Dieses Buch befasst sich mit dem von Edmund Husserl in seinen Prolegomena zur reinen Logik unternommenen Versuch einer Beschreibung und Fundierung der reinen Logik und seiner Vereinbarkeit mit dem in der VI. Logischen Untersuchung behandelten Konzept der kategorialen Anschauung. Insbesondere geht es dabei um die Frage, ob die kategoriale Anschauung unter die in den Prolegomena vorgestellte Definition des spezifischen Relativismus subsumiert werden kann. Die Relevanz der Frage besteht darin, dass, wenn sie sich positiv beantworten ließe, eine Abweichung vom Antipsychologismus der (...) Prolegomena vorliegen würde. Der Autor argumentiert für die Vereinbarkeit des erwähnten theoretischen Konzepts mit dem Inhalt der Prolegomena. (shrink)

There is wide support in logic, philosophy, and psychology for the hypothesis that the probability of the indicative conditional of natural language, P(if A then B), is the conditional probability of B given A, P(B|A). We identify a conditional which is such that P(if A then B)=P(B|A) with de Finetti's conditional event, B|A. An objection to making this identification in the past was that it appeared unclear how to form compounds and iterations of conditional events. In this paper, we illustrate (...) how to overcome this objection with a probabilistic analysis, based on coherence, of these compounds and iterations. We interpret the compounds and iterations as conditional random quantities which, given some logical dependencies, may reduce to conditional events. We show how the inference to B|A from A and B can be extended to compounds and iterations of both conditional events and biconditional events. Moreover, we determine the respective uncertainty propagation rules. Finally, we make some comments on extending our analysis to counterfactuals. (shrink)

v. 1. Il pensiero antico e medievale.--v. 2. Dal Rinascimento a Immanuel Kant.--v. 3. Dal Romanticismo allo strutturalismo.

We analyze selected iterated conditionals in the framework of conditional random quantities. We point out that it is instructive to examine Lewis's triviality result, which shows the conditions a conditional must satisfy for its probability to be the conditional probability. In our approach, however, we avoid triviality because the import-export principle is invalid. We then analyze an example of reasoning under partial knowledge where, given a conditional if A then Cas information, the probability of A should intuitively increase. We explain (...) this intuition by making some implicit background information explicit. We consider several (generalized) iterated conditionals, which allow us to formalize different kinds of latent information. We verify that for these iterated conditionals the prevision is greater than or equal to the probability of A. We also investigate the lower and upper bounds of the Affirmation of the Consequent inference. We conclude our study with some remarks on the supposed "independence" of two conditionals, and we interpret this property as uncorrelation between two random quantities. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (shrink)

Serial homology, i.e., homology between repetitive structures in the same individual organism, is a debated concept in evolutionary developmental biology. The central question is the evolutionary interpretation of “sameness” in the context of the same body. This essay provides a synthetic analysis of the main issues involved in the debate, connecting conceptual problems with current experimental research. It is argued that a concept of serial homology that is not of the all-or-nothing kind can smooth several theoretical inconsistencies, while being more (...) in line with what we know about evolutionary change and the way we investigate it. (shrink)

The process of completing, correcting and prioritising specifications is an essential but very complex task for the maintenance and improvement of software systems. The preservation of functionalities and the ability to accommodate changes are main objectives of the software development cycle to guarantee system reliability. Logical theories able to fully model such processes are still insufficient. In this paper we propose a full formalisation of such operations on software systems inspired by the Alchourrón–Gärdenfors–Makinson paradigm for belief revision of human epistemic (...) states. We represent specifications as finite sets of formulas equipped with a priority relation that models functional entrenchment of properties. We propose to handle specification incompleteness through ordered expansion, inconsistency through ordered safe contraction and prioritisation through revision with reordering, and model all three in an algorithmic fashion. We show how the system satisfies basic properties of the AGM paradigm, including Levi’s and Harper’s identities. We offer a concrete example and complexity results for the inference and model checking problems on revision. We conclude by describing resilience and evolvability of software systems based on such revision operators. (shrink)

A relation ≺ϕ between noncommuting 1-0 quantum observables (i.e., projections) is introduced, ϕ being the state vector of the system. This relation extends the empirical implication between commuting projections. An operational interpretation of the new relation is given, which can be expressed also in counterfactual terms. It is shown that a relation proposed some years ago by Hardegree, namely the Sasaki arrow ↪ϕ, can be interpreted in terms of the relation ≺ϕ; furthermore, this new relation turns out to be successful (...) also in cases in which the Sasaki arrow fails. (shrink)

This article claims that the study of irregular migration may be a strategic research material for the development of an adequate understanding of contemporary society. The field, however, suffers not only from a lack of reliable empirical data, but also from endemic undertheorizing. The article shows how the attempt to develop an understanding of irregular migration from within a general theory of modern society has positive consequences both for the clarification of the problems and for the design of research programs (...) able to deal adequately with the phenomena. Particularly, it is argued that a theory of modern society centered on its form of differentiation may help to clarify both the political dimension of contemporary international mobility, the variety of irregular statuses existing in the foreign population of receiving countries, and the condition of inclusion and exclusion of irregular migrants. (shrink)

Modus ponens (from A and “if A then C” infer C) is one of the most basic inference rules. The probabilistic modus ponens allows for managing uncertainty by transmitting assigned uncertainties from the premises to the conclusion (i.e., from P(A) and P(C|A) infer P(C)). In this paper, we generalize the probabilistic modus ponens by replacing A by the conditional event A|H. The resulting inference rule involves iterated conditionals (formalized by conditional random quantities) and propagates previsions from the premises to the (...) conclusion. Interestingly, the propagation rules for the lower and the upper bounds on the conclusion of the generalized probabilistic modus ponens coincide with the respective bounds on the conclusion for the (non-nested) probabilistic modus ponens. (shrink)

Porfirio constitutes an essencial tie in the transition of ancient thought into the Medieval. His writings (he takes in the Enneadas of Plotino and systematically comments the works of Plato and Aristotle), offer a unitary interpretation of both systems which have enormously influenced in the medieval philosophic tradition (Saint Augustine, Boecio, Thomas Aquinas, etc.), a tradition which may be presented as the different forms of Platonism aristotelized, or aristoteleanism platonized.

Il volume raccoglie diversi saggi su teologi ambrosiani dei decenni centrali del XX secolo.

Some time ago I advanced on the pages of this journal a critique of the interpretation given by Jay L. Garfield and Mark Siderits (hereafter GS) of Nāgārjuna’s doctrine of the two truths (Ferraro, J Indian Philos 41(2):195–219, 2013.1); to my article the two authors responded with a ‘defense of the semantic interpretation’ of the Madhyamaka doctrine of emptiness (GS, J Indian Philos 41(6):655–664, 2013). Their reply, however, could not consider my personal understanding of Nāgārjuna’s notions of śūnyatā and dve (...) satye. My interpretation of these notions was in fact absent in the paper GS responded, and was only related in a second paper of mine (Ferraro, J Indian Philos 41(5):563–590, 2013.2), still unpublished at the time of GS’s drafting of their ‘defense’. Therefore, in the present rejoinder, I found it appropriate, rather than responding point by point to the passages of GS’s reply, to advance a comparison between the semantic interpretation and my ‘realist antimetaphysical’ understanding of Nāgārjuna’s thought. (shrink)

Este livro apresenta uma reconstrução histórica dessa extraordinária jornada filosófica, que começa com os ensinamentos do Buda Siddharta Gautama e é intrinsecamente marcada por eles. Com base em uma abordagem historiográfica original, o autor mostra como as teorias do Desperto contêm as sementes dos vários desenvolvimentos, bem como das marcadas divergências doutrinárias entre as várias linhas de pensamento, escolas e subescolas nas quais a filosofia budista se articula durante a sua permanência (quase bimilenar) no subcontinente indiano.

O caminho do meio entre “ser” e “não-ser” do filósofo budista Nāgārjuna (II d.C.) põe-se como um extraordinário desafio a qualquer metafísica afirmativa ou negativa. A presente obra avalia criticamente diferentes leituras, antigas e contemporâneas, do pensamento desse autor, e apresenta uma interpretação original de um dos seus aspectos mais cruciais: a doutrina das duas verdades.