This paper explores the relationship between imaginary constructs of nations and the legitimation of political authority through hermeneutic analysis. By examining how symbolic, mythic, and narrative elements within political discourse create and sustain the concept of the nation, the study seeks to understand their role in legitimizing power. The aim is to provide a nuanced understanding of the mechanisms through which national identity and political legitimacy are intertwined and maintained.

From an evolutionary perspective, phenotypic, social, and environmental factors help to shape the different costs and benefits of pursuing different reproductive strategies from one individual to another. Since men’s reproductive success is mainly constrained to women’s availability, their mating orientations should be partially calibrated by features that women prefer in a potential partner. For long-term relationships, women prefer traits that signal access to resources, protection skills, and the willingness to share them. Using generalized linear models with laboratory data taken from (...) a Chilean population, this study aimed to test whether real and potential resources, protection skills, and the willingness to provide resources and protection are related to mating orientation in men. Our predictions were: socioeconomic status would be positively associated with long-term and short-term mating orientation but for long-term-oriented individuals, this would be enhanced by having a more favorable parenthood disposition and strength would be positively related to long-term mating orientation in men with higher socioeconomic status and a favorable disposition toward parenthood and it would have a positive and direct association with short-term mating orientation. Our results partially supported the first hypothesis, since men with higher socioeconomic status were more long-term oriented, but parenting disposition did not moderate this effect. Contrary to our expectations, socioeconomic status was not related to short-term mating orientation. Strength appeared not to be significant for long-term mating orientation, even interacting with other traits. However, strength by itself was powerfully linked with a short-term mating orientation. Our results suggest that only some individuals that are attractive for long-term relationships are indeed long-term oriented and may reflect the overall conflict of interests between mating strategies among sexes. (shrink)

In this paper I re-examine the status of the mind-body relation in several of Plato’s late dialogues. A range of views has been attributed to Plato here. For example, it has been thought that Plato is a substance dualist, for whom the mind can exist independently of the body; or an attribute dualist, who has left behind the strong dualistic commitments of the Phaedo by allowing that the mind may be the subject of spatial movements. But even in cases where (...) a classification of Plato as a holder of a particular ontology of the mind has been left undefined, it has been a shared assumption that in the late dialogues the mind itself must be immaterial. I take issue with these various views and show that none of them is necessitated by the text. In the first place, I argue there is strong evidence against the view that Plato should, in his late period, be committed not only to substance dualism, but also to attribute dualism. Furthermore, it is possible that Plato may have allowed that the mind itself be a three-dimensional corporeal entity (in a way that sets up a precedent for later Stoic developments). But even if this is not the only possible reading of the text, it is shown how at any rate the mind must be seen in late Plato as the principle of organization of a body and ontologically inseparable from it. Despite prima facie affinities with Aristotle here, we shall see a Plato emerge for whom the mind (without exception) and the body cannot exist without one another – a thesis more radical than that of Aristotle’s. To bring out the provocative nature of this suggestion, I start, in section I, by laying out the state of the question and compare what I shall argue is the late Platonic view with standard interpretations of his previous work, stressing the historical force that I expect this thesis to have. Afterwards, in three respective sections, I proceed to pay heed to relevant passages in the Timaeus, Philebus and Laws in order to establish the main point of this paper. Finally, in section V, I consider the challenge apparently introduced against my thesis by Plato’s occasional talk of immortality and eschatology in those dialogues, and argue instead that many of those passages add further strength to the view defended in this essay. (shrink)

Informed consent is recognized as a primary ethical requirement to conduct research involving humans. In the investigations with the use of human biological material, informed consent (IC) assumes a differentiated condition on account of the many future possibilities. This work presents suitable alternatives for IC regarding the storage and use of human biological material in research, according to new Brazilian regulations. Both norms – Resolution 441/11 of the National Health Council, approved on 12 May 2011, and Ordinance 2.201 (NATIONAL GUIDELINES (...) FOR BIOREPOSITORIES AND BIOBANKS OF HUMAN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL FOR RESEARCH PURPOSE) of the Brazil Ministry of Health, approved on 14 September 2011 – state that the consent of subjects for the collection, storage and use of samples stored in Biobanks is necessarily established by means of a Free and Informed Consent Form (ICF). In order to obtain individual and formal statements, this form should contain the following two mutually exclusive options: an explanation about the use of the stored material in each research study, and the need for new consent or the waiver thereof when the material is used for a new study. On the other hand, ICF suitable for Biorepositories must be exclusive and related to specific research. Although Brazilian and international regulations identify the main aspects to be included in the IC, efforts are still necessary to improve the consent process, so that the document will become a bond of trust between subject and researcher. (shrink)

En este trabajo proponemos abordar, desde un enfoque interdisciplinar, los cambios históricos en la definición y representación de la naturaleza patagónica, a partir de indagar el caso del proyecto de Vivero y arboretum en la Isla Victoria, en el lago Nahuel Huapi. Pretendemos dar cuenta cómo las representaciones que se realizan desde las instituciones científicas y gubernamentales acompañan los proyectos político-ideológicos cada período histórico. Tomaremos como fuentes de análisis parte de las representaciones visuales pertenecientes al arte institucional, algunas entrevistas realizadas (...) a profesionales vinculados a nuestro objeto de estudio y otras fuentes bibliográficas históricas. Nuestra hipótesis es que el proyecto de forestación en Isla Victoria-que se inicia en 1925 con Gross y la creación del arboretum- reflejó la cosmovisión ilustrada moderna, mediante la cual se ha buscado “construir naturaleza” bajo una lógica positivista. Se enfatiza un vínculo con la naturaleza como Otredad y como objeto a dominar, ya sea de modo ornamental o productivo. Esta cosmovisión se plasma en las representaciones científicas de la naturaleza de la Isla. Esta perspectiva de una “Naturaleza a mejorar”, pareciera ser antagónica a las nuevas miradas ecológicas. Desde la década de 1970 cambia el paradigma sobre el uso de exóticas y se advierten sus peligros, promoviendo acciones de conservación de especies nativas. (shrink)

Although a great deal has been written on Plato's ethics, his cosmology has not received so much attention in recent times and its importance for his ethical thought has remained underexplored. By offering accounts of Timaeus, Philebus, Politicus and Laws X, the book reveals a strongly symbiotic relation between the cosmic and human sphere. It is argued that in his late period Plato presents a picture of an organic universe, endowed with structure and intrinsic value, which both urges our respect (...) and calls for our responsible intervention. Humans are thus seen as citizens of a university that can provide a context for their flourishing even in the absence of good political institutions. The book sheds light on many intricate metaphysical issues in late Plato and brings out the close connections between his cosmology and the development of his ethics. (shrink)

This paper re-evaluates the role that Plato confers to pleasure in the "Philebus." According to leading interpretations, Plato there downplays the role of pleasure, or indeed rejects hedonism altogether. Thus, scholars such as D. Frede have taken the "mixed life" of pleasure and intelligence initially submitted in the "Philebus" to be conceded by Socrates only as a remedial good, second to a life of neutral condition, where one would experience no pleasure and pain. Even more strongly, scholars such as Irwin (...) have seen the "Philebus'" arguments against false pleasures as an actual attack on hedonism, showing -- in Irwin's words -- "why maximization of pleasure cannot be a reasonable policy for the best life." Against these claims, I argue that the mixed life of pleasure and intelligence is presented in the "Philebus" as a first best and not just as a second best for humans, and that, accordingly, Socrates proposes to incorporate -- rather than reject -- pleasure as one of the intrinsically desirable aspects of the happy life. Thus, I offer alternative readings of controversial passages that have given rise to the prevalent interpretation criticized here, and advance positive evidence that at least some pleasures are seen by Plato as inherently good. In addition, I demonstrate that Plato's arguments against false pleasures do not by themselves constitute an attack on hedonism. Rather, they can be seen as a strategy to show the hedonist that, in order to be a maximal, or even a consistent, hedonist, he should go for true, and not fake pleasures, if after all pleasure is the object of his pursuit. But, since this cannot be achieved without intelligence, then the mixed life of pleasure and intelligence is to be accepted even by hedonist themselves. (shrink)

En el siguiente artículo se analiza "Hopeful Monsters or, The Unfulfilled Figure in Hayden White´s Conceptual System", donde Kellner demuestra que la teoría de la figuralidad está latente desde el inicio de la teoría de Hayden White. Además, aplica el análisis figural a la propia obra de White afirmando que la teoría de los tropos será cumplimentada por el emplotment que, a su vez, será cumplimentado por el figuralismo. Luego se sigue el desarrollo de Kellner que muestra que en los (...) pasajes de White hay dos usos diferentes del concepto de unfulfillment: una noción de incumplimiento como figura que no llegó a su máxima potencia y una noción de incumplimiento como lo sublime indecible. Se examina específicamente la cuestión judía, asumiendo la misma como una figura incumplida y se rescatan las contribuciones del romanticismo y del iluminismo a su cumplimentación. Por último, se realizan algunas críticas a la insistencia de Kellner en el papel post teológico del figuralismo y al lugar del incumplimiento ligado a lo sublime como trascendiendo lo histórico. ARK: ark:/s18537960/eimr/sd31. (shrink)

Patentowanie ludzkich genów jest zjawiskiem, które w obecnych czasach nabrało intensywności i znaczenia. Jest jedną z kluczowych form zabezpieczania praw własności przemysłowej, zwłaszcza dla ośrodków badawczych i koncernów farmaceutycznych. Ze względu na naturę produktu podlegającego opatentowaniu, pomysł patentowania genów budzi wiele kontrowersji i rodzi spory na różnych płaszczyznach. Celem artykułu jest naszkicowanie ram prawnych dla tego zjawiska (m.in. porównanie regulacji europejskich i amerykańskich) oraz krytyczne omówienie argumentów przemawiających zarówno w obronie tej procedury, jak i przeciwko niej, wysuwane z różnych perspektyw: (...) prawnej (kwestia posiadania przez geny tzw. zdolności patentowej, kontrowersje związane z prawem własności do ludzkiego ciała), społeczno-ekonomicznej (wpływ zjawiska na rozwój badań naukowych oraz na ceny leków i dostępność różnych terapii) oraz etycznej (omówionej na podstawie wybranych kazusów). Artykuł zarysowuje również kilka propozycji rozwiązań praktycznych, które mają usuwać przynajmniej niektóre kontrowersje związane z patentowaniem genów. (shrink)

RESUMEN Recientes intentos por conectar la ética y la biología aristotélicas marcan una suerte de continuidad entre el carácter de los animales no racionales y de los seres humanos, de modo tal que en la descripción de los caracteres de los animales no racionales puede identificarse el punto de partida biológico del propio ser humano en el desarrollo de su carácter moral. En este artículo, propongo señalar los límites de este tipo de lectura, ya que, entendida de cierto modo, ella (...) implica una continuidad entre la normatividad natural y la normatividadpráctica propia de un naturalismo fundacionalista que no puede atribuirse a Aristóteles. En conexión con ello, sostengo que el concepto de virtud natural no es un concepto natural, sino ético, tal que sólo cobra sentido en el marco de la normatividad práctica; la virtud natural, en este sentido, no forma parte de una explicación genética de la virtud sino de un análisis que va del todo a las partes, de acuerdo al cual ella no es anterior sino posterior a la virtud ética. ABSTRACT A recent trend in Aristotelian scholarship tries to link ethics and biology. Within these attempts, some sort of continuity between the character of non-rational animals and that of human beings has been proposed, so that the starting point ofmoral development could be identified in Aristotle’s description of animal’s character. In this article I argue that this reading should strongly qualified, for understood in some ways it entails a sort of continuity between natural normativity and practical normativity that belongs to an Archimedean ethical naturalism, which cannot be reconstructed from Aristotle’s writings. Connected to this, I argue that the concept of natural virtue is not a natural concept, but an ethical one that only makes sense from within the realm of practical normativity; natural virtue, thus understood, is not part of a genetic explanation of virtue, but emerges from a conceptual whole-part analysis. In this manner, natural virtue is no prior, but posterior to ethical virtue. (shrink)

Existen en el campo de las ciencias sociales numerosas investigaciones que abordan la problemática de la praxis, sin embargo, menos común es encontrar estudios que vinculen esta categoría al estudio del movimiento obrero. A lo largo de estas notas se busca construir un marco de análisis desde el cua..

The paper aims to circumscribe, through a specific history of ideas approach, the relevance of Benedict Spinoza’s theological rationalism to the major debate which generated the Early Enlightenment, the radical conception on the new status of philosophy in relation to theology, on libertas philosophandi and rational philosophizing. The main lines of Spinoza’s theological rationalism are sustained as being inspired and encouraged by Hobbes’ “negative theology,” the only theology considered consonant with the “true philosophy.” The paper also indicates the originality of (...) Spinoza’s theological criticism and the reasons under which Hobbes—despite the radicalism of his biblical interpretation and of his thesis of separating the philosophy (natural science) from theology—Hobbes enjoyed an attenuated critical reception compared to that one applied to Spinoza and the “acute” tone of which was set by Leibniz. (shrink)

Este artículo presenta una caracterización del proceso de autogestión laboral ocurrido en la Argentina en el período 1990-2006, apuntando especialmente sobre el universo de las Empresas Recuperadas por sus Trabajadores. En esta dirección, se argumenta sobre una serie de dimensiones analíticas que singularizan a este proceso con referencia a otras experiencias autogestionarias ocurridas antecedentemente. Esta singularidad descansa específicamente en que estas experiencias pueden ser estudiadas como procesos de recolectivización laboral, cuya emergencia y desarrollo se ubica en un escenario atravesado por (...) un profundo proceso de descolectivización social, económica y política. Las dimensiones destacadas y analizadas para aludir al proceso de recolectivización suponen la exposición de argumentos en torno a los siguientes elementos interpretativos: la reconstrucción de un espacio y una experiencia colectiva de trabajo que recuperó parte de la historia asalariada de los trabajadores, la reconfiguración de vínculos de sociabilidad al interior del espacio productivo, la relación con organizaciones sociales y gremiales que representaron los intereses de los trabajadores de estas empresas recuperadas. (shrink)

This article explores the ways in which Nietzsche’s conception of subjectivity, as rehearsed in The Birth of Tragedy, draws close to other modern models of split subjectivity as described by Hegel, Freud, or Althusser. Although the subjectivity depicted by Nietzsche is constituted in the tension between reaffirming and dissolving its boundaries, and this tension may seem to put the possibility of identity at risk, in effect individuation and dissolution function as symmetrical contraries. Rather than disrupting the boundaries of reason, the (...) Dionysian contributes to Apollonian equilibrium by temporarily destroying Apollonian rigidity, so that the polis can periodically overcome limitations, assimilate its others and gather new strength. Identity is thus seemingly reinforced through the controlled illusion of its shattering: it is protected from the irruption of real otherness. Unlike Nietzsche’s dialectical dramaturgy, Greek tragedy depicts an incipient rationality wounded by contradictions, institutionalizing conflict. Because of the ambiguity of the Greek tragic world, the fissures of its organizing powers and the ambivalent agency of tragic subjects, a parallel between Attic tragedy and modern subjectivity may illuminate the latter. (shrink)

Este artigo discute a noção de gentrificação do queer, de Sarah Schulman (2018), tomando como corpus o documentário Línguas Desatadas (Marlon Riggs, 1989). Tem como objetivo refletir como a materialidade (autobiográfica) desta obra fílmica cria um arquivo queer-multissensorial que pode ser lido à luz do conceito de Sarah Schulman. Reúne autores dos estudos sobre sensorialidade, arquivo, cinema, queer e gentrificação. Busca contribuir com uma reflexão sobre como a noção de gentrificação do queer dialoga esteticamente com os paradigmas de invisibilidade no (...) documentário. Palavras-chave: Línguas desatadas; arquivo; gentrificação do queer. (shrink)

In his philosophy P. F. Strawson employs the method of analysis, which he describes as \"[...] resolution of something complex into elements and the exhibition of the ways in which the elements are related in the complex.\" During fifty years of his philosophical activity Strawson has worked out two conceptions of analysis: the analysis of ordinary language and the connective analysis. In general Strawson\'s contribution to philosophy may be viewed as an elaboration of his conception of analysis and its deployment (...) for particular cases. In the article the Author presents Strawson\'s criticism of the following conceptions of analysis: reductive analysis, therapeutic analysis and analysis as construction of a conceptual map. Then she gives an account of Strawson\'s analysis of ordinary language and his connective analysis. In conclusion she tries to point out difficulties connected with this method of analysis. (shrink)

Aldo Leopold (1887-1948) foi um professor e pesquisador que contribuiu para o campo da ecologia da vida selvagem, destacando-se no ambientalismo norte-americano do século XX. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir sob uma perspectiva filosófica a conservação da biodiversidade adotada por Aldo Leopold a partir de análise de trechos da sua última obra A sand county almanac and sketches here and there (1949). O livro, elaborado em seus anos de experiência na fazenda da família, apresenta uma série de ensaios com (...) uma abordagem ecológica da relação do ser humano com a natureza. As duas primeiras partes contêm ensaios resultantes da leitura da paisagem, adotando a perspectiva de elementos bióticos e abióticos do ambiente, assim como, ponderações resultantes de sua experiência profissional. A terceira parte da obra traz reflexões de caráter filosófico a respeito da estética da conservação e ética da Terra promovendo uma reinterpretação da identidade humana e do relacionamento com a terra. (shrink)

Throughout history, the world has been concerned with progress in different areas, and Medicine has not been the exception. Nevertheless, has this progress been positive in the sense of entailing benefits? The question emerges considering that through this progress, human beings have been able to modify natural processes. Considering this, the research question is: What is the role that medicine—a human and scientific discipline—must play, and which is the concept of what a human being must have in a world where (...) utilitarianism prevails over non-material benefits? Also, what are the implications of that role and concept on the decision-making about health, notions about humanity and, areas which require responsibility? The rise of artificial procedures which generate life, simultaneously defying time leads to the main objective of this paper: To present ideas on the current perception about the medical practice; in terms of responsibility about the human side of the patient, related to artificial practices. A second objective is to approach a social topic that motivates to reflect on new and recurring practices in the medical field. This topic will be studied from a hermeneutical perspective to establish relations and an interpretative approach between them, through Thiebaut’s work and Tría’s Philosophy of the Limit, considering the concept of human being and considering that there are limits which should be respected. Afterwards, the focus will be on the medical praxis and its sense of responsibility regarding human beings. (shrink)

The history of influence of the old testamentary Maccabees is the focus of the essays collected in this book, which extend thematically and chronologically from the cult of martyrs in late antiquity to the time of the modern wars of liberation.

The paper attempts to demonstrate the contemporary relevance of Spinoza’s ethics of virtue and responsibility—a non-deontic ethics whose foundation is not obligation and duty, not the normative laws which regulate the relations with the fellows, or the prescriptions, but an intuitive knowledge on the essence of things and on the choice of a proper way of life. The choice of the best way of life is equivalent with the responsibility to identify the opportunities to control the own life.

Este trabalho constata a necessidade de uma formação de professores emancipada do sistema capitalista e discute a possibilidade de o movimento estudantil proporcionar uma formação política aos estudantes e futuros profissionais. A formação de professoras e professores é cada vez mais influenciada pelas determinações dos organismos internacionais, e mais difícil fica organizar a resistência ao capitalismo. As atividades das entidades do movimento estudantil, seu histórico de ação e questionamentos das condições do ensino e da sociedade brasileira podem permitir uma formação (...) contra-hegemônica. (shrink)

Empirical research in bioethics has developed rapidly over the past decade, but has largely eschewed the use of technology-driven methodologies. We propose “design bioethics” as an area of conjoined theoretical and methodological innovation in the field, working across bioethics, health sciences and human-centred technological design. We demonstrate the potential of digital tools, particularly purpose-built digital games, to align with theoretical frameworks in bioethics for empirical research, integrating context, narrative and embodiment in moral decision-making. Purpose-built digital tools can engender situated engagement (...) with bioethical questions; can achieve such engagement at scale; and can access groups traditionally under-represented in bioethics research and theory. If developed and used with appropriate rigor, tools motivated by “design bioethics” could offer unique insights into new and familiar normative and empirical issues in the field. (shrink)

'Revisão do Pensamento Conservador' apresenta alguns resultados do Projeto Temático Fapesp 'Linhagens do Pensamento Político-Social Brasileiro' desenvolvidos por seus integrantes e outros pesquisadores interlocutores do projeto. O livro procura oferecer uma visão de conjunto das configurações assumidas pelo pensamento conservador em diferentes momentos da vida intelectual brasileira, em algumas tradições políticas e em diferentes autores, como Visconde do Uruguai, José de Alencar, Alberto Torres, Gilberto Freyre, Gustavo Corção e outros.

The article presents the aspects related to the learning of the psychological clinic and its evaluation. Authors who, based on different theoretical foundations, agree that the learning of the clinic does not obey teaching and evaluation strategies similar to those applied for other theoretical contents are presented in the text.

The paper concentrates on the teaching of qualitative data collection techniques. The theoretical assumptions upon which the interview strategy is based are analyzed in the first place. For this purpose, “minimum” contents of the body of knowledge formed by phenomenology, symbolic interactionism and..