍대용의 ‘문명생태주의’는 다원성과 타자성을 포용하는 미래적 가치의 ‘다주체·다중심의 공생주의 문명관’에 근접한다. 그의 탈중심화 담론은 물·아가 지양되는 진리의 전체상인 ‘천시天視’로부터 획득된 것이다. 담헌은 중심과 주변이라는 인·물, 지地·성星, 내·외, 화·이, 춘추·역외춘추 등의 대립 구도를 상대화하는 한편 이 양자의 동시긍정이라는 ‘연대적 동일성’을 지향한다. 이것은 인식론적으로 상대주의를 견지하면서도 궁극적으로는 천의 시각에서 존재의 평등성을 관찰해가는 구상인 것이다. 자기의 중심성을 벗어나 공평무사하게 ‘천의 관점’에 입각해보면 그 누구도 중심이 될 수 없으며 수평적 관계의 대등함만이 존재할 뿐이다. 이 동일성의 철학은 인물균, 지성균地星均을 거쳐 종국에는 ‘화이일華夷一’에까지 관통된다. 그리고 그것은 과거 문명 강권주의가 구획해놓은 중심과 주변, 주체와 객체, 보편과 다원, 근대와 전통, 서양과 동양 등의 방대한 양분적 구조를 희석시키는 데 두루 관철된다. 담헌의 문명생태주의는 과거의 전통 시대에는 특권적 중심 문화를 향한 소외된 주변 문화의 결손된 권리 찾기였다면 이제 그것은 생명의 존엄성에 입각한 우리는 하나라는 상호 동일성의 ‘평화공존의식’이라 할 것이다. (shrink)

This article has the purpose of examining the commentation that Sung-ho Yi Ik and Da-san Jung Yak-yong developed of Sa-chil Debate (사칠논쟁) Which was a philosophical debate in Chosun Dynasty. Sa-chil Debate began from Toe-gye Yi Whang and Ko-bong Gi Dae-sung and soon as a result of Yul-gok Yi Yi and Woo-gae Sung Hon repeating the debate, It appeared as a kind of philosophical theme. After that, Yul-gok and Toe-gye's students formed a kind of school. They also made the debate (...) extended and the theory more sophisticated by criticizing a counterpart's argument on base of ideologizing their teacher's theory. About 200 years after Toe-gye died, Sung-ho Yi Ik was born and after about 250 years, Da-san Jung Yak-yong was born. Both they experienced a western naturalscience and a catholic theory as Silhak Scholars (실학자). Therefore their this kind of interpretation about Sung-li Debate must be offering a deeply interesting investigation to us. In conclusion, Sung-ho advocated Toe-gye's theory at all, adding more explanation to it and Da-san evaluated all of Toe-gye's and Yul-gok's theory to be right because their theories have a unique logicality of making a sense. Sung-ho stood on a Shilhak view point gave up a organic cosmology ofSung-li theory which has a continuity to cosmology and moral theory, arguing Sa-chil-Li bal-Yil-lo Theory (四七理發一路說) by understanding Sa-chil Debate based on only moral perspective. Even though Da-san also said Yang-si Theory (兩是論) that both their theories are all right, he argued that Toe-gye's theory is much more important in the aspect of moral practice owing to his religious opinion by a catholic affect. By the way, Sung-ho supplemented and explained Toe-gye's theory, but he had not a sufficient logic and was not objective because of his leaning into advocating Toe-gye's theory much further. Da-san had an advantage of evaluating both Toe-gye's and Yul-gok's theory to be all right, but came to argue an insufficient philosophy on account of its simplicity. (shrink)

Prior research on employee–organization relationships has exclusively focused on the positive consequences of high-inducement EORs. Drawing from social exchange theory, we develop a model theorizing employee unethical pro-organizational behavior as one potential negative outcome of high-inducement EORs, as mediated by high-quality social exchange relationship between the employee and the employer. Empirical findings from two field studies provided convergent support to the mediation relationship between mutual-investment EORs and employee UPB via perceived social exchange. Moreover, the results in Study 2 further revealed (...) that the relationship was less significant among employees with higher levels of moral identity, because the positive relationship between perceived social exchange and employee UPB was weakened by high moral identity. The theoretical and managerial implications were discussed. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a record global crisis, particularly and extremely, for the service sectors. Due to extensive security measures, many service sector employees have to work remotely to maintain services. Drawing upon the conservation of resources theory, this research investigates the impact of servant leadership on the task performance of employees in virtual working environments during the COVID-19 crisis. Our theoretical model was tested using data collected from 335 individual employees in the education sector of Pakistan. SPSS version (...) 26.0 was applied to find the hypothesized relationship between the study variables. To find the indirect mediating effect, we applied Model 4; for moderation, we applied Model 1; and for the moderation and mediation effect, we applied Model 7 of the Process Macro model of Hayes. The results of the study revealed that servant leadership is positively related to task performance in a virtual environment during crises. Furthermore, psychological empowerment partially mediates the relationship between servant leadership and task performance. Perceived supervisor support positively moderates the relationship between servant leadership and task performance. Moreover, the indirect effect of servant leadership on task performance via psychological empowerment is moderated by perceived supervisor support. The results provided guidance to the educational sector on how to lead effectively in times of crisis when service sector employees work predominantly in virtual environments. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. (shrink)

Previous studies in Western contexts have examined the relationships between various board characteristics and CSR, yet the relationships need to be re-examined in non-Western contexts given differential theoretical premises across contexts. We specifically propose that the effects of board characteristics on CSR in Korea should be patterned distinctively from Western-based existing literature, focusing on three important board characteristics, such as a board’s independence, social ties, and diversity. Using a panel dataset from large Korean firms, we found that various relationships between (...) board characteristics and CSR were non-linear, whereas most of the previous research on Western contexts found that the same relationships were linear. Specifically, curvilinear relationships were found between CSR and board independence, CEO-outside director social ties, and educational diversity. Our findings suggest that there is no universal feature of CSR-supportive board characteristics due to the unique characteristics of various institutional contexts. (shrink)

The product presentation videos on E-commerce platforms have a significant influence on consumers' purchase decisions, and enterprises have focused on choosing the type of product presentation videos. Based on the resource matching theory, mental imagery theory and cue utilization theory, this study investigated the influence of product presentation videos type on consumers' purchase intention and the moderating effect of product rating. Through three pre-experiments and two formal experiments, the results showed that the product usage video has a stronger effect on (...) consumers' purchase intention more than the product appearance video, which is mediated by perceived diagnosticity and mental imagery. In addition, product rating moderated the influence of product presentation videos type on consumers' purchase intention. The product usage video would improve consumers' purchase intention more than the product appearance video when the product rating is high; however, there is no significant difference in the impact of two types of videos on consumers' purchase intention when the product rating is low. This study supplements the research on product presentation videos and provides a reference for online retailers to select effective product presentation videos. (shrink)

1. Chŏngch'i ch'ŏrhak kwa chŏngsin punsŏkhak ŭi mannam -- 2. Han'gugin ŭi chamjae ŭisik kwa chŏngch'i pyŏngni.

The aim of this study is to examine the current profile of bioethics education in the nursing curriculum as perceived by nursing students and faculty in Korea. A convenience sampling method was used for recruiting 1223 undergraduate nursing students and 140 nursing faculty in Korea. Experience of Bioethics Education, Quality of Bioethics Education, and Demand for Bioethics Education Scales were developed. The Experience of Bioethics Education Scale showed that the nursing curriculum in Korea does not provide adequate bioethics education. The (...) Quality of Bioethics Education Scale revealed that the topics of human nature and human rights were relatively well taught compared to other topics. The Demand for Bioethics Education Scale determined that the majority of the participants believed that bioethics education should be a major requirement in the nursing curriculum. The findings of this study suggest that bioethics should be systemically incorporated into nursing courses, clinical practice during the program, and during continuing education. (shrink)

The expansion of the higher education system and the rationalization of universities in South Korea, while broadly following the global patterns, reflect the characteristics of the national political system. We show the rapid growth of universities and document core organizational changes among universities: the elaboration of faculty performance evaluation rules, the expansion and differentiation of central administrations, and the emergence of engagement in vision statements. These changes, constructing universities as organizational actors, parallel the changes in higher education systems elsewhere. However, (...) the uniqueness of the Korean experience lies with the role of the state as a catalyst guiding the overall direction and the structure and strategy of universities. We discuss the implications of our research for the rationalization of universities in a highly centralized system. (shrink)

In order to manage the electricity consumption information of microgrid users, the reliability of electricity information collection is studied in this paper. The normal communication between the acquisition terminal and the smart meter is a key factor affecting the accurate collection of power information; it is the basis for ensuring the operation of the microgrid as well. In order to improve the reliability of the low power line communication between the acquisition terminal and smart meters, this article first uses the (...) static networking method to layer the smart meters and select relays from them and then select the optimal communication path based on integrating communication quality and relay forwarding number dynamically, which could avoid the signal conflict problem caused by simultaneous communication. Finally, by analyzing the influence of the time-varying power line channel on the smart meter communication, a method based on the integrated communication quality and the relay number to consider the time variability of low power line communication is proposed. Choosing the optimal path of the smart meters when the communication path is abnormal can not only establish a new communication path for communication in time, but also avoid communication failures caused by the time-varying channel. Through MATLAB simulation, the time-varying dynamic network of the power line channel is introduced in this paper, which improves the reliability of the smart meter communication and has certain guiding significance for the actual smart meter network construction in microgrid. (shrink)

People have three cognitive representations of the self, namely, the individual, relational, and collective selves, which are indispensable components of selfhood but not necessarily given equal preference. Previous studies found that people displayed varied self-hierarchy in miscellaneous tasks involving different research materials that had pre-existing learned associations established over long periods of time. Therefore, this study tries to explore a purer self-hierarchy without the influence of research materials, using perceptual matching tasks. The behavioral and event-related potentials’ findings showed that people (...) recognized information association with their individual self faster compared with their relational and CS. Smaller N2, stronger P3 and late positive complex amplitudes were evoked during IS compared with RS and CS. However, the three selves evoked equal P2 amplitudes at the early processing stage. Moreover, CS showed a weaker advantage than RS, demonstrating a longer reaction time, lower d prime, and weaker P3 and LPC amplitudes in the parietal region. Overall, self-hierarchy during simple perceptual processing manifested as IS > RS > CS at the late processing stage but manifested as IS = RS = CS at the early processing stage. Self-hierarchy varies according to the processing stage, even without meaningful information and during the simple perception processing. This result provides direct evidence that all selves can be tagged with neutral actions, which would fit the idea of an organism attuned to self-survival at multiple processing levels. (shrink)