In the course of the last few centuries the evolution of literature has been marked by the entry of Eastern countries into the system of social and spiritual relationships which came into being in the West at the beginning of the 17th century. This evolution is linked with the changes which have been grouped together as “modernization.” The content of this modernization coincides, more or less, with what Marx and Engels described, in the first chapter of the Communist Manifesto, as (...) the expansion of the bourgeoisie. However, in the 20th century, the possibility of a non-capitalist path has become apparent, and therefore the theory of modernization gives a wider sense to the character of the ruling class (which, in the 19th century, was the European bourgeoisie), and emphasizes changes of a general nature: the differentiation of the social structure, the birth of new institutions and new roles, economic differentiation, industrialization, urbanization, increased vertical and horizontal mobility, cultural differentiation, the birth of a science independent of religion, the substitution of a businesslike, rational attitude to life for a religious one, the development of civic awareness and of civil rights. The cradle of modernization (England, Holland, France) is conventionally called “the West.” Other countries, including those situated to the west of France (e.g. Spain, Portugal) are considered as “the non-West.”. (shrink)

The question posed in the title of this article requires us to indicate exactly what we mean by medieval India. Does there exist in general an Indian Middle Ages? Or rather are the Middle Ages a purely European category, and the extension of it to include India involve extrapolations that are devoid of sense?

The present study examined nonprofessionals' perceptions of culturally based and noncultural ethical violations. One hundred seventy-four undergraduates students read 12 vignettes depicting situations in which a clinician committed either a culturally based violation (e.g., sexist or ageist behavior) or a noncultural violation (e.g., breeching confidentiality or multiple relationship). Results indicated that participants were more likely to have unfavorable views of clinicians who had committed culturally based violations. In addition, results suggested that participants would be more likely to report a clinician (...) who had committed a culturally based violation to a supervisor or ethics board. (shrink)

© 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Genetic studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the risk of prostate cancer. It remains unclear whether such genetic variants are associated with disease aggressiveness. The NCI-SPORE Genetics Working Group retrospectively collected clinicopathologic information and genotype data for 36 SNPs which at the time had been validated to be associated with PC risk from 25,674 cases with PC. Cases were grouped according to race, Gleason score and aggressiveness. Statistical analyses were used to compare the frequency (...) of the SNPs between different disease cohorts. After adjusting for multiple testing, only PC-risk SNP rs2735839 was significantly and inversely associated with aggressive and high-grade disease in European men. Similar associations with aggressive and high-grade disease were documented in African-American subjects. The G allele of rs2735839 was associated with disease aggressiveness even at low PSA levels in both European and African-American men. Our results provide further support that a PC-risk SNP rs2735839 near the KLK3 gene on chromosome 19q13 may be associated with aggressive and high-grade PC. Future prospectively designed, case-case GWAS are needed to identify additional SNPs associated with PC aggressiveness. (shrink)

Yaygın din eğitimi örgün din eğitimin dışında bireylerin dini ihtiyaçlarını gidermek için resmi ya da özel kuruluşlar vasıtasıyla her bireye planlı ve amaçlı olarak verilen eğitimdir. Günümüzde yaygın din eğitimini şekillendiren temel kurum Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığıdır. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı yaygın din eğitimini cami içi ve cami dışı olarak yerine getirmektedir. Cami içi yaygın din eğitimi ise; vaaz, hutbe ve kuran öğretimi ile yapılmaktadır. Bu eğitimlerden olan hutbe, Müslümanları ilgilendiren bütün konuları ele alarak topluma dini bilgileri öğretmek; insanlarda olumlu yönde davranış (...) değişikliği oluşturmak, hedef kitlenin iman, ahlak ve toplumsal farkındalık bakımından duyarlı hale gelmesini sağlamak için bireylere yardımcı olmaktır. Yaklaşık olarak aynı dönemlerde doğmuş, aynı dönemin özelliklerini paylaşmış, benzer sorumluluklara sahip bireyler aynı kuşak bireyleri olarak tanımlanır. 1990-2015 yılları arasında doğmuş büyümüş bireyler Z kuşağı bireyleri olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu kuşak bireyleri interneti kullanma, teknolojiyi sevme, görsele aşina, üretken ve eşitlikçi gibi özelliklere sahiptir. Bu durum Z kuşağının sosyalleşmesinde, yaşam alışkanlıklarında ve öğrenme sitillerinde farklıları beraberinde getirmiştir. Yaygın din eğitim nesiller arasındaki bu farklılıkları dikkate alarak bireylerin kendilerini geliştirmelerine ve bilgilerini güncellemelerine yardım etmelidir. Bu sebeple yaygın din eğitimi Z kuşağının ihtiyaçlarını dikkate alarak farklı metot ve etkinlikleri geliştirmesi gerekir. Bu bağlamda Z kuşağının gözüyle Cuma hutbelerinin nasıllığı önemli hale gelmektedir. Buradan hareketle Z kuşağının Cuma hutbelerine karşı tutumlarını incelemek için Cuma hutbeleri değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmamız, Z kuşağının Cuma Hutbelerini algılamalarını incelemek amacıyla tanımlayıcı araştırma tasarımı ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın evrenini Konya İli Seydişehir, Beyşehir ilçesinde 14-25 yaş aralığındaki 175 birey oluşturmaktadır. Veriler araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan ‘Birey Tanılama Formu’ ve ‘Cuma Hutbelerine İlişkin Bilgi Formu’ aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırmada, verilerin analizinde IBM SPSS (IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences Corp.; Armonk, NY, ABD) 25.0 programı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verileri değerlendirilirken kategorik değişkenler için frekans dağılımı (sayı, yüzde), sayısal değişkenler için tanımlayıcı istatistikler (ortalama, standart sapma) kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan katılımcıların yaş ortalamaları 17.04’dir. Katılımcıların çoğunluğunun lise öğrencisi olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırmada Z kuşağının Cuma hutbelerine katılım sağladığı, hutbelerden umut bekledikleri, olumlu yönden etkilendikleri görülmüştür. Ancak Cuma hutbelerindeki konuların yerel ve güncel konuları ele almadığı ifade ederek anlatılan konuların hatırlamadıkları, aynı konuların tekrar ettiği, gençlere yönelik olmadığına ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca hutbelerin sunumu, süresi ve imamların yaklaşımlarından dolayı problemler yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir. (shrink)

nec iuvenis sororis suae mortem tam miseram et quae minime par erat inlatam aequo tolerare quivit animo, sed … exin flagrantissimis febribus ardebat, ut ipsi quoque iam medela videretur esse necessaria. This is the text of the passage describing the reaction of the young man at the news that his beloved sister has been murdered flagris and titione candenti inter media femina detruso as it is transmitted by the Florentine MS. With the few exceptions which I discuss below, the vast (...) majority of editors accept the text of F, betraying resignation before a paradosis that can hardly seem genuine, since it can be maintained only by forcing both word order and syntax. Editors either refer quae to mortem, assuming an ellipsis of ei in the relative clause and taking par as ‘fitting’, or refer quae to soror, assuming an ellipsis of in eam and taking par as equivalent to digna. (shrink)

Two classic learning situations are critically reviewed and interpreted from a synergetic point of view: human learning of complex skills, and animal discrimination learning. Both show typical characteristics of nonlinear phase transitions: instability, fluctuations, critical slowing down and reorganisation. Plateaus in the acquisition curves of complex skills can be viewed as phases of arrested progress in which a reorganisation of simple skills is necessary before their integration into complex units is possible. Fluctuations and critical slowing down are expressed in instances (...) of "vicarious trial-and-error," which describe the oscillating behavior of rats at a choice point that is shown only just before discrimination learning is completed. It is concluded that education might pay more attention to the role of individual learning rhythms. (shrink)

The paper addresses the use of heterogeneous ensembles of intelligent unmanned vehicles in such a perspective field of innovations as an unmanned fishery. The issues of joint activity of unmanned vehicles of different types in fishing operations based on intelligent technologies are investigated. The “smart fishing” approach based on the joint fishing operation model is proposed. The operational framework that includes missions, roles, and activity scenarios embedded in the discretized spatial model is presented. The scenario activities are considered as the (...) sequences of pentad that determine executing specific functions concerning the specified waypoint, timepoints, and the states of vehicles. The definition of the plan as the scenario prototype that needs adjusting to the conditions of the situational context is proposed. The coordination problem regarding the joint activities of the unmanned vehicles and their scenarios is defined and the coordination framework based on the distributed common board model and coordination primitives is presented. The prototype of the intelligent scenario-based system including the implementation of both operational and coordination frameworks developed for the control of unmanned vehicles is described. This system makes unmanned vehicles capable to absorb all the latest advances in intelligent technologies to perform smart fishing operations jointly in a large heterogeneous group. The proposed approach to smart fishing using intelligent technologies makes it possible to detach fishermen from the fishing activities dangerous to their life and health, to reduce significantly poaching and illegal fishing, to increase the overall efficiency of fishing operations, and even to save the marine ecosystem. (shrink)

Es ist eigentlich zu früh, Anmerkungen zu einem Buch zu machen, das nach dem Selbstverständnis seines Autors erst in einem zweiten Buch zur Sache kommen soll, nämlich zu dem, was er «die inhaltliche Auseinandersetzung mit einzelnen anthropologischen Themenbereichen» nennt. Damit stellt sich natürlich gleich die Frage: Was soll denn das erste, also das hier vorliegende Buch leisten? Man kann dessen Aufgabe so umreißen: Es soll den Rahmen abstecken, innerhalb dessen die anthropologische Diskussion des 13. Jahrhunderts stattfand. Mit dieser Aufgabenbestimmung geht (...) die Annahme einher, dass die Forschung diesen Rahmen bislang nicht oder doch nicht richtig abgesteckt hat. Diese Annahme stützt sich auf Mängel der mediävistischen Anthropologie. (shrink)