Este artículo intenta poner de manifiesto el papel que jugó el “mar” en el desarrollo de un derecho moderno con pretensiones cada vez más universales.

Nunca es mal momento para repensar, y llegado el caso actualizar, ese conjunto de conceptos y ese racimo de valores que de manera inopinada conforman la realidad que tercamente se nos impone y a la que, con más o menos fortuna, tratamos incesantemente de dar sentido. Y, sin embargo, la reivindicación intempestiva de pasar por el cedazo de la crítica un término tan de justicia entre nosotros como el de meritocracia es presumible que genere, antes incluso de ser leído, un (...) inicial recelo, secundado por un más que probable desconcierto. Tan interiorizadas como están las reglas del juego neoliberal —digámoslo de una vez: nos vencieron y nos convencieron—, a nadie puede sorprender, ya que constituya una verdadera provocación el suspender, si quiera por un momento, un valor tan consagrado entre nosotros como el de la meritocracia... (shrink)

Between the 1960s and the 1970s, Marxism reached its maximum success in Italy, but that phase also corresponded to the crisis of the Italian Communist Party’s cultural hegemony, challenged by both the attacks coming from the New Left and innovative readings of Marx’s works. Marxist historicism, on which the Italian Communist Party had based its cultural policy after the the Second World War, consequently suffered heavy attacks. This article illuminates one of the responses to historicism’s decline, providing an account of (...) the book series La Scienza Nuova, issued by the publishing house Dedalo in Bari and edited by the communist intellectual Mario Spinella, who was able to remain loyal to his party demonstrating, at the same time, cultural autonomy. Also grounding on archival documents, the article posits that Spinella’s aim was to attract New Left readers by selecting books on topics and by authors that were in fashion in Italy and abroad, but incorporating them into a theoretical framework based on Marxist historicism, in order to preserve the latter in an evolving cultural environment. (shrink)

It is of concern that, until now, Western and Southern theories have not been able to provide a full conceptual understanding of the complicity of the elites and states of former colonies outside the West with the political domination they suffer from their Western counterparts. Decolonial thought, by exploring global epistemic designs, can fully explain such political dependency, which, for Aníbal Quijano, results from the local elites’ goal to racially identify with their Western peers (self-humanization), obstructing local nationalization. We explore (...) why the racially dehumanized local elites believe they can humanize themselves. Our claim is that this happens because of modernity’s pretense that everyone can become civilized and, thereby, human, hiding the fact that hu(man)s are only heterosexual men that are simultaneously Western, white and Christian. Only by focusing on the enunciation of Western knowledge, instead of on its enunciated content, can we make that argument. (shrink)

The 21st century is characterized by an unpredictable and challenging work environment, and the Intrapreneurial Self-Capital (ISC) career and life construct can be seen as a core of individual intrapreneurial resources that enables people to cope with ongoing challenges, changes, and transitions founding innovative solutions when confronted with the constraints imposed by such an environment. The ISC is a challenging construct since it can enhance behavior and attitudes through specific training, unlike personality traits, which are considered substantially stable in the (...) literature. Against this background, the present study examined the relationship between ISC and well-being (hedonic well-being and eudaimonic well-being) controlling for the effects of personality traits. The Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ), the Intrapreneurial Self-Capital Scale (ISCS), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and the Flourishing Scale (FS) were administered to 258 Italian workers. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that ISC explained a percentage of incremental variance beyond that explained by personality traits in relation to both life satisfaction and flourishing. These results indicate that ISC is a key resource for hedonic well-being and eudaimonic well-being and that it offers new research and intervention opportunities. (shrink)

Many modern digital products use Machine Learning (ML) to emulate human abilities, knowledge, and intellect. In order to achieve this goal, ML systems need the greatest possible quantity of training data to allow the Artificial Intelligence (AI) model to develop an understanding of “what it means to be human”. We propose that the processes by which companies collect this data are problematic, because they entail extractive practices that resemble labour exploitation. The article presents four case studies in which unwitting individuals (...) contribute their humanness to develop AI training sets. By employing a post-Marxian framework, we then analyse the characteristic of these individuals and describe the elements of the capture-machine. Then, by describing and characterising the types of applications that are problematic, we set a foundation for defining and justifying interventions to address this form of labour exploitation. (shrink)

En este artículo se plantean algunas consideraciones clásicas que santo Tomás de Aquino formuló sobre la fundamentación de la ley como producto de la razón y su relación con las leyes de los hombres. Se analiza el papel de la sindéresis como vínculo del individuo con la ius naturae y se concluye que la vida buena tiene un referente en el “estado de derecho” y en la práctica sistemática de las virtudes morales.

El propósito del presente artículo es proponer un diálogo entre la novela autobiográfica Infancia del autor sudafricano J. M. Coetzee, y la transformación existencial del ser-ahí heideggeriano, tal como esta es analizada e interpretada en Ser y tiempo. El camino que seguiremos consistirá en desarrollar un procedimiento hermenéutico de carácter especular, mediante el cual podamos articular el sentido de la obra literaria con el relato formal, ontológico, de la existencia del Dasein en Ser y tiempo de Heidegger. A través de (...) este diálogo examinaremos cómo se interpelan, problematizan y, en algunos puntos, se aclaran mutuamente ambos relatos, haciendo uso de algunos conceptos claves de la analítica existencial como “disposición afectiva”, “comprensión”, “condición de arrojado”. (shrink)

“Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history”: this was the single line that Charles Darwin devoted to human evolution in the Origin of Species (1859). At present, there is a number of extinct species, which we understand to be related to human evolution, demonstrating that the Darwin’s prediction was correct: light has been thrown, indeed. Moreover, the science of human origin (or palaeoanthropology) appears to be able to shed much light not only on the natural (...) history of humankind, but also on mechanisms and patterns of "evolution" as a general phenomenon. This is of special interest when we focus on data and hypotheses concerning the origin of our own species, Homo sapiens. (shrink)

This book explores the various connections between Law and Opera, providing a comprehensive, multinational, and multidisciplinary resource on the subject. Further, it makes a valuable contribution to studies on law and the humanities. While, for example, the relationship between law and literature has been extensively researched, the relationship between Law and Opera remains largely overlooked. The book approaches the topic from three perspectives in three main sections: Law in Opera, Law on Opera, and Law around Opera.

Music, literature, history. These things are not quite alike. But in Europe, before the advent of recording machines that made it possible for sounds to be recorded and played back, the three activities relied on the same technology of preservation. They were kept in/as books. Bookishness, in European and colonial imaginaries, was an often-idealized, powerful means of keeping things from slipping away. An understanding of bookish things as a repository can be evinced in laws that required preserving a copy of (...) newly published literary works and music for the benefit of posterity; or in popular novels where a book featured as the chronicler (both recorder and narrator) of its own adventures, beyond the lifespans of individual users. Scholars have paid specialist attention to the ontological differences among music, literature, and history when they are kept as books. Discipline-specific trainings and conversations tend to emphasize how different these objects and practices are. Yet focusing on their shared mode of bookish preservation offers other rewards. Our multi-authored article is a creative experiment in bringing together musicologists, literary scholars, and historians to test the potential, for our own fields and with implications for other humanities disciplines, of foregrounding this technological convergence. We propose the more capacious categories of bookkeepers (people who keep things as books) and cultures of note-taking (whether glossing a textbook or notating music) as fruitful avenues to avoid writing the artificially separate histories of creation versus consumption, public versus personal, authoritative versus amateurish, or artistic versus documentary practices. Music, broadly conceived, and the nineteenth-century album (a book of blank pages to keep verses, music, memories, and many more things) serve as the starting point for our reflections. Both exhibit a tangential connection to the normative codes of what Roger Chartier called “the order of books.” In considering actors/artifacts/acts at the very margins of textuality, or existing in a perverse relationship with bookishness, our aim is to redraw the knowledge-making structures we use to investigate our objects of study, calling attention to the intermedial and social practices, and cultures of remembrance, in which they are historically imbricated. (shrink)

The main theme of this work is rescue the Samuel Ramos proposal for a philosophical anthropology from his new humanism. Two main issues discussed: the dichotomy material-spiritual world; and the sense of complexity that resizes the man as ideal being or identity in response to the Kantian question: Was ist der Mensch?

Desde los remotos tiempos de la tragedia Ática en Grecia, el teatro es y ha sido siempre movimiento, siendo este una característica esencial de los seres orgánicos, es decir, de los dotados de vida. No obstante, se corre el riesgo de reemplazar su mecánica natural con metafísica, cuando ello no es coherente ni siquiera en hipótesis. Cabe demostrar las disimilitudes del teatro con las doctrinas escolásticas, idealistas, o hinduistas, y su compatibilidad con los átomos, electrones y las leyes de la (...) física, sometiendo sus conceptos al rigor epistemológico. La creación artística nace del psiquismo humano, aun no siendo material en primera instancia, pero ya luego cobra su forma cualitativa definitiva. Para ello atraviesa por varios tipos de censura, tanto física como psicológica, buscando expresarse mediante el lenguaje en que se comunican los distintos géneros dramáticos, dando a conocer su situación de crisis sin retorno, esa que se debate entre crueldad y violencia. Antonin Artaud intrinca al teatro las ideas cabalísticas y no busca contrastarlas con argumentación lógica. La evidencia demuestra que, si es que hay una unidad, esa es la del teatro con lo físico. Lo físico es su verdadero “doble”. Un sucinto pero conciso repaso histórico, bien prodigado de documentación y basado en los preceptos erigidos por el materialismo dialectico, nos dará la certeza de que el teatro pertenece exclusivamente al mundo físico, no solo en la práctica, sino también en esencia, y esta es la materia, siendo solo la metafísica un estadio improbable dentro de ella. (shrink)

p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 120%; text-align: left; widows: 2; orphans: 2; } O texto empreende uma reflexão sobre o conceito de Formação Cultural, que perpassa e está perpassado pela própria criação do sistema educacional alemão. Para isso divide-se em três momentos: 1) verificação das possíveis traduções ao termo na língua portuguesa, 2) apresentação da formulação do conceito no cenário intelectual alemão; e 3) descrição das condições históricas que tornaram esse um conceito chave para o processo de reforma (...) educacional alemão e para o pensamento pedagógico enquanto tal. (shrink)

Das Verdienst der erkenntnistheoretischen Überlegungen von Evandro Agazzi besteht in folgendem Vorschlag: Die Wissenschaftsgeschichte sollte als Treffpunkt zwischen philosophischer Reflexion und wissenschaftlicher Forschung verstanden und untersucht werden. Wissenschaft und Philosophie sind damit eng miteinander verbunden. Mit den Worten Kants, ist Wissenschaft ohne Philosophie blind und Philosophie ohne Wissenschaft leer. Und nicht nur das: Für Agazzi hilft die Wissenschaftsphilosophie der Gesellschaft als Ganzes, den kulturellen (und menschlichen) Wert der Wissenschaft besser zu verstehen. Umgekehrt hilft uns die Wissenschaftsgeschichte, den immerwährenden Fortschritt unseres (...) Wissens zu verstehen. Warum ist das so? Weil wir die progressive Natur unserer wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse nicht außer Acht lassen dürfen.Der wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Ansatz hilft uns auch zu verstehen, dass die wissenschaftliche Entwicklung immer im Rahmen verschiedener Entscheidungen stattfindet. Umgekehrt hilft die erkenntnistheoretische Reflexion auch der historischen Forschung, die Entwicklung unseres kognitiven und technischen Erbes besser zu verstehen. Auf dieser Grundlage setzte sich Agazzi − in Zusammenarbeit mit Ludovico Geymonat − für die Verbreitung der institutionellen Präsenz der Wissenschaftsphilosophie und der Wissenschaftsgeschichte (sowie der mathematischen Logik) an den Universitäten ein, insbesondere in Italien. Heute stehen wir alle wie Zwerge auf den Schultern von Riesen, denn wir können die Zusammenhänge zwischen Wissenschaft und Philosophie besser verstehen, gerade weil wir auf die historischen Beiträge von Evandro Agazzi zurückgreifen können. (shrink)

O presente trabalho visa expor, utilizando dupla perspectiva, as tecnociências e suas inovações como resultantes do modo de produção capitalista e no que isso implica. Num primeiro momento, será apresentada a perspectiva utilizada por Deuleuze e Guattari em Mil Platôs para denotar a importância do Estado como garantidor de um modo de produção e como agenciador, via ordem jurídica, das linhas de fuga que emergem da sociedade, inclusive no que toca às inovações trazidas pelo desenvolvimento e ampliação dos conhecimentos e (...) dos saberes. Na sequência, de forma complementar, serão abordados o capitalismo em si e alguns de seus fundamentos relevantes para a compreensão das consequências possíveis para as inovações tecnocientíficas, isso a partir de postulados da teoria materialista-histórica. Após, irá se procurar demonstrar a realização de um estatuto ético-jurídico brasileiro como agenciamento das modificações e inovações que dizem com uso de células tronco para pesquisas. (shrink)

La inversión en la bolsa de valores se ha interpretado por algunos como unaactividad con daños colaterales en detrimento de las masas. Considerando lasrazones del por qué esto ha ocasionado un sentimiento de indignación en muchos,este texto busca identificar el tipo de inversionistas que se encuentran enWall Street —se inicia con el Übermensch, de Nietzsche y se finaliza con el empresario productor de Ayn Rand—, y qué tan justificado es el resentimiento que se ha generado en contra. Asimismo, dada la (...) llegada de múltiples inversionistas no institucionales al mercado accionario durante el 2021 —quienes publicaban en redes sociales el objetivo de impactar a los fondos de inversiones—, se investiga si lo que se generó fue un movimiento social en contra estos y, al llegar a una decisión negativa, se concluye con las deficiencias de estas acciones que previenen que sean consideradas un movimiento social. (shrink)

Este trabajo se ocupa de algunas ideas éticas del filósofo latinoamericano Andrés Bello (1781-1865), en especial de su “teoría de los sentimientos morales”. En la polémica del siglo XIX entre el llamado racionalismo ético (representado por Théodore Jouffroy) y el utilitarismo (Bentham), Bello adopta una postura intermedia, que pudiera calificarse de “hedonismo moderado” o de “eudemonismo”. Sus puntos de vista sobre la motivación moral o la manera en que la razón y el sentimiento se entrelazan para formar nuestras creencias morales, (...) se revelan como muy próximos a las doctrinas de Aristóteles y de algunos autores contemporáneos. (shrink)

In Leopardi’s writings the idea of the monster/monstrous means a deviation from nature or a consequence of something that is considered monstrous because it belongs to, or reflects a taste or a set of criteria of evaluation belonging to another time or place. There is therefore both an absolute and a relative meaning of monster/monstrous, according to whether it refers to the real history of mankind, which progressively diverged from nature, or to the imaginary foundation of taste and judgement. Nonetheless, (...) these two moments are intertwined and refer one to the other reciprocally. In fact, the real difference between humanity and nature is the source of every imagination about monstrosity. One might even say that the notion of the monster/monstrous is the chain that links the ‘real’ and the ‘imaginary’ because it is the result of a miscalculation that makes a mere partial viewpoint absolute. (shrink)

This article aims to interpret the Althusserian critique of ideology in order to put forth the mechanisms at work within the relation of belief that constitutes every ideology and to insist on its practical consequences on the relation between the intellectual and the masses. To do so, we will draw upon Althusser’s review of humanism, upon his commentaries of the work of Montesquieu and Rousseau, and upon his conception of ideology in the article from 1970 on ‘Ideology and Ideological State (...) Apparatuses’ and in other texts of the same period. By focusing on an analysis of the functioning of belief within the three cardinal forms of ideology, we will highlight the importance of putting into place a social critique attentive to the repetition of the relations of belief with regard to enabling truly transformative actions. (shrink)

Secondo Klemperer la lingua pensa per noi. Ma anche le istituzioni pensano per noi. Col risultato che le prassi determinano spesso un pensiero diffuso che viene condiviso e fatto proprio senza rendersene conto. Quale pensiero ci comunica l’organizzazione attuale della prassi didattica delle scuole italiane? La relazione risponde a questa domanda mostrando come occorre rendersi consapevoli del preciso significato di tutte queste prassi didattiche.

According Klemperer language thinks for us. But also the institutions think for us. With the result that the practices often determine a common thought that is shared and made their own without realizing it. What thought communicates the current organization of the teaching practice of the Italian schools? The report answers this question by showing how users should be aware of the precise meaning of these educational practices.

Se discuten dos argumentos del diálogo Protágoras sobre la relación entre las virtudes individuales. En primer lugar se defiende -frente a Terry Penner- la tesis de Vlastos de que cuando Sócrates dice que "la justicia es justa", "la justicia es piadosa", etc., está destacando la mutua implicación entre las virtudes, y no su identidad; y se formula una hipótesis para explicar la razón de tal reciprocidad. En segundo lugar, se examina el argumento de que, puesto que la insensatez se opone (...) tanto a la moderación como a la sabiduría, y un término contrario no puede tener más de un contrario, moderación y sabiduría serían "una sola cosa". Se asevera que Platón quiere que rechacemos esta última conclusión, basada en el fondo en la idea de que las distintas virtudes se relacionan entre sí como las partes de un mismo rostro. Se concluye que los argumentos analizados no implican realmente la idea contraintuitiva de la identifi cación mutua de las virtudes.Two arguments from the Protagoras on the unity of the virtues are here dwelt with. First, it is claimed - with G. Vlastos and contra T. Penner - that when Socrates says that “justice is just”, “justice is pious”, etc. he wants to highlight the reciprocity of the individual virtues, not their mutual identity . Second, it is argued that Plato does not really want us to infer from folly’s opposition to both temperance and wisdom the need to identify these two virtues . He is only drawing our attention to their close relationship. This is enough to reject the hypothesis initially defended by Protagoras, i.e. that the different virtues relate to each other as the parts of a face. I conclude that the two aforesaid arguments do not really support the mutual identity of the virtues. (shrink)

El texto de este artículo pretende, en la primera parte, dar cuenta de algunos sucesos históricos que han acompañado el trasegar de la obra de Aristóteles, reseñando las interpretaciones, supuestos y malentendidos generados a partir del nombre: Metafísica. Posteriormente, se señalan algunos puntos fundamentales sobre la interpretación histórica de la obra aristotélica, así como los abanderados de tales giros interpretativos. Por último, el autor sugiere, respetuosa y comedidamente, una guía para la lectura de la Metafísica, determinando lo que sería el (...) cuerpo unitario del obra, los anexos y los complementos cuya atenta lectura debe suministrar al lector la fuerza filosófica del pensador de Estagira. (shrink)

Synapsins I and II are a family of synaptic vesicle‐associated phosphoproteins involved in the short‐term regulation of neurotransmitter release. In this review, we discuss a working model for the molecular mechanisms by which the synapsins act. We propose that synapsin I links synaptic vesicles to actin filaments in the presynaptic nerve terminal and that these interactions are modulated by the reversible phosphorylation of synapsin I through various signal transduction pathways. The high degree of homology between the synapsins suggests that some (...) of the functional properties of synapsin I are also shared by synapsin II. (shrink)