Leibniz construit, teste et vérifie sans cesse la pertinence et la cohérence de sa philosophie en la rapportant aux conclusions des autres disciplines. Cette méthode heuristique nourrit son dialogue avec les sciences mathématiques et physiques; moins connus, les enjeux révélés par la réforme moderne de la médecine et la chimie suscitent une interrogation sur la vie et la qualité. Ces sciences expérimentales s'avèrent en effet cruciales pour une philosophie de la nature qui cherche à concilier le mécanisme et le (...) finalisme à travers les concepts d'entéléchie et de monade. Elles obligent en outre à préciser la logique de l'expérience, la fonction de la raison, le statut des principes explicatifs (loi, cause, éléments, analogie). Enfin, elles exigent un fondement qui permette de rapporter les phénomènes organiques à leur véritable origine: la vie. Ce programme se réalise de façon systématique dans la controverse qu'entretiennent Leibniz et Stahl au sujet d'une philosophie de la nature capable de prendre acte des découvertes modernes de la médecine et de la chimie, tout en fondant ces connaissances sur une théorie générale de la substance et de la vie. (shrink)

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Der Aufsatz wendet sich gegen die verbreitete Auffassung, Frege sei der Vater der modernen mathematischen Logik und Leibniz sei sein berühmtester Vorlaufer. Leibniz kann nur in einem sehr allgemeinen Sinne als Vorlaufer der mathematischen Logik in Anspruch genommen werden. Er mufß vielmehr als größter Vertreter der traditionellen Syllogistik bezeichnet werden. Denn Leibniz geht mit der Tradition aus vom kategorischen Satz, in welchem ein Prädikat von einem Subjekt ausgesagt wird. Im Gegensattz dazu legt Frege seiner Logik die Korrelation (...) zwischen Fünktion und Argument zugrunde. Fur Leibniz und die Tradition sind daher die Quantoren, die in der mathematischen Logik eine zentrale Rolle spielen, von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Für die Syllogistik bereiten Relationssätze besondere Probleme. Daß Leibniz versucht hat, diese Satze in die Syllogistik einzubeziehen, zeigt, daft er die Leistungsfahigkeit der formalen Logik besser erkannt hat als alle anderen. Fred Sommers und seine Schule haben Leibniz' Pläne zur Vollendung geführt. (shrink)

Leven en werk van de Duitse natuurkundige en wijsgeer Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716).

Es läßt sich zeigen‚ daß Leibniz' These, singuläre Subjekte könnten in gleicher Weise entweder als partikulär oder universell verstanden werden ‚ eine Folgerung aus zwei anderen Leibnizschen Thesen ist: 1. daß die Wahrheit eines Satzes eine Sache der Enthaltensbeziehung zwischen der Denotation oder Bedeutung seines Subjekt-und Prädikatbegriffs ist, und 2. daß der Begriff des Individuums vollständig ist. Hieraus ergibt sich u. a.‚ daß die These der wilden Quantität verstanden werden kann als integraler Teil von Leibniz' allgemeinem logisch-metaphysischen Programm.

_The first unabridged English translation of the correspondence between Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Georg Ernst Stahl detailing their opposing philosophies_ The correspondence between the eighteenth-century mathematician and philosopher G. W. Leibniz and G. E. Stahl, a chemist and physician at the court of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, known as the Leibniz-Stahl Controversy, is one of the most important intellectual contributions on theoretical issues concerning pre-biological thinking. Editors François Duchesneau and Justin E. H. Smith offer readers (...) the first fully annotated English translation of this fascinating exchange of philosophical views on divine action, the order of nature, causality and teleology, and the soul-body relationship. (shrink)

THE THESIS OF THIS ESSAY is quite speculative. Moreover, it most likely will be thought to be preposterous by many philosophers and some physicists. However, as the history of philosophy illustrates, qualities such as these have been no deterrent to the broaching of an idea. Hence, the thesis of this essay will be broached, even though it is quite speculative, and most likely will be thought preposterous by some, if not all.

Approaches to historical figures may be roughly divided into three clumps. Internalist approaches feature close textual exegesis, analyzing, interpreting and interpolating various texts of the thinker, all in aid of careful exposition of his or her flow of thought; Don Rutherford’s Leibniz and the Rational Order of Nature provides an exemplar here. Externalist approaches attempt to place the thinker in his or her intellectual milieu, paying careful attention to links of origin and consequence; Catherine Wilson’s Leibniz’s metaphysics: a (...) historical and comparative study is an exemplar of this sort of work. Historicist approaches attempt to find contemporary relevance for aspects of the thinker’s work, oftentimes extending and extrapolating elements of the original texts in consistent and coherent ways; Dionysios Anastasiou Anapolitanos’s Leibniz: Representation, Continuity, and the Spatio-Temporal is an exemplar of this approach. Anapolitanos investigates Leibniz’s writings on the continuum in an attempt not only to discover the nature of Leibniz’s view of the issues, but also to asses his successes and failures in dealing with this difficult topic’s inherent problems. Anapolitanos‘s conclusion is quite straightforward: Leibniz’s own solution to the labyrinthus continui fails, but “without substantial modifications, his metaphysics could have allowed him to adopt a solution much closer to our modern conception of the problem.” This is a bold claim, clearly revisionary, clearly historicist, perhaps anachronistic, but, if Anapolitanos can successfully make his argument, it is a useful and interesting point to add to contemporary Leibniz scholarship. In my view, the argument succeeds. (shrink)

Two of Leibniz's most studied and often quoted works appear in this volume. Published in 1686, the Discourse on Metaphysics consists of the philosopher's explanation of individual perception as an expression of the rest of the universe from a unique perspective. The whole world--the best of all possible worlds, as he famously remarks--is thus contained in each individual substance. The Monadology, written in 1714, offers a concise synopsis of Leibniz's philosophy, establishing the laws of final causes, which underlie (...) God's free choice to create the best possible world--a world that serves as dynamic and perfectly ordered evidence of the wisdom of its creator. Translated by George R. Montgomery. (shrink)

Dans son Discours de Métaphysique‚ Leibniz maintient que le concept individuel d'une substance comprend et permet la déduction de tous ses prédicats, et certains prédicats d'une substance lui appartiennent néanmoins d'une manière contingente. Arnauld objecta contre Leibniz que implique la fausseté de — ce qui démontre, selon Arnauld, l'absurdité de . En puisant les réponses de Leibniz à Arnauld dans leur Correspondence, l'auteur soutient que la position de Leibniz, pourvu qu'elle soit interprétée à la lumière des (...) principes générales de sa métaphysique, peux tenir compte d'une distinction véritable entre les propositions nécessaires et contingentes touchant les substances individuelles. Les prédicats d'une substance qui sont liés avec d'autres prédicats de la même substance grâce à une vérité gouvernée par le Principe de Contradiction sont nécessaires ; tandis que ceux qui sont liés avec d'autres prédicats grâce seulement aux principes de Raison Suffisante et de Perfection sont contingents. Mais ceci n'empêche pas que les prédicats contingents autant que les prédicats nécessaires peuvent être déduits du concept individuel complet d'une substance. (shrink)

In the first part of this paper the Leibnizian theory of relations is presented as the metaphysical background of his concept of space. The structure of metaphysical space is dominated by the monads while geometrical aspects are neglected. In the second part the paper deals with Leibniz' concept of space in his mathematical works and especially in the Analysis Situs . What emerges is that the attempt to transfer philosophical arguments into mathematical structures fails because of the incompatibility of (...) notions in different contexts. The same problem arises in his Characteristica universalis: Philosophy is not computable. (shrink)

Volume 1 of The Early Works of John Dewey, 1882-1898 is entitled Early Essays and Leibniz's New Essays Concerning the Human Understanding, 1882-1888. Included here are all Dewey's earliest writings, from his first published article through his book on Leibniz. The materials in this volume provide a chronological record of Dewey's early development--beginning with the article he sent to the Journal of Speculative Philosophy in 1881 while he was a high-school teacher in Oil City, Pennsylvania, and closing with (...) his widely-acclaimed work on Leibniz in the Grigg's Series of German Philosophical Classics, written when he was an Assistant Professor at the University of Michigan. During these years be-tween 1882 and 1888, Dewey's life course was established: he decided to follow a career in philosophy, completed doctoral studies at Johns Hopkins University, became an Instructor at the University of Michigan, was promoted to Assistant Professor, and accepted a position as Chairman of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Minnesota. With the publication of Psychology, he became well known among scholars in this country; a series of articles in the British journal Mind brought him prominence in British philosophical circles. His articles were abstracted in the Revue philosophique. None of the articles collected in this volume was reprinted during the author's lifetime. For the first time, it is now possible for Dewey scholars to study consecutively in one publication all the essays which originally appeared in many periodicals. (shrink)

Beginning from Aristotle's view that metaphysics is the science of being as being, Couvalis brings together neglected and important arguments in a comprehensive, yet concise exploration of metaphysics. Other figures covered include Heraclitus, Protagoras, Aquinas, Ockham, Leibniz, Locke, Hume, and Russell.