Lean is a new open source theorem prover being developed at Microsoft Research and Carnegie Mellon University, with a small trusted kernel based on dependent type theory. It aims to bridge the gap between interactive and automated theorem proving, by situating automated tools and methods in a framework that supports user interaction and the construction of fully specified axiomatic proofs. Lean is an ongoing and long-term effort, but it already provides many useful components, integrated development environments, and a rich API (...) which can be used to embed it into other systems. It is currently being used to formalize category theory, homotopy type theory, and abstract algebra. We describe the project goals, system architecture, and main features, and we discuss applications and continuing work. (shrink)

Timothy Williamson has brought valuable contributions to the understanding of the relationship between vagueness and knowledge. The philosopher argues that for a belief in a vague proposition to be considered knowledge, it is essential that it is not too close to indefinite conceptual boundaries. Williamson warns that even true beliefs can be merely coincidentally true if there is not an adequate margin of safety against error. Williamson argues that in sorites situations, problems extend beyond semantics to encompass epistemic issues. The (...) author concludes that true beliefs, when too close to vague boundaries, are essentially true by chance, rendering them unsuitable for being considered knowledge. However, it is emphasized that vagueness is not a universal boundary and recognizes the existence of vague terms with relative and absolute boundary cases. While the former have uncertain application due to the lack of decisive methods for their use, the latter face an inherent incompleteness in the question. In summary, we will explore the essence of Williamson's argument, using simple and everyday examples to unravel the complexities of the relationship between vagueness and knowledge. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal investigar a relação existente entre a percepção da felicidade dos brasileiros, sua satisfação com a vida e a satisfação com o regime democrático no período de 2017 a 2020. Nossa hipótese de trabalho postula que o declínio da felicidade e da satisfação com a vida, de uma forma geral, guarda relação de associação com a satisfação com a democracia e suas instituições. Assim, o artigo sugere que felicidade e democracia no Brasil são duas variáveis (...) associadas que ajudam a explicar em parte as fragilidades de nosso regime democrático e devem ser foco de atenção de nossas políticas públicas. A base empírica deste artigo é a sétima onda da Pesquisa Mundial de Valores (WVS, 2017-2020), por meio de pesquisa quantitativa, tipo survey, que utilizaremos para demonstrar nosso argumento. (shrink)

O texto que ora apresentamos é o conteúdo de uma Palestra proferida em Agosto de 2011, em Lisboa, e discute alguns pareceres de Hegel sobre o ensino da filosofia na Universidade, e especilamente nos Liceus. Nosso objetivo é discorrer sobre as três fundamentais “lições” que se pode inferir das meditações hegelianas acerca do ensino da filosofia, a saber: 1) o professor tem que pensar; 2) a filosofia (e o filosofar) não é tão-somente um mero formalismo; 3) a dialéctica se configura (...) como textura, conteúdo, do real e como ocupação nuclear de uma penetração pensante do ser. Primeiramente, nossa argumentação evidencia que, para Hegel, o professor tem que pensar porque este ato é uma exigência fundante do seu trabalho docente de formação. No segundo momento, demonstramos que Hegel se posiciona contrário à tese que afirma o formalismo na contraposição filosofia versus filosofar. Em terceiro lugar, expomos que, para Hegel, o ensino e a aprendizagem devem se ocupar, necessariamente, da dialéctica, na medida em que esta não é um mero instrumento da técnica pedagógica, mas porque ela é constitutiva do pensar e da manifestação do ser no mundo. (shrink)

This book throws new light on the way in which the Internet impacts on democracy. Based on Jürgen Habermas' discourse-theoretical reconstruction of democracy, it examines one of the world's largest, most diverse but also most unequal democracies, Brazil, in terms of the broad social and legal effects the internet has had. Focusing on the Brazilian constitutional evolution, the book examines how the Internet might impact on the legitimacy of a democratic order and if, and how, it might yield opportunities for (...) democratic empowerment. The book also assesses the ways in which law, as an institution and a system, reacts to the changes and challenges brought about by the Internet: the ways in which law may retain its strength as an integrative force, avoiding a 'virtual' legitimacy crisis. (shrink)

Este texto procura circunscrever alguns traços de um tipo de racionalidade formal, que encontra no cinismo uma de suas expressões privilegiadas. Buscamos delimitar algumas características do modo de operação dessa razão, sobretudo enquanto negatividade ou recusa da significação própria ao seu objeto e, no limite, ao mundo. Nessa direção, tentamos, ainda, apontar alguns limites para esse projeto de formalização total e de negação completa do mundo enquanto tal.

O artigo está contextualizado no âmbito do debate da filosofia política acerca do cosmopolitismo, isto é, de uma orientação politico-filosófica que considera que teorias de justiça devem ir além das fronteiras nacionais em suas abordagens. Propostas normativas liberais (tais como as de Thomas Pogge e Charles Beitz) recolocaram como foco central da preocupação com a justiça a esfera global e ocuparam o protagonismo dos debates no âmbito da filosofia política no final da década de noventa. Já no campo crítico-discursivo, o (...) ideal cosmopolita foi tematizado de forma menos sistemática, com exceções, como Seyla Benhabib e Jurgen Habermas. Mais recentemente Brian Milstein (2015), efetua o resgate do ideal cosmopolita e estabelece de que forma a teoria crítica com um ponto de vista cosmopolita é central para se pensar possibilidades emancipatórias. Neste texto irei apresentar as principais discussões e desafios que as teorias cosmopolitas enfrentaram e demonstrarei os elementos centrais da proposta de Milstein tendo como objetivo central sustentar que o projeto cosmopolita não deve ser descartado, ao contrário, trata-se de perspectiva urgente para pensarmos os principais desafios de justiça de nosso tempo. (shrink)

Apresentaremos as possíveis aplicações pedagógicas das suas reflexões, como a utilização da imprecisão científica de Heisenberg e da concepção de técnica em Heidegger, a partir da análise histórico-filosófica dos seus escritos, tomando-os como fundamentação a necessária e significativa melhoria da educação técnico-científica.

Compreender a violência na sociedade contemporânea requer o mapeamento dos fatores geradores de atos violentos bem como sua prevenção por meio de políticas públicas e de processos educacionais. Este artigo traz algumas reflexões sobre a racionalidade comunicativa e a violência escolar no contexto da crescente exclusão social e a crise de horizontes utópicos para a construção da educação e da formação de sujeitos de direitos. A abordagem metodológica está ancorada na perspectiva da análise de conteúdo de Laurence Bardin (2016), do (...) documento ‘Violência escolar e bullying: relatório sobre a situação mundial’, publicado pela Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO). São analisadas as pretensões de validade das informações e dos dados considerados relevantes por meio da elaboração de dois eixos principais para analisar a violência escolar apresentada no relatório: a) definições e amparos legais; b) impactos e principais desafios sobre a violência escolar e o bullying. Nessa perspectiva, recorreremos à Racionalidade Comunicativa, ponto central da Teoria do Agir Comunicativo, de Jürgen Habermas, para refletir sobre os achados e saber quais as bases consideradas relevantes para se construir uma educação para a paz alicerçada no diálogo e no entendimento. (shrink)

Although there is broad support in the current Brazilian legislation and many curricular documents published in the last three decades, we still face the challenge of the inclusive education in our classrooms. This is a qualitative research in which we investigate the perception of three school pedagogical coordinators about the inclusion of disabled children in regular classes of Elementary and High School of the schools that self-declared favorable to the Inclusive Education. The results suggest perceptions of Inclusive Education with specific (...) goal to comply with current legislation, which aims exclusively at the socialization of the disabled as a target of charity, without great teaching learning goals that allow equal access to school knowledge and continuity of study in the educational system. (shrink)

Nossa proposta neste ensaio é descrever a primeira problematização apresentada por Merleau-Ponty a respeito da noção de Natureza em seus cursos ministrados no Collège de France,defendendo a hipótese de que ele a constrói, em grande medida, através de um diálogo e de umainterpretação particular do pensamento cartesiano. Procuraremos mostrar que Merleau-Pontyreconhece em Descartes a permanência de uma ontologia implícita ou latente – coexistente com suaontologia “oficial” –, que “resiste” à formulação puramente inteligível da ideia de Natureza, e que,por isso mesmo, (...) preserva para ela o campo da existência e da realidade. (shrink)

This article reveals the philosophical value of the Confucian treatise "Kong-zi jia yu," it examines issues of the theoretical importance for the history of world sinology. In the historicо-philosophical tradition, this text has long been attributed to the Confucian scientist Van Su, however, not so long ago the situation changed significantly. In the modern scientific community, disputes around the authorship and time of writing this treatise continue. The content of "Kong-zi jia yu" is composed of stories from the life of (...) Confucius, his conversations with his closest students, as well as prominent political figures of that time. These conversations are philosophical dialogues, they concern the most important ontological, ethical, aesthetic and epistemological issues, such as: harmonization of the Tianxia on the basis of virtuous management, the philosophical need for ritual practice, cosmological device of the Tianxia, issues traditional for early Confucianism of a pedagogical and educational nature, moral self-improvement. The diverse theme of "Kong-zi jia yu" is a valuable source that reveals the essence of the philosophy of early Confucianism. Individual fragments of "Kong-zi jia yu" coincide with the classic Confucian monuments "Shang shu," "Lun yu," "Xiao jing," etc. Although "Kong-zi jia yu" for a number of reasons, is not considered a classic text of Confucianism, but it carries an enduring philosophical value. The study of "Kong-zi jia yu" seems to the author of this work to be an urgent scientific task, the solution of which can expand the arsenal of world philosophical knowledge, as well as contribute to the dialogue of the philosophical cultures of the East and West. (shrink)

The ethics of autonomous vehicles has received a great amount of attention in recent years, specifically in regard to their decisional policies in accident situations in which human harm is a likely consequence. Starting from the assumption that human harm is unavoidable, many authors have developed differing accounts of what morality requires in these situations. In this article, a strategy for AV decision-making is proposed, the Ethical Valence Theory, which paints AV decision-making as a type of claim mitigation: different road (...) users hold different moral claims on the vehicle’s behavior, and the vehicle must mitigate these claims as it makes decisions about its environment. Using the context of autonomous vehicles, the harm produced by an action and the uncertainties connected to it are quantified and accounted for through deliberation, resulting in an ethical implementation coherent with reality. The goal of this approach is not to define how moral theory requires vehicles to behave, but rather to provide a computational approach that is flexible enough to accommodate a number of ‘moral positions’ concerning what morality demands and what road users may expect, offering an evaluation tool for the social acceptability of an autonomous vehicle’s ethical decision making. (shrink)

El objetivo de los nacionalismos decimonónicos de formar un pueblo homogéneo, constituido por ciudadanos, pasó a ser una preocupación de la denominada generación brasileña de 1870, que tanto luchó por adaptar la civilización europea a la realidad brasileña. Olavo Bilac y Manoel Bomfim, herederos de estas preocupaciones, pero activos en la vida pública sólo a partir de la Primeira República (1889-1930), apostaron por la instrucción pública como medio ideal para (1) ofrecer una representación unificada, dentro de su variedad, del pueblo (...) brasileño, (2) presentar su amplio territorio nacional, (3) aportar unos conceptos morales básicos y (4) fomentar el patriotismo. Este artículo estudia el libro que escribieron a cuatro manos, Atravez do Brasil. Livro de leitura para o curso medio das Escolas Primarias (1910), narración que condensa un esfuerzo nacionalista basado todavía en modelos europeos, pero ya adaptados a la joven República do Brasil. (shrink)

Husserlian phenomenology has been interpreted as a method of knowledge that can be applied to different domains and which would compete with other methods to give us a better understanding of the “real”, the “man” or “society”. Moreover, “phenomenological idealism” has been presented as an “ontological” or “metaphysical” thesis, in the pre-critical sense of the term. The goal of this study is to suggest that these two theses imply the tacit identification of the natural attitude and the phenomenological one, avoiding (...) the difference between the objects to which these attitudes relate. Therefore, a phenomenological truth does not anticipate any opinion about the “world”. (shrink)

Nesta apresentação, breve homenagem ao professor Franklin Leopoldo e Silva, nossa proposta é investigar o modo pelo qual o autor compreende a relação entre literatura e filosofia, sobretudo a partir de certa aproximação proposta por ele entre a obra de Proust e o pensamento de Bergson. Para essa discussão, nos apoiamos aqui especialmente em seu ensaio Bergson, Proust: tensões do tempo.

Husserl places “around 1898” the introduction of the notion of ‘ phenomenon’ in his philosophy. If one of the tasks of the history of philosophy is to circumscribe the problems which originated the creation of a new concept in some doctrine, the purpose of this paper is to investigate what difficulties had roused the invention of the idea of ‘phenomenon” in the husserlian philosophy.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma comparação direta entre a ética da futurologia jonasiana e o neopragmatismo rortyano no que diz respeito ao tema da esperança na prática política. Este tema foi amplamente discutido por Ernest Bloch que propõe um princípio esperança capaz de ser o impulso basilar para que o homem transcenda o presente em direção ao futuro. Por sua vez, Richard Rorty aborda este tema enquanto esperança social, que diz respeito à manutenção do orgulho nacional capaz (...) de tornar-se condição necessária para o auto-aperfeiçoamento da sociedade. Porém, Hans Jonas trará a esse discurso da esperança uma perspectiva da ética da responsabilidade que prefere a prudência às previsões das ações a longo prazo enquanto promessa para um “mais” ou “melhor”. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the philosophical views of Swami Vivekananda, reflected in his commentary on the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. The text under study is one of the few Indian commentaries on the Yoga Sutras translated into Russian. The object of the study is a widespread translation of the commentary, made and published by Ya. K. Popov in 1906. The popularity of yoga as a health-improving practice increases interest in its spiritual component, therefore, the study of Vivekananda's commentary on (...) the Yoga Sutras seems to be an urgent task. The purpose of this article is to analyze Vivekananda's commentary for the authenticity of the transmission of the content of the ancient text and the reflection of the teachings of the Bengali thinker. Since Vivekananda's commentary on the Yoga Sutras has not been studied by domestic orientalists, and has not received comprehensive coverage in foreign studies, the results of his analysis contain scientific novelty. Using the hermeneutical method, it is revealed that the philosopher forms a commentary on the ancient text mainly to demonstrate the basics of his teaching. Vivekananda's work expresses his Orient-centric position, as well as the author's beliefs in accordance with the provisions of yoga to his contemporary science. Since the philosopher's views are in line with Advaita Vedanta, the ontological foundations of yoga are interpreted by him according to this philosophical school. The commentary of the late XIX century anticipates modern ideas of the healing potential of yoga and the superiority of experienced knowledge of the Divine, and also demonstrates the predictive talent of the Bengali thinker. (shrink)

Este capítulo tem por cerne a escrita acadêmica, considerando-a dentro do contexto da linguagem científica. Nesse sentido, tem-se por objetivo colocar em debate duas questões fundamentais: a necessidade de rigor na escrita acadêmica e a necessária inter-relação entre a leitura e a escrita acadêmica na produção do conhecimento científico. O referencial teórico que subsidia esse debate centra nas contribuições de Pierre Bourdieu para o campo científico.De forma descritiva, apresenta-se neste capítulo um levantamento das produções bibliográficas publicadas em periódicos relacionados à (...) área da educação, no período de 2009 a 2021 cujas temáticas centram na ‘escrita acadêmica’. Os resultados apontam haver uma multiplicidade tanto de enfoques quanto de referenciais teórico-metodológicos relacionados à temática ‘escrita acadêmica” nas produções bibliográficas da área da educação. (shrink)

The study offers an overview of philosophical currents formed under the influence of Kant’s critical philosophy. Such directions of Kantianism as German Idealism represented by F. Jacobi, Neo-Kantianism represented by E. Cassirer and A. Riehl, ontological interpretation of Kant’s theory by M. Heidegger and analytical tradition of Neo-Kantianism represented by J. McDowell are considered in detail. These examples demonstrate different approaches to understanding Kant which have been developed throughout history. Among them, one can identify the epistemological approach that views Kant’s (...) theoretical philosophy as a theory of knowledge and, above all, as a theory of experience. It can be contrasted with various metaphysical approaches developed against the background of an idealistic reading of the Critique of Pure Reason. From time to time, realistic interpretations of Kant’s theory of experience that try to avoid ontological dualism concerning the relation between “appearance” and “thing in itself” have arisen, which seem adequate to its spirit and letter. Within the analytic Kantian paradigm, a whole spectrum of interpretations of Kant’s concept of experience has emerged, for which the stumbling blocks are, above all, Kant’s theory on the cognitive faculties - sensibility and understanding, the deduction of categories and the transcendental unity of apperception. In the first case, the main issue is the question of the cooperation of cognitive faculties in the process of experience formation, which still causes difficulties for researchers; in the second case, the question of the role of non-discursive and discursive concepts in this process; in the third case, the question of the relationship of apperception, consciousness and self-consciousness and their functions in cognition. The study shows that all these questions still await their final resolution. The study is in fact an introduction to the block devoted to the reception of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason in connection with the approaching anniversary of the philosopher. (shrink)

Purpose: Performance measurement systems (PMS) in Nonprofit Organizations (NPOs) are more complex than in for-profit organizations. NPOs have an orientation towards social mission and values, and they consider not only organizational efficiency and viability, but also the social impact of the organization. This research provides a comprehensive synthesis of PMSs in NPOs. Design/methodology/approach: Using a literature review, supported by bibliometric and network analyses. A paper set of 240 articles related to this research field is examined. Topics that are the most (...) prevalent in this research area and their interrelationships are identified, presenting an outline of current efforts. Findings: Despite the descriptive analyses for the paper set, a framework is proposed for organizing the design-implementation factors of PMSs in nonprofit organizations, identifying the main requirements for their successful development. Originality/value: Investigation on performance measurement in nonprofit organizations is still in its early stages of development with many opportunities to further develop the field. Conceptual frameworks and models, as well as specific theories, are being generated for this field of research, and the process of adapting models from the general field of performance measurement is taking place. The meta-framework that organizes the main research topics of PMS in nonprofit organizations and the framework that consolidates factors that influence the design-implementation of PMSs in nonprofit organizations developed represents this paper contribution. (shrink)

The long 19th century was a period of many developments and technical innovations in agriculture and animal biology, during which actors sought to incorporate new practices in light of new information. By the middle of the century, however, while heredity steadily became the dominant concept in animal husbandry, some policies related to livestock improvement in Brazil seemed to have been tailored following a climate-deterministic concept established in the mid-18th century by the French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, the Comte de Buffon. His (...) theory of animal degeneration posited, among other things, the necessity of recurrent crossbreeding to preserve animal species living in nonnative environments from climate-induced degeneration. Although largely discredited by the early 19th century, the teachings of the French naturalist seem to have found supporters in a Brazilian program to modernize national agriculture through the application of the natural sciences. Herein I examine the revival of Buffon’s theories in that government-sponsored program to improve animal husbandry and breeding techniques, including actual applications of this theory in the real world. Ultimately, I argue that Buffon’s theory of degeneration was used to tailor public policies and funding for the improvement of domesticated animals in Brazil between 1856 and 1860. (shrink)

Este texto apresenta a entrevista com o professor Douglas Verrangia da Silva, Professor da Universidade Federal de São Carlos. A entrevista foi construída de forma dialógica. O roteiro inicial foi previamente enviado e em seguida agendamos a data da entrevista pela Plataforma Google Meet. A proposta tem por objetivo tecer reflexões sobre o Ensino de Ciências na perspectiva das relações étnico-raciais. As elaborações e respostas textualmente apresentadas, evidenciam o olhar para a formação do professor de Biologia, os atravessamentos refletidos nos (...) desdobramentos teóricos da ação didático-pedagógica e o entrelace da história de vida, atuação profissional, experiência, escolhas teórico-metodológicas, formação docente, práxis e pesquisa afroreferenciada. (shrink)

Con base en una investigación de la obracompleta de Feuerbach, se buscan los matices de Incomprensión feuerbachiana del materialismo a lo largo de la evolución de su pensamiento. En contra de los dualismos exaltados, Feuerbach quiere fundar un materialismo antropológicoy racional, en el marco delreconocimiento de la Naturaleza, de la intuición y del amor. Desde el punto de vista ontológico, queda, sin embargo, en cierto modo, abierta la cuestión de si ese materialismo es consecuente, sobre todo en lo que respecta (...) al papel de la praxis y de la subjetividad como condición de posibilidad de la materialidad. (shrink)