Celem artykułu jest zwięzłe przedstawienie historii rozwoju literatury Turków cypryjskich od momentu pojawienia się Osmanów na wyspie pod koniec XVI wieku po czasy najnowsze. Osmańscy zdobywcy przywieźli na Cypr swoją tradycję, kulturę i literaturę, ale rozwój piśmiennictwa na wyspie odbywał się w innym tempie i w zależności od sytuacji politycznej podlegał różnym wpływom, nie tylko anatolijskim. Także wielokulturowość miała duży wpływ na charakter rozwoju tureckojęzycznej literatury w ciągu całej 450-letniej obecności Turków na wyspie. W artykule przedstawiono pokrótce najważniejsze wydarzenia polityczne, (...) które miały wpływ na rozwój i kondycję literatury tureckiej na Cyprze. Następnie omówiony został problem periodyzacji literatury Turków cypryjskich na tle okresów rozwoju literatury w Turcji. Z epokami literackimi zazwyczaj można łączyć konkretne gatunki, które w danym okresie pojawiają się, przeżywają największy rozkwit lub zanikają. Historia rozwoju gatunków takich jak nowela, powieść, sztuka sceniczna wskazuje na pewne różnice między literaturą Turcji osmańskiej i republikańskiej a literaturą Turków cypryjskich. Kolejny ważny element, który może służyć jako narzędzie porównania to tematyka utworów – najbardziej naturalne zwierciadło wydarzeń historycznych i problemów przeżywanych przez naród. Zestawienie cech charakterystycznych literatury tureckocypryjskiej i tureckiej na przestrzeni wieków pokazuje, że poza okresem po 1974 roku literatura Turków cypryjskich rozwijała się wolniej, a nowe trendy pojawiały się z opóźnieniem. Jako główne przyczyny takiego stanu rzeczy wskazać można uwarunkowania polityczne i ekonomiczne. (shrink)

Efforts to ban Autonomous Weapon Systems were both unsuccessful and controversial. Simultaneously the need to address the detrimental aspects of AWS development and proliferation continues to grow in scope and urgency. The article presents several regulatory solutions capable of addressing the issue while simultaneously respecting the requirements of military necessity and so attracting a broad consensus. Two much stricter solutions – regional AWS bans and adoption of a no first use policy – are also presented as fallback strategies in case (...) achieving AWS’ compliance with the Laws of Armed Conflict proved elusive. Together, the solutions presented form an outline of a flexible regulatory strategy able to adjust to different technological outcomes and providing a sensible compromise to solve the current deadlock on the AWS issue. (shrink)

There are several strong moral reasons for restoring the practice of parole for prisoners of war (POWs), that is, allowing them to spend their POW internment in a neutral country or in their own country provided they abstain from any military activity. This article makes an ethical case for parole, while discussing thoroughly theoretical as well as practical arguments against its reintroduction. The article suggests ways to create a reliable, internationally recognized way of paroling POWs. It concludes that the reintroduction (...) of parole as such is both ethically required and practically possible, and that it would reduce the needless suffering among POWs that exists under a system that does not allow for parole. (shrink)

Jan Srzednicki’s metaphysical conception of epistemology lies in radical opposition to the whole epistemological tradition. The main problem of his new epistemology is to find a non-linguistic (non-cognitive) idea of reference to an ontological presence.Srzednicki finds the prototype of such a completely new, non-linguistic perspective in Brentano’s Doppelurteile. Brentano’s idea cannot be mechanically adopted, however, because on the whole it still remains within the traditional theory. To avoid the problemsrevealed by Wittgenstein we need a more sophisticated strategy. Srzednicki achieves this (...) goal by scripting the epistemological scenario for two dimensions: theoretical and pre-theoretical. The first one represents the logical space of observer, the second one, the theoretically discernible logical requirements of cognition (called cognitive potential, pre-Ego or arche of the possibility of cognition).Srzednicki’s idea was born in the space of three theoretical challenges: Brentano’s, Kant’s and Wittgenstein’s. He begins where each of these three theorists broke off, which is to say, entangling his endeavors at he end in dilemmas which cannot be resolved by means available from his perspectives. (shrink)

The field of war ethics changes its focus, and grows, in reaction to salient conflicts of the day – and this is how things should be. World War II made the deficiencies of contemporary law and policy crystal clear, remaining the obvious reference point up to this day. It was in reaction to the atrocities of the Vietnam War that Michael Walzer and others made just war theory relevant again, featured in military academies and politician’s speeches. The Iraq War inspired (...) the so-called revisionists in just war theory and fixated military ethicists’ glance on the complex conundrums of counterinsurgency, while G.W. Bush’s War on Terror ignited debates on torture, use of private military contractors and targeted killing. Had these wars been different, contemporary ethics of war would have dealt with different problems, or at the very least it would apportion attention and expertise differently. Consequently it is no surprise that the Russian invasion of Ukraine, launched clandestinely in April 2014 and escalated in February 2022, has generated its own ethical problems. A rare large scale, conventional, inter-state conflict, fought both with legacy Soviet systems and cutting edge contemporary technologies, the Russo-Ukrainian War is different from the asymmetrical, low-end (though not low harm) conflicts of the last thirty years. It is also marked by the almost complete disregard shown by the aggressor side to the issues of justice, both ad bellum and in bello ones. Indeed, as I write these words, use of nuclear weapons in offensive warfare is being openly threatened, and one is to assume, considered, by the Kremlin. Both frost and hunger are being weaponized against civilians, with the inhabitants of Ukraine being far from the only target, or casualty, of such policies. In a globalized world, the suffering is also global. While the issue of ad bellum justice is uncharacteristically straightforward, many other questions are anything but answered. Nuclear blackmail, and nuclear-backed imperialism, stand out as theoretically underappreciated yet vastly important problems. So does the role of the global community in limiting the spillover effects of the war from hurting the most vulnerable. Devising an appropriate international response to crimes against humanity and acts of genocide committed by a nuclear power, yet by conventional means, offers another set of stark problems. These heavyweight questions are just the very first ones that spring to mind when one contemplates the events of the current war. Russian attacks on power plants and heating stations, conducted at the verge of winter, unfortunately may be said to have some precedent in the actions of Western powers in Serbia and Iraq. Whether such attacks are legal under international laws of armed conflict, and, if they are legal, whether the laws should change is another subject ripe for debate. So is the issue of POW’s notorious vulnerability to wanton and needless cruelty, once again exposed by this war. The internment of Mariupol garrison commanders in Turkey seems to offer a glimpse of a solution far more civilized than the current system. As far as the ethics of novel military technologies are concerned, the widespread use of armed drones, permeating to ever lower levels of military organization has major, though unclear implications both for the future of drones and that of autonomous weapons. Does the wildfire proliferation of armed drones prove the attempts to frame them as illegitimate, morally suspect weapons were naïve and futile? Or does it prove ethicists should double down their efforts to shackle such technologies in their infancy? The general problem is far from the only one. What about the use of drones or autonomous weapons that cannot be tied to a particular actor against critical infrastructure, such as the Nord Stream pipelines? How are such attacks to be responded to or deterred? Regarding technology, this is also the first conflict of this size followed almost in real time by a truly global audience of sympathizers, spectators and trolls capable of impacting political and military outcomes through influence campaigns, donations, volunteer online work etc. It is clear that trying to sway one’s government to increase or cease support for a side of this conflict is not morally neutral, nor is transferring money for the war effort. How should we think of these new forms of extended participation in conflict? And given their importance, how should those who report the truth about the ugly realities of war proceed? What about pundits and commentators with large audiences – what are their responsibilities, and what standards can we expect of them? The questions that may be asked about the behavior of essentially private citizens may of course also be asked about the behavior of governments – and corporations. What degree of assistance to the victim state may be required? What degree of involvement with the aggressor state is permissible? What these and many other conundrums placed in the spotlight by the Russian invasion have in common is that they need answers – most quite urgently. Consequently we invite a variety of learned and considerate voices to opine on these in our journal’s special issue. Among questions and doubts, one thing is certain – when confronted with the evils of war, we cannot stay silent, and we cannot cease to reflect. (shrink)

If a firm provides incentives by promoting those who have performed well in a job, it may transfer them to a job to which they are not well suited and agents are promoted to their levels of incompetence. Tournaments are an alternative to reputation as a means of ensuring that firms reward good performance when performance is unverifiable.

Reproduction places severe demands on the energy metabolism in human females. When physical work entails higher energy expenditure, not enough energy will be left for the support of the reproductive processes and temporal suppression of the reproductive function is expected. While energy needed for reproduction may be obtained by increases in energy intake, utilization of fat reserves, or reallocation of energy from basal metabolism, several environmental or physiological constraints render such solutions unlikely. For human ancestors increases in energy intake were (...) limited by availability of food, by labor of food preparation and by metabolic ceilings to energy assimilation. Energy stored as fat may support only a fraction of the requirements for reproduction (especially lactation). Effects of intense physical activity on basal metabolism may also interfere with fat accumulation during pregnancy. Finally, the female physiology may experience demands on increasing the basal metabolism as a consequence of physical activity and, at the same time, on decreasing the basal metabolism, when energy to support the ongoing pregnancy or lactation is inadequate. The resulting metabolic dilemmas could constitute a plausible cause for the occurrence of reproductive suppression in response to physical activity. It is, therefore, likely that allocating enough energy to the reproductive processes during periods when energy expenditure rises may be difficult due to physiological and bioenergetic constraints. Females attempting pregnancy in such conditions may compromise their lifetime reproductive output. A reproductive suppression occurring in low energy availability situations may thus represent an adaptive rather then a pathological response. (shrink)

The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of homosexual men connected with the formation of their sexual orientation in adolescence. A comparative study of 27 young adult homosexual men and 28 heterosexual men of similar age used a categorised interview questionnaire consisting of two parts: the first with questions regarding sexual dreams, fantasies and erotic encounters; the second with questions on family and social circumstances. The study yielded an abundance of interesting data on the psychological circumstances of (...) homosexual men during the formation of sexual orientation and its awareness as well as differences and similarities in that area between homosexual and heterosexual men. For instance, it revealed experience patterns concerning the formation of sexual identity and personal attitudes toward one’s sexual orientation characteristic of homosexual persons. The study verified the main hypothesis that mental-internal experiences precede behavioural-external ones both in homosexual and heterosexual persons. (shrink)

Postpartum depression is more prevalent in mothers and fathers of preterm infants compared to parents of full-term infants and may have long-term detrimental consequences for parental mental health and child development. The temperamental profile of an infant has been postulated as one of the important factors associated with parental depressiveness in the first months postpartum. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal relationship between depressive symptoms and perceived infant temperament at 3 months corrected age, and depressive symptoms at 6 months (...) corrected age among mothers and fathers of infants born preterm. We assessed 59 families with infants born before the 34th gestational week using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised. We found that mothers’ scores on EPDS and infants’ Orienting/regulation at 3 months corrected age predicted mothers’ EPDS scores at 6 months corrected age. In particular, higher depressive scores were related to higher depressive symptoms at 6 months corrected age, whereas higher infant Orienting/regulation was related to lower depressive symptoms at 6 months corrected age. Due to the low internal consistency of EPDS at 6 months for fathers, we were unable to conduct similar analyses for fathers. Our results point to the importance of considering both early indices of maternal mood as well as mother-reported measures of preterm infant temperament in the attempts to predict levels of maternal depressiveness in later months of an infant’s life. Further studies are urgently needed in order to better understand the associations between depressiveness and infant temperament in fathers, and with more consideration for the severity of the effects of infant prematurity. (shrink)

The subject of the article is the concept of a man formed by a Polish philosopher and sociologist Erazm Majewski. A special attention was paid the premises, which as defined by Majewski, enabled a man to cross the borders of the animal world. Anthropological studies conducted by Majewski contributed to a deeper understanding of an exceptional being, i.e. man. Majewski made an attempt to solve the riddle of man from the perspective of both natural history and sociology.

Jan Karol Kochanowski, polski filozof i historyk, żyjący na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, został już niemal zapomniany. Tylko dwie jego prace, tj. Tłum i jego przewódcy wydane w 1906 roku i Echa prawieku i błyskawice praw dziejowych na tle teraŸniejszooeci1, odbiły się większym echem zarówno w kraju jak i zagranicą. W filozofii polskiej jest jednym z autorów wzmiankowanych co najwyżej przez historyków dyscypliny. Należy do myślicieli niemal zupełnie zapomnianych, a autorzy, którzy interesowali się jego poglądami przyznają, że istniejące informacje (...) biograficzne są „zarazem zbyt skąpe”. Stąd w przedstawionej pracy starałam się przybliżyć postać Kochanowskiego, którego poglądy zasługuj ą na uwagę jako fakt historyczny, bez którego dzieje polskiej filozofii i socjologii nie są kompletne. Myśl Kochanowskiego wykazuje wiele wspólnych cech z założeniami psychologizmu i socjologizmu, choć ten pierwszy na pewno był mu bliższy. Można spotkać u tego myśliciela wątki, dla których inspiracją była refleksja nad tłumem Gustava Le Bona, teoria podboju Lestera F. Warda, psychologizm historyczny Karla Lamprechta, naturalizm Ludwika Gumplowicza, teoria resentymentu Fryderyka Nietzschego. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę rekonstrukcji i analizy wybranych poglądów Kochanowskiego odnoszących się do filozofii dziejów i psychologii narodów. (shrink)

There are several strong moral reasons for restoring the practice of parole for prisoners of war (POWs), that is, allowing them to spend their POW internment in a neutral country or in their own country provided they abstain from any military activity. This article makes an ethical case for parole, while discussing thoroughly theoretical as well as practical arguments against its reintroduction. The article suggests ways to create a reliable, internationally recognized way of paroling POWs. It concludes that the reintroduction (...) of parole as such is both ethically required and practically possible, and that it would reduce the needless suffering among POWs that exists under a system that does not allow for parole. (shrink)

Celem pracy będzie zbadanie historii kościoła św. Walentego w Bieruniu na Górnym Śląsku oraz określenie warstw znaczeniowych i symbolicznych, które w istotny sposób współdecydują o wyjątkowości oraz pięknie sanktuarium. Omawiany drewniany kościół należy do parafii św. Bartłomieja Apostoła, a pierwsza historyczna wzmianka o jego istnieniu pochodzi z 1628 r. Świątynia, w której znajdują się relikwie św. Walentego, przyciąga każdego roku rzesze pielgrzymów. W pracy przyjęto metodę badawczą polegającą na połączeniu analizy pojęć z zakresu sztuki sakralnej z lokalnym kontekstem historycznym oraz (...) szerszą perspektywą kulturową. Celem badania jest wyodrębnienie symboli i znaków współdecydujących o wyjątkowości i pięknie sanktuarium. (shrink)

The Laws of Armed Conflict require that war crimes be attributed to individuals who can be held responsible and be punished. Yet assigning responsibility for the actions of Lethal Autonomous Weapon...

Anna Kamieńska (1920-1986) rückte in den Band Quellen (1962) ein Gedicht Begrüßung der Adria ein. Dieser Artikel ist ein Versuch der Werksinterpretation unter besonderer Beachtung seines literarischen Umfeldes. Er verdeutlicht die Bedeutung des Schaffens der unterschätzen Dichterin, die sich auf die Suche der Lösungen der menschlichen Existenzfragen machte. Der Artikel ist eine Auseinandersetzung mit Miłosz, der Anna Kamieńska den Namen hervorragende Dichterin absprach.

The article offers an analysis of the perfective aspect within the approach of communicational grammar. The author provided an overview of selected verbs with a communication-based analysis of those which consist of recreating predicate-argument systems and their combinations to indicate the impact of aspect on the resulting configuration of meaning. The text also includes examples of the analysis of metaphorical expressions.

Reputation is often seen as central to the coordination of transactions in sharing economy platforms. Participants perform a double role regarding reputation management: while engaging in exchanges with other peers, they build their individual ‘reputation capital’ and simultaneously execute community oversight. In Couchsurfing (CS), a network often cited as paradigmatic of the sharing economy, there is, however, a clear bias for positive references. In the digital economy literature, participants’ friendly behaviour is understood as motivated by self-interest and an incentive to (...) maintain a positive reputation. Social research on reputation in CS attributes the bias to fear of retaliation, but also hints at norms of reciprocity leading travellers to require positive feedback for hospitality. This article analyses the lived experience of reputation management in CS and argues that participants seek to reconcile direct and general reciprocity. It proposes breaking these practices down into boundary-work and creative avoidance and argues these result in insufficient protection of inexperienced participants against problematic members. (shrink)

Zamieszanie wokół problem prawdy ma dwa źródła. Zagadnienie to jest zwykle rozpatrywane w dwu perspektywach: [1] albo w perspektywie poznawczej albo [2] ontologicznej, w kontekście rzeczywistości uteoretyzowanej. Problem w tym, że obydwie są usytuowane na tym samym artykułowanym poziomie. Obydwie nie uwzględniają tego, co najważniejsze: ontycznego wymiaru rzeczywistości, ontycznego zakorzenienia, bez którego nie sposób mówić ani o poznaniu, ani o ontologii, ani o prawdzie. Kłopot w tym, że wymiar ontyczny został wyparty z filozofii i w tym należy upatrywać kryzysu współczesnej (...) filozofii. Rzeczywistość Ontyczna to Żywioł Przedpoznawczy. Prawda ma dwa wymiary: ontyczny i ontyczno-epistemologiczny. Pierwszy może być rekonstruowany tylko pośrednio, poprzez praktykę, którą nazywam metafizyką radykalną. Drugi jest rozwijany zgodnie z akceptowanymi normami praktyk artykułowanych. Podczas gdy przeciwieństwem prawdy onto-epistemologicznej jest tylko fałsz, przeciwieństwem prawdy ontycznej może być tylko prawda. Stosownie do powyższego mamy dwa rodzaje realizmu: realizm radykalny oraz wiele modeli realizmów ontoepistemologicznych. Prawda ma podwójną naturę: ontyczną i lekkość energii, tzn. siłę przekraczania aktualnych granic. Aby zmieniać otaczający świat, filozofia winna uwalniać energię uwięzioną w aktualnie obowiązujących teoriach. Mając to na uwadze, zamieniłam tradycyjny realizm na realizm transcendujący, przekraczający istniejące granice naszych aktualnych punktów widzenia i możliwości kognitywnych. (shrink)

In his recent JME article Daniel Restrepo argues that both legal and ethical rules should protect the so-called Naked Soldiers, combatants engaged in activity unrelated to military operations and unaware of the imminent danger threatening them. I criticize this position from several angles. I deny the existence of any link between vulnerability and innocence, and claim ignorance of deadly threats does not give rise to a morally distinguished type of vulnerability. I argue that actions not contributing to the war effort (...) are nevertheless an inherent part of fighting a war, and that combatants do not signal intention to abandon their commitment to the war effort by undertaking these. I show that by granting hors de combat status to Naked Soldiers, we would unjustly disadvantage their opponents and engender significant and manifold practical difficulties that the proponents of the view fail to solve or even anticipate. Finally, I demonstrate that Restrepo’s general project of “making killing in war difficult to legitimately justify” regardless of why, how and by whom the killing is done is incompatible with just war theory’s basic assumptions. That project is in fact pacifist in nature and as such redundant in light of pacifism’s broader and stronger implications. (shrink)

The ethical Principle of Proportionality requires combatants not to cause collateral harm excessive in comparison to the anticipated military advantage of an attack. This principle is considered a major (and perhaps insurmountable) obstacle to ethical use of autonomous weapon systems (AWS). This article reviews three possible solutions to the problem of achieving Proportionality compliance in AWS. In doing so, I describe and discuss the three components Proportionality judgments, namely collateral damage estimation, assessment of anticipated military advantage, and judgment of “excessiveness”. (...) Some possible approaches to Proportionality compliance are then presented, such as restricting AWS operations to environments lacking civilian presence, using AWS in targeted strikes in which proportionality judgments are pre-made by human commanders, and a ‘price tag’ approach of pre-assigning acceptable collateral damage values to military hardware in conventional attritional warfare. The article argues that application of these three compliance methods would result in AWS’ achieving acceptable Proportionality compliance levels in many combat environments and scenarios, allowing AWS to perform most key tasks in conventional warfare. (shrink)

The subject of the article is social responsibility of business and the role of social responsibility in the daily activity of companies as reliable partners in business.The paper consists of two parts: the theoretical one and the empirical one. In the theoretical part the author describes the areas of social responsibility and the examples of socially responsible actions. In the empirical part the author presents the research study carried out in the following groups of respondents: managerial staff and employees of (...) Polish and French medium—sized companies.The results of the study show that both in Poland and in France there is awareness of the importance and the rank of the phenomenon in question. In Poland, however, socially irresponsible actions are usually ignored as “natural”. (shrink)