: In this paper I will examine two conceptions of philosophy that were defended in Latin America during the last century. I believe that both models have to be put away and that we must build a new one, recovering elements of both of them. At the end of my paper I will consider very briefly what can we learn from this in order to construct a genuine philosophical dialogue between the United States and Latin America.

The doctrine of paṭicca samuppāda or dependent co-arising is fundamental to Buddhist ethics. In this vision of radical relativity, reality appears as an interdependent process wherein change and choice, doer and deed, person and community are mutually causative. Morality is grounded in this interdependence, as in the corrollary Buddhist views of anattā and karma. Consequently it reveals a reciprocal dynamic between personal and social transformation, expressed in Buddhist scripture and illustrated in a contemporary Buddhist movement in Sri Lanka.

We present a mathematical approach to defeasible reasoning based on arguments. This approach integrates the notion of specificity introduced by Poole and the theory of warrant presented by Pollock. The main contribution of this paper is a precise, well-defined system which exhibits correct behavior when applied to the benchmark examples in the literature. It aims for usability rather than novelty. We prove that an order relation can be introduced among equivalence classes of arguments under the equi-specificity relation. We also prove (...) a theorem that ensures the termination of the process of finding the justified facts. Two more lemmas define a reduced search space for checking specificity. In order to implement the theoretical ideas, the language is restricted to Horn clauses for the evidential context. The language used to represent defeasible rules has been restricted in a similar way. The authors intend this work to unify the various existing approaches to argument-based defeasible reasoning. (shrink)

Convergences between systems philosophy, as developed from general systems theory and articulated by ervin laszlok, and buddhist thought suggest the possibility that the one can serve as a tool for interpreting the other. these convergences include their respective views of (1) reality as process, (2) interdependent causality, (3) the relation of mind to matter, and (4) the nonsubstantiality of the self. cybernetic models of cognitive process are applied to meditative practices of vipassana and mahayana visualizations, as an example of the (...) reciprocal hermeneutic that is possible between these two bodies of thought. (shrink)

Draws on a lifetime of wisdom to offer a re-focus on the natural world, where readers can find the strength and spiritual nourishment to envision a new future for humanity built on a sustainable relationship with the earth.

El artículo se propone presentar algunos elementos de la doctrina spinoziana de la idea adecuada y del orden de filosofar en el temprano Tratado de la reforma del entendimiento. Se intentará mostrar que la segunda parte del método de Spinoza consiste, por un lado, en explicar los “medios” disponibles para asegurar la verdad (definición genética), y, por el otro, en concatenar y ordenar las ideas de suerte que la mente pueda reproducir (total o parcialmente) la formalidad de la Naturaleza. A (...) través de ello afirmaremos que esta segunda parte del método, aunque inconclusa, tiene la virtud de presentar dos cuestiones muy importantes para la comprensión de la futura ontología de la Ética: por un lado, la doctrina de la definición genética, centro del more geométrico spinoziano; y por el otro, la reflexión en torno al “orden” en que existen las cosas singulares y a la naturaleza de su deducción. (shrink)

In this article, I argue that victims of domestic violence characteristically suffer from two distinct kinds of moral harm: moral damage and moral injury. Moral damage occurs when the ability to develop or sustain good moral character has been compromised by an agent’s circumstances. Moral injury refers to a kind of psychological anguish that follows from when an agent causes or becomes causally implicated in actions that we ordinarily would understand to be morally grievous offenses because of their circumstances. A (...) person can experience moral damage or moral injury separately, but the experiences of moral damage and moral injury can also overlap. Because abusers often expect victims to adopt morally deficient dispositions and often implicate victims in wrongdoing, I argue that victims of domestic violence characteristically suffer from both moral damage and moral injury. By appreciating the different yet overlapping moral experiences of the victim, we become better positioned to identify strategies for responding to and repairing the different harms they suffer. (shrink)

A blueprint for social change showing how we can reverse the destructive attitudes that threaten our world.

Este artículo estudia algunos problemas relativos a la doctrina de la temporalidad de Spinoza, centrando el análisis en los Principios de filosofía de Descartes, los Pensamientos metafísicos y la “Carta sobre el infinito”, todas de 1663. Con ello esperamos mostrar que la exposición spinoziana de los conceptos de tiempo y duración en la obra de 1663, si bien sigue la conceptualización cartesiana, opera sobre ésta una crítica implícita (inmanente podríamos decir) que lleva al pensamiento spinoziano hacia sus propios horizontes conceptuales, (...) que serán explícitamente definidos en la carta 12. De esta manera, asimismo, este trabajo busca contribuir al estudio del estatuto de la obra de 1663 y del significado de la doctrina de la temporalidad de Spinoza en este período formativo de su pensamiento. (shrink)

Following a result by De Rijke for modal logic, it is shown that the basic weak entailment model-theoretic language with absurdity is the maximal model-theoretic language having the finite occurrence property, preservation under relevant directed bisimulations and the finite depth property. This can be seen as a generalized preservation theorem characterizing propositional weak entailment formulas among formulas of other model-theoretic languages.

Equivalencias (1998) -- Fragmentos sublunares (1999) -- También el humo tiene su forma (2000).

This paper analyzes an unpublished theory about the origin of global injustices that consider developing countries ethically responsible ontological units. The empirical case studies concern the relationships between multinational companies from developed states and Latin American states. These cases are analyzed based on a qualitative methodology of applied political philosophy and correspond to twelve instances of injustice judged by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights between 1980 and 2014. The article concludes that the distortions in an emerging Ethics of the (...) interdependence of the States, as the acting in bad faith of the governments of developing countries, largely explains the origins of the unfair global distribution of wealth and the economic refugees that it produces. (shrink)

Neuromarketing is an emerging interdisciplinary field dedicated to analyzing marketing strategy and consumer behavior, with the goal of personalizing strategies to target consumers. Neuromarketing generally utilizes neuroscience methodologies such as brain imaging techniques and physiological measurements. Scholars and the public alike have expressed reservations regarding unethical research and real-world applications of neuromarketing. Moreover, critics of the field have called into question both the quality of data from previous studies and the ability of neuromarketing researchers to analyze neuroscience data meaningfully. To (...) examine the discussion about these ethical concerns, we conducted a rapid review of recent normative and empirical works that address the ethics of neuromarketing. In doing so, we performed structured searches on PhilPapers, Web of Science, and PubMed, followed by filtering according to specific exclusion criteria. Using a randomly selected subset of works, we identified a set of topical codes to analyze major ethical themes present within current literature. The ethical themes identified include privacy and confidentiality, personhood and human dignity, autonomy and informed consent, scientific limitations and validity, involvement of vulnerable groups, legislation and public policy, and fears of “mind control”. Through our systematic analysis of these distinct areas of ethical concern, our structured review highlights privacy and confidentiality and “mind control” as the most salient ethical considerations of neuromarketing and vulnerable groups and personhood and human dignity as prominent areas that require further attention from neuroethicists. (shrink)

The Reading Augustine series presents short, engaging books offering personal readings of St. Augustine of Hippo's contributions to western philosophical, literary, and religious life. This two-volume work provides a new understanding of Western subjectivity as theorized in the Augustinian Rule. A theopolitical synthesis of Antiquity, the Rule is a humble, yet extremely influential example of subjectivity production. In these volumes, Jodra argues that the Classical and Late-Ancient communitarian practices along the Mediterranean provide historical proof of a worldview in which the (...) self and the other are not disjunctive components, but mutually inclusive forces. The Augustinian Rule is a culmination of this process and also the beginning of something new: The paradigm of the monastic self as protagonist of the new, medieval worldview. Three main theoretical challenges leading to, and present in the Rule are tackled: What are the sources of our modern understanding of subjectivity? Can Ancient sources provide an alternative genealogy that resists the individualistic turn of Modernity? And can the commons be saved without suppressing individuality? Jodra seeks to prove that the synthesis-which is also an appropriation-of Greek and Judaic sources carried out by the first Christians allowed for two contrasting models of subjectivity, the self-less and the other-less, to 'take turns' to dominate our understanding of human nature. The Greek world provided the political dimension and the Jewish world established the key theological principles of a Mediterranean synthesis which took place in Rome. Coherently and progressively, Jodra emphasizes the theopolitical nature of our worldview even today, and claim that the subject of the primitive Church is its most visible incarnation. These volumes therefore restore the unity of the Hellenistic and Judaic world as found by the first Christians, proving that the self and the other are two essential pieces in the construction of our world. (shrink)

KOINONIA/ASETT MINGA/MUTIRÃO DE REVISTAS DE TEOLOGIA LATINO-AMERICANAS Teología de la Liberación y movimiento ecuménico: breve reflexión desde una práctica (Liberation Theology and ecumenical movement: a brief reflection from praxis).

El artículo se centra en analizar la propuesta filosófica del italiano Giorgio Agamben y el modo en que en ella se introduce al pensador alemán Carl Schmitt. Sobre Agamben se evalúa cómo el recurso a la teoría de la excepcionalidad schmittiana, es invertido para favorecer una teoría política impersonal, expresada en una soberanía omnipresente y una resistencia altamente pesimista. Se plantea una crítica a los planteamientos de Agamben, argumentada en la necesidad de dar continuidad a la teoría decisionista de Schmitt. (...) El artículo sostiene que Agamben se basó en la faceta teológico-política de Schmitt y prestó poca atención al Schmitt que relaciona el Estado de excepción con la vida pública, lo movimientos y el antagonismo político de la realpolitik. (shrink)

According to Kratzer’s influential account of epistemic must and might, these operators involve quantification over domains of possibilities determined by a modal base and an ordering source. Recently, this account has been challenged by invoking contexts of ‘epistemic tension’: i.e., cases in which an assertion that must\ is conjoined with the possibility that \, and cases in which speakers try to downplay a previous assertion that must\, after finding out that \. Epistemic tensions have been invoked from two directions. Von (...) Fintel and Gillies :351–383, 2010) propose a return to a simpler modal logic-inspired account: must and might still involve universal and existential quantification, but the domains of possibilities are determined solely by realistic modal bases. In contrast, Lassiter :117–163, 2016), following Swanson, proposes a more revisionary account which treats must and might as probabilistic operators. In this paper, we present a series of experiments to obtain reliable data on the degree of acceptability of various contexts of epistemic tension. Our experiments include novel variations that, we argue, are required to make progress in this debate. We show that restricted quantificational accounts à la Kratzer fit the overall pattern of results better than either of their recent competitors. In addition, our results help us identify the key components of restricted quantificational accounts, and on that basis propose some refinements and general constraints that should be satisfied by any account of the modal auxiliaries. (shrink)

The goal of this study was to introduce a model explaining how managers' attitudes, subjective norms, attributions, and the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension affect the way managers' deal with employee bribery in organizations. Twenty-six internal and external attributions related to bribery were identified through a series of structured interviews with 65 subject matter experts. These attributions, together with the other variables in the model, were evaluated by 354 Ecuadorian managers. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that attitudes and external attributions significantly predicted managers' (...) intentions to discipline employees who accepted a bribe. In addition, external attributions mediated the relationship between individualism-collectivism and intent to discipline corrupt employees. Implications for the management of bribery in Latin American organizations are discussed. (shrink)

Guillermo E. Rosado Haddock, ed. Husserl and Analytic Philosophy. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2016. ISBN 978-3-11-049655-0 ; 978-3-11-049737-3 ; 978-3-11-049418-1. Pp. viii + 338.

This article aims to clarify and expand our conceptual repertoire for understanding domestic violence and abuse by making legible different characteristic harms, particularly those that cannot be made sense of in terms of physical harm. Sections 2 and 3 of this article review popular understandings of the harms of domestic violence and abuse. These often emphasize either (a) pain and suffering or (b) the loss of capacities for self-governance as characteristic harms of domestic violence and abuse. In its second half, (...) this article argues that domestic violence and abuse characteristically involve yet another harm to the victim, one that cannot neatly be explained in terms of hedonistic welfare or concerns for a victim's capacities for self-governance. More specifically, this article argues that through the characteristic social isolation of domestic violence and abuse, perpetrators alienate victims from what motivationally roots them to the world. Although relationships that motivationally root us to the world might make us fundamentally dependent on others and can cause us great pain, they nevertheless play a profoundly valuable role in our lives by giving us reasons to go on living. (shrink)

This paper explores sensory perception in classrooms, and the relationship between classrooms and nature in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. First, it argues that this crisis provides a unique opportunity to rethink how we perceive classrooms and their connection with nature. Second, the paper describes what students and teachers usually see, hear, touch, smell, and taste in classrooms, and identifies unusual or overlooked sensory phenomena that COVID-19 has brought to our attention. Third, the paper discusses three types of classrooms (...) (traditional, innovative learning environment, open-air) and how they model our perception and conceptualization of nature. The paper concludes by emphasizing the relevance of everyday aesthetics in education, what stands as an opportunity to sensorially enrich pedagogy, and to approach classrooms as proper dwellings for both humans and other-than-human beings. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el concepto de duración de Spinoza. Mostrando la diferencia en relación con algunas obras anteriores, interesa interrogar esta noción en el contexto de la inmanencia de la potencia y del ser necesario como ser eterno que se siguen de la ontología de la Ética. Nuestro propósito es mostrar que en esa obra la perspectiva de nuestro autor se independiza completamente de la perspectiva adoptada superficialmente en los Pensamientos metafísicos, y que hace aparecer a (...) la duración con otras características y analizada en función de otra problemática, más vinculada a la ética y la correcta forma de vivir. (shrink)

How are biases encoded in our representations of social categories? Philosophical and empirical discussions of implicit bias overwhelmingly focus on salient or statistical associations between target features and representations of social categories. These are the sorts of associations probed by the Implicit Association Test and various priming tasks. In this paper, we argue that these discussions systematically overlook an alternative way in which biases are encoded, that is, in the dependency networks that are part of our representations of social categories. (...) Dependency networks encode information about how features in a conceptual representation depend on each other. This information determines the degree of centrality of a feature for a conceptual representation. Importantly, centrally encoded biases systematically disassociate from those encoded in salient-statistical associations. Furthermore, the degree of centrality of a feature determines its cross-contextual stability: in general, the more central a feature is for a concept, the more likely it is to survive into a wide array of cognitive tasks involving that concept. Accordingly, implicit biases that are encoded in the central features of concepts are predicted to be more resilient across different tasks and contexts. As a result, the distinction between centrally encoded and salient-statistical biases has important theoretical and practical implications. (shrink)

La escritura. Entre la crisis logocéntrica de Occidente y la ascesis caligráfica de Oriente. La escritura japonesa como caso. Resumen de Tesis de doctorado en Filosofía de Guillermo Goicochea.

This paper is a step toward showing what is achievable using non-classical metatheory—particularly, a substructural paraconsistent framework. What standard results, or analogues thereof, from the classical metatheory of first order logic can be obtained? We reconstruct some of the originals proofs for Completeness, Löwenheim-Skolem and Compactness theorems in the context of a substructural logic with the naive comprehension schema. The main result is that paraconsistent metatheory can ‘re-capture’ versions of standard theorems, given suitable restrictions and background assumptions; but the shift (...) to non-classical logic may recast the meanings of these apparently ‘absolute’ theorems. (shrink)