While often presented as promising assistive technologies for motor-impaired users, electroencephalography (EEG)-based Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) remain barely used outside laboratories due to low reliability in real-life conditions. There is thus a need to design long-term reliable BCIs that can be used outside-of-the-lab by end-users, e.g., severely motor-impaired ones. Therefore, we propose and evaluate the design of a multi-class Mental Task (MT)-based BCI for longitudinal training (20 sessions over 3 months) of a tetraplegic user for the CYBATHLON BCI series 2019. In (...) this BCI championship, tetraplegic pilots are mentally driving a virtual car in a racing video game. We aimed at combining a progressive user MT-BCI training with a newly designed machine learning pipeline based on adaptive Riemannian classifiers shown to be promising for real-life applications. We followed a two step training process: the first 11 sessions served to train the user to control a 2-class MT-BCI by performing either two cognitive tasks (REST and MENTAL SUBTRACTION) or two motor-imagery tasks (LEFT-HAND and RIGHT-HAND). The second training step (9 remaining sessions) applied an adaptive, session-independent Riemannian classifier that combined all 4 MT classes used before. Moreover, as our Riemannian classifier was incrementally updated in an unsupervised way it would capture both within and between-session non-stationarity. Experimental evidences confirm the effectiveness of this approach. Namely, the classification accuracy improved by about 30% at the end of the training compared to initial sessions. We also studied the neural correlates of this performance improvement. Using a newly proposed BCI user learning metric, we could show our user learned to improve his BCI control by producing EEG signals matching increasingly more the BCI classifier training data distribution, rather than by improving his EEG class discrimination. However, the resulting improvement was effective only on synchronous (cue-based) BCI and it did not translate into improved CYBATHLON BCI game performances. For the sake of overcoming this in the future, we unveil possible reasons for these limited gaming performances and identify a number of promising future research directions. Importantly, we also report on the evolution of the user's neurophysiological patterns and user experience throughout the BCI training and competition. (shrink)

Trois compréhensions du monde. Trois primats. Trois principes. Trois questions. Trois enjeux. Quatre registres discussifs. Quatre formes d’identité. Telle est la question dans laquelle s’investit le présent article. Il s’agit de situer d’un point de vue systématique les épiphanies par lesquelles s’éveillent les quatre formes de l’identité à travers les trois compréhensions du monde dans l’architectonique de Jean-Marc Ferry. En effet, il définit systématiquement d’une part les trois moments génétiques de la compréhension du monde. Il s’agit de trois moments qui (...) épousent la forme ontologique de la phrase grammaticale où l’Ancien correspond au moment de l’Objet, le Moderne au moment du Sujet et le Contemporain le moment du Verbe. D’autre part, il établit systématiquement les quatre formes génétiques de l’identité : narrative, interprétative, argumentative et reconstructive. (shrink)

Francouzský osvícenský filosof vydal Esej o původu lidského poznání anonymně v r. 1746 v Amsterodamu. V díle, které podává nárys Condillacovy filosofie, se pokouší formulovat a řešit záhady poznání a zejména povahu lidské zkušenisti. Bojuje proti metafyzickým systémům svých předchůdců a vytváří vlastní teorii radikálního senzuálního empirismu.

It is a consensus that familiarity and recollection contribute to episodic recognition memory. However, it remains controversial whether familiarity and recollection are qualitatively distinct processes supported by different brain regions, or whether they reflect different strengths of the same process and share the same support. In this review, I discuss how adapting standard human recognition memory paradigms to rats, performing circumscribed brain lesions and using receiver operating characteristic methods contributed to solve this controversy. First, I describe the validation of the (...) animal ROC paradigms and report evidence that familiarity and recollection are distinct processes in intact rats. Second, I report results from rats with hippocampal dysfunction which confirm this finding and lead to the conclusion that the hippocampus supports recollection but not familiarity. Finally, I describe a recent study focusing on the medial entorhinal cortex that investigates the contribution of areas upstream of the hippocampus to recollection and familiarity. (shrink)

Za razumijevanje i učenje matematike vrlo je važna razvijenost vještine matematičke komunikacije. Cilj vrednovanja matematičke komunikacije je procjena načina korištenja matematičkog jezika, sposobnosti postavljanja pitanja, elaboriranja i argumentiranja vlastitih odgovora, upotrebljavanja i tumačenja matematičkih simbola i čitanja algoritama, sposobnost prelaska iz jednog zapisa (prikaza podataka) u drugi te sposobnost primjene tehnologije. Jedno od pitanja koje se samo nameće je: koje su metode i načini vrednovanja najprimjereniji za procjenu vještina matematičke komunikacije? Cilj ovoga rada je istražiti je li interpretativni (matematički) esej (...) prikladna metoda za vrednovanje vještine matematičke komunikacije. Analiza je pokazala da je esejom moguće ispitati gotovo svaku sastavnicu vještine matematičke komunikacije zbog čega autori navode da je matematički esej prikladna metoda vrednovanja matematičke komunikacije. Dodatno, autori su razvili okvir za vrednovanje matematičkog eseja na pet razina uspješnosti, a pri čemu je poseban naglasak stavljen na aspekt vrednovanja matematičke komunikacije, uzimajući u obzir strukturu i sadržaj samog eseja. (shrink)

Most of Polish translations of David Hume’s essays have been collected in two well-known volumes edited by T. Tatarkiewiczowa and Ł. Pawłowski, but some of them were also published in various scientific journals. Moreover, some are also available in two, or even three Polish versions, whereas some were not available in Polish until they were translated and published in several issues of this journal. The dissipation of translations and functioning of various versions of their titles cause problems for Hume scholarship (...) in Poland. In answer to this problem the article collates all existing Polish translations of Hume’s essays. (shrink)

Kniha až na dva eseje zahrnuje diskusní příspěvky a referáty. Pojednávají o budoucnosti filosofie, malých divadelních formách, antropologických předpokladech moderní kultury, posuzování modelu člověka v dramatickém díle.

Prikazani su elementi koji olakšavaju orijentaciju u prostoru »kontaminiranom« znanstvenim prisvajanjem istina, vrijednosti, »krunskih« dokaza i konačnih interpretacija. Iz spektra modernih disciplina »izvučena« je molekulska biologija kao model za razumijevanje mehanizama kojim prirodne znanosti privatiziraju sadržaje i područja koja pripadaju široj zajednici, odnosno čitavome društvu. U bogatome arsenalu molekulske biologije posebno se ističe metoda rekombinantne DNK koja je omogućila razvoj GMO-a.GMO-i su »klasična« znanstvena kontroverza u kojoj jedna strana prepoznaje »mutante« kao nepotrebne i defektne izume, dok ih druga strana predstavlja (...) gotovim receptom za rješavanje problema okoliša, prehrane i zdravlja.Razmotrena su četiri prigovora kojima se pokušava demistificirati znanstveni hvalospjev o GMO-u.This manuscript presents elements which enable better orientation in the area “contaminated“ with scientific confiscation of facts, values, crucial evidences, and final interpretations. From the spectrum of modern disciplines, molecular biology is selected as a model for understanding of mechanisms underlying scientific privatization of contents and areas which belong to local community and the whole society as well. The recombinant DNA method, which enabled development of GMO-s, is specifically emphasized in the rich arsenal of molecular biology.GMO-s present “classical” scientific controversy in which one side recognizes these “mutants” as unnecessary and flawed inventions, while the other side introduces them as readymade recipe for solving environment, food and health related problems.Four objections are considered in order to demystify scientific hymn about GMO. (shrink)

Although David Hume was one of the central figures of the eighteenth century, the answer to the question whether he can be considered as a representative figure of the age of Enlightenment, is not so obvious. To approach this question I shall analyze in this paper some of Hume’s Essays devoted to morality, politics and literature, which were widely read and discussed by his contemporaries and had a significant impact on the public opinion. The aim of this article is to (...) consider which content of Hume’s Essays is an expression of Enlightenment ideas. First I present main elements of Enlightenment thought, such as the idea of progress, the role of reason and experience and the critical attitude to religion. Secondly, focusing on the content of Hume’s Essays, I show that some features of his work are an expression of the main Enlightenment ideas. In the last part of my paper I discuss to which extent Hume can be considered as a representative figure of the Enlightenment. (shrink)

Transformácia politického systému -- Aktuálne problémy a riešenia -- Alternatívy súčasného kapitalizmu -- Cynizmus ako princíp -- Appendix o školstve.

Inny -- Wydarzenie mowy -- Epizody sensu.