Rationale At the request of a Dutch governmental organization, a multidisciplinary group of osteoporosis experts in the Netherlands published in 2002 a guideline on case finding, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. These guidelines were evaluated for their validity and applicability. Methods Analysis by 5 external osteoporosis experts using the 'Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation' ('AGREE') instrument. Results The score for the 6 domains of AGREE was 88% for the scope and purpose domain, 76% for stakeholder involvement, 81% (...) for rigour of development, 84% for clarity and presentation, 77% for applicability and 73% for editorial independence. For single components of the domains of AGREE, highest scores were found for systematic methods used to search for evidence (100%), inclusion of individuals from all the relevant professional groups (95%) and ease of identifying key recommendations (95%). Lowest scores to single components of the several domains were given for piloting among target users (44%). All experts recommended the guidelines for use in practice. Conclusions The AGREE instrument scored high for development, clarity and presentation but low for piloting among target users and implementation. Based on the guideline, algorithms from case finding to treatment were constructed that could be tested for piloting among target users and for implementation of the guideline. (shrink)

Total quality; commerce; economics; religious aspects; Islam; Islamic ethics.

Global soft law, multistakeholder norms, the business practices and policies of leading companies, the expectations of...

razdel I. Istoriko-filosofskie issledovanii︠a︡ -- razdel II. Filosofskie i sot︠s︡ialʹno-politicheskie problemy -- razdel III. Istorii︠a︡ v lit︠s︡akh.

The problem of heterosis has been scrutinized from two points of view: the general experimental methodology and the interpretation of the facts in existing theories.Concerning the general experimental methodology, the relativity of the concept of heterosis is shown with respect to age and time of development of the parental strains, to the variations of the environmental conditions and to the direction of the reciprocal crosses. Therefore, in a large number of cases, experiments have taught not to be exhaustive.Concerning the existing (...) theories, heterosis is considered to be the result of a heterozygosity which can express itself at three levels, which are defined as heteroallely, heterogenomy and heterocytomy. Some works, which are well-representative for one of these three levels, are analysed, and within the results and theories of these works is looked for a point of agreement, in order to render a general hypothesis of heterosis possible. This point of agreement appears to be the cytoplasm, or more precisely, a nucleo-cytoplasmic equilibrium. In this way alone it is possible to disclose the existing continuity from crosses, as well as in the expression of the ovula-spermatozoid compatibility, which varies from lethality to hybrid vigour. From these evidences a general theory of heterosis is presented, by which heterosis is explained as the result of a disturbed nucleocytoplasmic equilibrium: it considers heterosis as a particular case of a more general law,i.e. the ovula-spermatozoid compatibility.This hypothesis is also discussed with respect to the diverse existing theories of cytoplasmic heredity. Some unsolved questions bearing on these problems are put forward, and the way to their solution has been indicated. (shrink)

Una de las competencias importantes de un máster universitario de introducción a la investigación es la innovación y un aspecto importante es cómo gestionarla. Para responder a las necesidades que la Sociedad demanda a través de los diversos programas de investigación y desarrollo que las distintas empresas lanzan, hace falta personal técnico capaz de llevar a cabo dichos proyectos y de gestionarlos bien. Las universidades han lanzado diversos programas de enseñanza para cubrir estas necesidades de conocimientos técnicos pero hace falta (...) también dotar a los investigadores de formación adecuada en su gestión. En este artículo se presenta la experiencia de los autores tras dos años impartiendo la asignatura optativa “Gestión de proyectos de investigación electrónicos bajo criterios de calidad” en el Máster de Ingeniería Electrónica, con el objetivo de fomentar esta habilidad en los alumnos mediante el conocimiento y la práctica del proceso de gestión de los proyectos electrónicos de investigación, desarrollo e innovación tecnológica. (shrink)

Cassandra Pinnick and George Gale (Journal for General Phisophy of Science 31, 109–125) examined the post-Lakatos period of historical cum philosophical case studies and concluded that a new methodology is required. Lakatos' proposed ‘history2’ (the theory- and value-laden reconstruction of history1, the set of historical events) was criticised. Recently a group of scholars have been pursuing a methodology which could be described as history 3, a history1 account of the interaction between the significant scientific papers published during the time period (...) in question and their scientific audience. (shrink)