Philosophical discussions on the ways that death makes life meaningful and sacred.

This book is a close reading of Jacques Lacan’s seminal essay, “The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason Since Freud, ” selected for the particular light it casts on Lacan’s complex relation to linguistics, psychoanalysis, and philosophy. It clarifies the way Lacan renews or transforms the psychoanalytic field, through his diversion of Saussure’s theory of the sign, his radicalization of Freud’s fundamental concepts, and his subversion of dominant philosophical values. The authors argue, however, that Lacan’s discourse is (...) marked by a deep ambiguity: while he invents a new “language,” he nonetheless maintains the traditional metaphysical motifs of systemacity, foundation, and truth. (shrink)

Thinking involves many elements of sound that philosophical tradition has repressed. Breathing, rhythms and collateral noises participate in the making of idealities, even the most abstract. In order to hear them, the voice needs to be considered as one sound among others and as multiple, even when it comes from the same speaker, following different protocols of enunciation. Listening to the recordings of seminars and studying the role played by modern sound technologies make it possible to hear subterranean meanings and (...) tensions at the heart of mental elaboration. Thinkers and writers could be defined by the way they handle the acoustic environments favourable to the way they speak and write, whether by selection, mixing or silence. An ‘acousmatic’ reading aims to listen to this sonic investment in texts and to hear the complex vibrations of their thought. (shrink)

Une conférence que Scheler prononça en 1926, intitulée « Leib und Seele » (« Le corps et l?âme »), contient le propos suivant : F. Nietzsche, Bergson, Simmel, Dilthey, l?activisme ( Aktivismus ) et toutes les variétés ( Spielarten ) d?un nouveau pragmatisme, la mauvaise philosophie de la vie ( Lebensphilosophie ) dans son ensemble, puisqu?on l?appelle ainsi, ont présenté ce courant selon la rationalité philosophique (voyez la philosophie de la vie [ Philosophie des Lebens ], voyez Rickert ; « (...) la grande raison du corps et la petite raison de notre conscience »). L?homme comme société hiérarchisée ( Gesellschaftsb [?]) de pulsions ( Trieben ) 1 . Il est question de l?intérêt de la jeunesse, dans tous les pays, pour le sport, la danse, la « force et la beauté » ( die ?Kraft und Schönheit? ) 2 . Un tel intérêt serait solidaire d?une horreur pour les valeurs de l?esprit conscient ainsi que pour une société mécaniste du travail. Tout cela, Scheler le nomme la « manière d?être dionysiaque » ( dionysischer Zug ) 3 . Les trois principaux thèmes de la critique adressée par Scheler à Nietzsche et Bergson sont présents ici : la théorie de la connaissance (il est question d?un « pragma­tisme »), l?ontologie de la vie (c?est à une certaine « philosophie de la vie » que Scheler s?en prend) et l?anthropologie (c?est une conception déterminée de l?homme qui est impliquée par la. (shrink)

Common sense has it that animals matter considerably less than humans; the welfare and suffering of a cow, a chicken or a fish are important but not as much as the welfare and suffering of a human being. Most animal ethicists reject this “speciesist” view as mere prejudice. In their opinion, there is no difference between humans and other animals that could justify such unequal consideration. In the opposite camp, advocates of speciesism have long tried to identify a difference that (...) would fit the bill, but they have consistently seemed to fail. In light of this, some naturally began to appeal to Moorean arguments: the case against speciesism must be flawed somehow, these philosophers maintain, because speciesism is supported by a strong and widespread intuition. This chapter draws on recent findings in social psychology to criticize this defence of speciesism. It argues that the strong and widespread intuition that humans count more than animals is epistemically defective because it is causally shaped by a pair of irrelevant influences: cognitive dissonance and tribalism. Accordingly, it is no suitable basis for a Moorean argument. (shrink)

A study of Marey, physician, physiologist, aviation researcher, and inventor, delineates his innovative work in chronophotography.

A defence of the 'pragmatic' theory of anaphora (which stresses the analogy between anaphora and deixis) against an argument put forward by Gareth Evans.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the hermeneutical nature of the concept of the understanding-of-being that grounds Heidegger’s fundamental ontology. I first consider the merging between ontology and hermeneutics that takes place in Being and Time and then interpret the hermeneutical sections of Being and Time (§§ 31–32) in order to clarify the ontological scope of under­standing, interpretation, and meaning. This allows me to examine the three dimensions of the “understanding-of-being principle” (according to which our encounter with entities (...) is made possible by an understanding-of-being): the semantic, the ontological, and the transcendental. Finally, I try to make sense of the problematic use Heidegger makes of the concept of understanding for both the ontic encounter with entities and the ontological access to being. (shrink)

We present bibliometric evidence for increasing estrangement between the philosophy of economics and economics itself. Our analysis centers on research articles published in the Journal of Economic Methodology (JEM) between 1994 and 2021. We analyze the citations within these research articles, in particular with respect to the citations of economics. Our results are fourfold. (1) The share of economic citations in JEM articles has been decreasing. (2) The remaining economic citations in JEM articles are increasingly older relative to citation patterns (...) within economics. (3) The profile of economic citations in JEM articles is increasingly dissimilar when compared to what is cited within economics. (4) There is decreasing diversity with regards to the share of attention towards different economic subfields in the articles published in JEM when compared to economics. We discuss interpretations of this evidence for estrangement between philosophy of economics and economics. (shrink)

Response to Brabanter's contribution in the proceedings of the Granada workshop.

Linguistique et philosophie logique du langage: deux traditions de pensee que bien des choses opposent. La premiere est plutot mentaliste, et orientee vers l'etude de la syntaxe; la seconde, plus preoccupee de semantique, cherche volontiers le sens dans les conditions de verite des phrases. Ce portrait n'est pas faux, mais il est incomplet: entre logique et linguistique, les relations n'ont pas ete, ne sont pas que d'opposition. Dans cet ouvrage, les auteurs proposent une sorte d'histoire conceptuelle des interactions fecondes entre (...) les deux disciplines au cours du XXe siecle. La premiere partie, consacree a la notion de categorie semantique et/ou syntaxique, raconte comment les theories a priori de la signification (Husserl, Frege, Russell) ont progressivement donne lieu au programme des grammaires categorielles, d'inspiration plus descriptive et empirique. La deuxieme partie traite d'un autre episode, datant des annees cinquante a soixante-dix, et lie a la naissance des grammaires generatives: celui au cours duquel l'opposition entre la these avancee par Chomsky de l'autonomie de la syntaxe, et l'idee de la priorite conceptuelle de la semantique, soutenue par des logiciens comme Montague, vient au premier plan. Enfin la troisieme partie traite des recherches tout a fait contemporaines concernant l'etude des expressions indefinies et des relations anaphoriques qu'elles soutiennent, theme ou se dessinent des convergences nouvelles entre l'analyse logique et l'analyse linguistique: la comprehension des rapports entre generalite et reference dans les langages naturels y gagnera certainement en finesse et en adequation empirique. (shrink)

Animal ethicists often distinguish between direct and indirect defenses of speciesism, where the former appeal to species membership and the latter invoke other features that are simply associated with it. The main extant charge against indirect defenses rests on the empirical claim that any feature other than membership in our species is either absent in some humans or present in some nonhumans. This paper challenges indirect defenses with a new argument, which presupposes no such empirical claim. Instead, the argument from (...) discordance resorts to the following principle: a certain feature can only justify discriminating on the basis of that feature. (shrink)

D'abord, la philosophie l'a longtemps délaissé ou abaissé. La pensée religieuse, sans doute mal comprise, lui a prêté son concours : le corps, source de plaisir et de péché, y était tenu alors en suspicion. Le philosophe lui a toujours opposé l'esprit. Il lui préfère " les états de conscience ". Pour lui, il lui semble plus aisé de se connaître (l'ego) que le corps. Il ne rompt pas facilement avec le mentalisme. Il abandonne volontiers le corps aux anthropologues, aux (...) ethnologues, voire aux médecins, ou pis encore, mais afin de le diminuer un peu plus, aux anatomistes (l'aspect cadavérique). (shrink)

Desde el siglo XVIII, el jardín es el lugar del saber-hacer y de los conocimientos adquiridos por la botánica experimental. A partir de ahí, se propondrá una definición de lo que es un ambiente técnico: un ambiente de cultivo hecho de normas y leyes. Pero este ambiente técnico debe distinguirse del ambiente natural. Este último designa un ambiente ocupado por especies salvajes. Se trata, pues, de precisar la naturaleza de la relación entre ambiente técnico y ambiente natural. A los productos (...) del cultivo, Linneo les daba un valor positivo. Rousseau piensa al contrario. A la naturaleza, le da un valor positivo. Linneo valora el jardín, está a favor del cultivo. Rousseau desvaloriza el jardín, está a favor de la naturaleza. La controversia sobre los organismos modificados podría comenzar. (shrink)

Etre citoyen en démocratie ne consiste pas seulement à exercer le droit de vote. C'est aussi être impliqué dans le devenir d'une société dont chacun est responsable. Celle-ci se construit quotidiennement à travers des actes et des comportements qui sont inséparables de nos convictions et de nos choix. Etre citoyen, c'est donc aussi agir avec soi et sur soi. C'est être souverain sur soi. Pour être citoyen, il faut donc le vouloir, le concevoir, et trouver la bonne mesure, car nous (...) ne sommes pas souverains de droit divin. Pour le dire autrement, nous devons apprendre à être libres, au cœur même de notre finitude. (shrink)

Hundreds of clinical trials of potential treatments and vaccines for the “coronavirus 19 disease” (COVID-19) have been set up in record time. This is a remarkable reaction to the global pandemic, but the absence of a global coordination of clinical research efforts raises serious ethical concerns. Some COVID-19 patients might carry the burden of clinical trial involvement even though their trial cannot be completed as researchers are competing for patients. A shortage of medicines can occur when existing drugs are diverted (...) for clinical trials. Research ethics committees are overburdened with multiple applications. A multitude of trials can also overstretch medical staff and risk neglecting non-COVID-19 patients. And finally, conflicting conclusions from a multitude of heterogeneous trials might lead to delays in public health decisions about life-saving issues. These challenges are made worse by the unpredictable evolution of epidemics, the active involvement of political decision-makers in scientific issues and the pressure of social media globally. While freedom to conduct research must be safeguarded, global health emergency situations would greatly benefit from effective international coordination mechanisms for clinical research. (shrink)

In this paper, we redefine the target of evolutionary explanations by proposing the “evosystem” as an alternative to populations, lineages and species. Evosystems account for changes in the distribution of heritable variation within individual Darwinian populations (evolution by natural selection, drift, or constructive neutral evolution), but also for changes in the networks of interactions within or between Darwinian populations and changes in the abiotic environment (whether these changes are caused by the organic entities or not). The evosystem can thereby become (...) a centerpiece for a redefined evolutionary science, that is, evolutionary studies, that apprehends through a single framework the variety of evolutionary processes that lie at various scales. To illustrate the importance of this broadened perspective on evolution, we use a case of antimicrobial resistance evolution: the spread of the blaNDM gene family and the related resistance to carbapenem antibiotics observed globally, and show how evolutionary studies can contribute to answering contemporary socially relevant challenges. (shrink)