Since the beginning of the new millennium, initiatives known as roundtables have been developed to create voluntary sustainability standards for agricultural commodities. Intended to be private and voluntary in nature, these initiatives claim their legitimacy from their ability to ensure the participation of all categories of stakeholders in horizontal participatory and inclusive processes. This article characterizes the political and material instruments employed as the means of formulating agreement and taking a variety of voices into consideration in these arenas. Referring to (...) the specific case of the “Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil”, I undertake a detailed analysis of the tensions relating to different forms of participation, which create a gap between “local minority voices” and international stakeholders—either non-governmental organizations or industries. Local communities and small-scale farmers face difficulties when making their voices heard in the form of debate proposed. Firstly, some participants attempt to re-impose a vertical hierarchical relationship between small-scale farmers or affected communities and company managers/directors in order to deprive the former of their powers of representation and of being able to transform reality. Secondly, the liberalism of interest groups in the roundtable accords value to experts, global knowledge, strategy, and detachment, at the expense of other capabilities of rooted or attached people who come to defend their real lives with a desire to raise critical issues of injustice. In this context, I highlight the capacity of local NGOs to relieve some of those tensions and to help locally affected communities and small-scale farmers introduce public stages for debates, by accommodating other forms of participation apart from the liberal one. By being close to and by restoring their dignity through a specific work of solicitude and care, local NGOs prepare affected people for public speaking. (shrink)

A number of multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) and commodity roundtables have been created since the 1990s to respond to the growing criticism of agriculture’s environmental and social impacts. Driven by private and global-scale actors, these initiatives are setting global standards for sustainable agricultural practices. They claim to follow the new standard-making virtues of inclusiveness and consensus and base their legitimacy on their claim of balanced representation of, and participation by, all categories of stakeholders. This principle of representing a wide range of (...) interests with a balance of power is at the heart of a new type of action that forms part of a broader political liberal model for building coalitions of interest groups. The intention of this symposium is to assess the nature of processes and outcomes of this model while paying particular attention to the forms of inclusion and exclusion they generate. In this introduction, we highlight the differences in theoretical approaches to analyzing MSIs and the manifestation of power through them. We distinguish between more traditional political–economy approaches and approaches concerned with ideational and normative power, such as convention theory. We discuss some of the main paradoxes of MSIs related to their willingness to be “inclusive” and at the same time their exclusionary or “closure” effects due in part to interactions with existing political economic contexts and embedded power inequalities, as well as more subtle manifestations of power linked to the favoring of some forms of knowledge and engagement over others. (shrink)

In this paper, we provide an analysis about the relationship between expert and pragmatic categories used to name and categorize social space, from the point of view of the social hierarchies that structure it. Taking the case of Chile, and applying an experimental simulation methodology, we seek to contribute to the epistemological debate about the representations that individuals elaborate about social space, from a cognitive and interactionist perspective of everyday life. We analyse in particular the scope of the concept of (...) social class as an element of expert description of social reality, but also as a categorization used by ordinary subjects. We argue that although classifications used by ordinary people to describe members of society are not consistent with the most common academic class schemes, they nevertheless share the same logic and ranking system, adding evaluative and normative elements to the cognitive distinction, in the social construction of reality. En este artículo, presentamos un análisis acerca de la relación entre categorías expertas y categorías pragmáticas usadas para nombrar y categorizar el espacio social, desde el punto de vista de las jerarquías sociales que lo estructuran. Tomando el caso de Chile y aplicando una metodología experimental de simulación, aportamos al debate epistemológico acerca de las representaciones que los sujetos sociales elaboran acerca del espacio social, desde una perspectiva cognitiva e interaccionista situada en la vida cotidiana de las personas. Analizamos en especial el alcance del concepto de clase social en cuanto elemento de descripción experta de la realidad social, contrastándolo con la categorización de la misma de parte de sujetos comunes y corrientes. Postulamos que si bien las clasificaciones que ocupan las personas comunes y corrientes para describir a los integrantes de la sociedad no se condicen con las clasificaciones académicas más comunes, comparten sin embargo las mismas lógicas clasificatorias de jerarquización y ordenamiento, agregándose a la distinción cognitiva elementos normativos que aportan a la construcción social de la realidad. (shrink)

We study a class of representation mechanisms, based on reports made by a random subset of agents, called representatives, in a collective choice problem with quasi-linear utilities. We do not assume the existence of a common prior probability describing the distribution of preference types. In addition, there is no benevolent planner. Decisions will be carried out by an individual who cannot be assumed impartial, a self-interested executive. These assumptions impose new constraints on Mechanism Design. A robust mechanism is defined as (...) maximizing expected welfare under a vague prior probability distribution, and over a set of mechanisms which is at the same time immune from opportunistic manipulations by the executive, and compatible with truthful revelation of preferences by representatives. Robust mechanisms are characterized and their existence is shown. Sampling Groves mechanisms are shown to be robust. (shrink)

Sponges are important but often‐neglected organisms. The absence of classical animal traits (nerves, digestive tract, and muscles) makes sponges challenging for non‐specialists to work with and has delayed getting high quality genomic data compared to other invertebrates. Yet analyses of sponge genomes and transcriptomes currently available have radically changed our understanding of animal evolution. Sponges are of prime evolutionary importance as one of the best candidates to form the sister group of all other animals, and genomic data are essential to (...) understand the mechanisms that control animal evolution and diversity. Here we review the most significant outcomes of current genomic and transcriptomic analyses of sponges, and discuss limitations and future directions of sponge transcriptomic and genomic studies. (shrink)

Paying more attention to the rhetorical side of argumentation raises epistemological questions. In this article I argue that rhetoric has to be an integral part of argumentative models if such models are to be considered rational. In other words, I claim that rhetoric is a necessary condition for argumentation studies. I am aware that this view may appear provocative. I hope to show that it is not the case, if we consider rationality to be a concept that encompasses more than (...) just a strictly logical way of thinking. Indeed, I would like to defend a humanistic conception of rationality as the background for a theory of rhetoric in order to underscore the specific rationality of the humanist frame of thinking for a .. (shrink)

Cet article s�attèle à montrer comment les notions principales de 1'herméneutique de Ric�ur (monde du texte/monde du lecteur, distanciation - appropriation, compréhension de soi, trois mimèsis) ont permis de penser de façon systématique la question du statut du texte biblique et de sa traduction dans un mémoire de licence de la Faculté de théologie de Neuchâtel, réalisé en 2006. Après une présentation du mémoire et de son contexte, les apports de la pensée de Ric�ur sont énumérés en quatrepoints: la théorie (...) de la traduction, la notion de lecture non utilisatrice, la notion de canon et celle de «texte inspiré». (shrink)

Thoughtprints Anne E. Berger andMarta Segarra I admit to it in the name of autobiography and in order to confide in you the following: [...] I have a particularly animalist perception and interpretation of what I do, think, write, live, ...

L’association Alter Natives a voulu mobiliser autour des enjeux de la restitution d’objets africains des personnes peu enclines à fréquenter les musées qui les conservent. L’expérience se nomme Zone de contact/Objets d’ailleurs. Il s’agit pour des jeunes franciliens d’entrer dans les réserves des musées, de choisir certains objets d’origine non européenne, d’enquêter sur leur biographie pour savoir d’où ils viennent et d’être en mesure d’expliquer leur parcours au reste de la population. Dans ce projet de long terme, ancré sur des (...) territoires divers, la restitution des objets mal acquis n’est donc pas le mobile principal. Ces actions permettent de tester des outils pour établir un autre type de rapport aux savoirs et développer une relation directe avec les populations dont sont issues ces objets, dans leurs pays d’origine, d’Afrique essentiellement. (shrink)

Ce volume collectif accompagne, à quelques mois d’intervalle, la publication de l’édition critique des textes consacrés par Bentham à l’Australie (_Panopticon versus New South Wales and other writings on Australia_) chez UCL Press sous la direction de Tim Causer et Philip Schofield. Les versions numériques des deux ouvrages sont disponibles en accès ouvert sur le site de l’éditeur. Bentham consacre un premier essai au système pénal en Australie en 1791, à peine six ans après le début des déportations de prisonniers (...) vers la nouvelle colonie carcérale. Il s’oppose sans relâche à cette politique et tente de démontrer que son propre projet de prison panoptique est à la fois plus efficace et moins coûteux pour punir les criminels et conduire à leur réforme. En 1801, au moment où le ministère rejette définitivement la construction du panoptique près de Londres, Bentham érige les colonies australiennes en symboles de la corruption de la constitution et de la malhonnêteté des membres du gouve... (shrink)

As a graduate student, years before I met David Lieberman, I had read _ The Province of Legislation Determined. _ I was immediately taken by the breath of his knowledge and the lack of affectation of his style. These qualities struck me again when I met him in person at several ISUS conferences, including the one he hosted so wonderfully in UC Berkeley in 2008. Generosity is a rare quality in academia. David’s friendship and the interest he displayed in the (...) work of others gave me confidence, as I know it did for many younger scholars. From the seminal distinction he introduced between the ‘historical Bentham’ and the ‘authenticity Bentham’ to his stimulating re-reading of Bentham’s later constitutional theory, his articles were always illuminating and challenging. (shrink)

Le film Mille soleils de la cinéaste Mati Diop (Grand prix du FID de Marseille 2013) nous convie aujourd’hui à revoir le film de Djibril Diop Mambety, son premier long-métrage, Touki Bouki, le voyage de la hyène, considéré comme un classique du cinéma après avoir reçu le prix de la critique internationale du festival de Cannes en 1973. Par ses caractéristiques formelles très audacieuses et par les thèmes toujours actuels qu’il traite, ce film continue à nous questionner : que nous (...) dit-il sur l’histoire du cinéma depuis lors? De quelles manières Mati Diop le convoque-t-elle? Comment dialogue-t-il avec le Sénégal contemporain? Mais également avec les relations France-Afrique? Ou avec l’Occident? (shrink)

La 9e Conférence Alter organisée par l’École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP-Rennes, France) et la Société Alter les 8 et 9 avril 2021 proposait d’interroger la construction de la normalité. Plus précisément, nous voulions questionner le système de pensée qui structure plus ou moins implicitement nos sociétés, selon lequel être “valide” serait la norme, et cela aux deux sens, souvent assimilés, de la situation la plus répandue et la plus souhaitable. Ce phénomène est pointé par la...

In this paper, it is argued that the classical rhetorical framework undergoes a transformation because of an important change in Western thought. Following this hypothesis, I analyze a rhetorical notion of “dissuasion” as a rhetorical technique of creating a “general disposition to inaction” in addition to a classical rhetorical notion of “dissuasion” that aims at “refraining from an action”.

The 9th Alter Conference organised by the EHESP School of Public Health (Rennes, France) and Alter Society, on April 8 and 9, 2021, was devoted to questioning the construct of the concept of normality. More specifically, we wanted to challenge the common view which, rather covertly structures our societies, according to which being “valid” is the norm, in two often compounded ways, of being the most widespread and the most desirable situation. This view is expounded in the notion of “ableism”...

ABSTRACTAs a result of intensive mobility and migration over the last twenty-five years, multiculturalism and multilingualism have become a reality in European prisons. This “superdiversity” poses a serious challenge to the various stakeholders who need efficient and reliable communication. Yet this topic has been underresearched. According to statistics for the year 2014 issued by the Council of Europe, Belgium has a high rate of foreign inmates. Against this background, the aim of this exploratory research is to describe how the Flemish (...) penitentiary system tackles this linguistic challenge. Data were gathered through qualitative research methods such as desktop research and in-depth interviews with 8 stakeholders. Due to the scarcity of financial resources and the presence of organizational hurdles, the Ministry of Justice rarely assigns jobs in prison to interpreters; instead, they are replaced by cheaper and immediately available... (shrink)

En littérature comme en peinture, le brouillage des hiérarchies est aussi constant que leur formulation, tant l'acte créateur se confond avec leur transgression et leur déplacement. L'importance théorique des genres paraît disproportionnée au regard de leur influence réelle sur la création littéraire et artistique. En revanche, leur impact se fait bien plus ressentir sur la réception des oeuvres, car ils fournissent des critères de jugement et permettent d'instaurer dans le système des beaux-arts une manière d'ordre politique. La transgression des hiérarchies (...) est bien souvent involontaire, et quand elle est volontaire, elle apparaît comme un geste iconoclaste, mais ce geste lui-même n'est pas loin de devenir institutionnel. S'il est aujourd'hui banal d'étudier la transgression des frontières génériques, le présent volume interroge la fascination que les hiérarchies ont toujours exercée, envers et contre toute réalité, et la séduction paradoxale des genres mineurs"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

_Le plaisir à l’épreuve de la pensée_ explores the idea of pleasure having to undergo philosophical _logos_ in the _Protagoras_, the _Gorgias_ and the _Philebus_.

This is the first volume of a two-volume project whose aim is to publish all the known Middle English manuscript translations of the French Somme le mi, a thirteenth-century manual of religious instruction offering teaching on the Decalogue, the seven deadly sins and their remedies, compiled by the Dominican friar Laurent of Orleans. The project extends and deepens our knowledge of the influence of this popular French text, known today only from the versions entitled The Ayen bite of Inwit and (...) The Book of Vices and Virtues, published in 1866 and 1942, respectively. This volume presents the versions extant in BL MSS Royal 18. A. x and Add. 37677; the second will cover the versions in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 494, Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 1286, and Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS e Musaeo 23. The texts of both volumes have been prepared with the help of the recently-published edition of the French text, a circumstance from which the earlier English editions were unable to benefit. It is likely that the versions edited here for the first time will make a considerable contribution to our understanding of the processes of textual transmission and to that of translation itself in English literary circles of the fifteenth century. (shrink)

De nombreux enfants sont confrontés à des violences intrafamiliales de forme, nature et origine différentes. Elles peuvent susciter des vécus émotionnels susceptibles de constituer des expériences traumatiques et avoir des effets délétères à long terme sur leur développement et leur vie psychique, particulièrement lorsqu’elles sont répétées et subies à un âge précoce. Inscrit principalement dans le référentiel de la métapsychologie psychanalytique, cet article propose une présentation de la clinique des troubles relationnels qui peuvent mettre en danger ou en échec l’offre (...) de soins psychiques. À partir de cas cliniques issus de la pratique en hôpital de jour puis en réseau libéral de l’auteure, psychologue clinicienne et psychothérapeute, cet article propose des pistes d’aménagement du dispositif et du projet thérapeutique afin de soutenir la relance des processus et des fonctions psychiques demeurés en latence et le traitement élaboratif des expériences traumatiques. (shrink)

Dès 1890, aux Etats-Unis, des philosophes et des psychologues se sont intéressés au social et à aux pratiques vivantes. Tournés vers les usages du langage, ces philosophes pragmaticiens, Dewey, James, Mead, et bien sûr Peirce, engagent la philosophie vers l'action, le quotidien, la parole. Nous leur devons sans doute une nouvelle manière de concevoir la philosophie et sa méthode, un souci de l'interdisciplinarité et une pensée construite à partir de ce qu'elle apprend sur le terrain des pratiques.

Formal approaches that aim at representing human reasoning should be evaluated based on how humans actually reason. One way of doing so is to investigate whether psychological findings of human reasoning patterns are represented in the theoretical model. The computational logic approach discussed here is the so-called weak completion semantics which is based on the three-valued ᴌukasiewicz logic. We explain how this approach adequately models Byrne’s suppression task, a psychological study where the experimental results show that participants’ conclusions systematically deviate (...) from the classical logically correct answers. As weak completion semantics is a novel technique in the field of computational logic, it is important to examine how it corresponds to other already established non-monotonic approaches. For this purpose we investigate the relation of weak completion with respect to completion and three-valued stable model semantics. In particular, we show that well-founded semantics, a widely accepted approach in the field of non-monotonic reasoning, corresponds to weak completion semantics for a specific class of modified programs. (shrink)

Ένας αρχαϊκός θησαυρός στο ιερό του Απόλλωνα (Θησαυρός 5): αρχιτεκτονική μελέτη Στο άρθρο αυτό παρουσιάζεται η αρχιτεκτονική μελέτη ενός από τα αρχαιότερα κτίρια του ιερού του Απόλλωνα στη Δήλο, του Θησαυρού 5. Ο θησαυρός βρίσκεται στα βόρεια του ιερού του Απόλλωνα και είναι το δυτικότερο από τα πέντε μνημεία που οικοδομήθηκαν γύρω από τον Πώρινο ναό. Η μελέτη ξεκινά με την παρουσίαση των κτιρίων αυτών, που θεωρούνται ως οίκοι. Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο είναι αφιερωμένο στο αρχαιότερο από τα κτίρια αυτά, το (...) Θησαυρό 5 αναφέρονται επίσης οι προηγούμενες μελέτες για το μνημείο αυτό. Εξετάζεται ιδιαιτέρως και απορρίπτεται, η υπόθεση του R. Vallois για την ύπαρξη μιας κλασικής φάσης του Θησαυρού 5. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο προτείνεται η αποκατάσταση της αρχικής φάσης του δωρικού αυτού κτιρίου, το οποίο χρονολογείται γύρω στο 550 π. Χ. με βάση την τεχνική κατασκευής των θεμελίων και το στυλ του κίονά του. Το ζήτημα της ταύτισης του κτιρίου και τα κριτήρια χρονολόγησης εκτίθενται στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο. Στο πρώτο από τα δύο παραρτήματα παρουσιάζονται οι επτά λίθοι που ο R. Vallois είχε προτείνει να αποδοθούν στην κλασική φάση του μνημείου. (shrink)

In Quebec, control measures – isolation, restraints and chemical substances – have been the subject of a legislative framework since 1998. However, since that date, chemical substances have been at the heart of a debate on their legal status, between therapy and control. In 2015, the Ministry of Health and Social Services published a revised Reference Framework that is supposed to establish guidelines for chemical substances used for control purposes. A review of this framework, however, reveals several inconsistencies, continuing an (...) indeterminacy about their status. On the one hand, the consent exception does not correspond to the Quebec legal framework for care, suggesting that it is indeed a control measure. On the other hand, the reserved acts are the same whether the chemical substances are used for control or for therapeutic purposes, suggesting that it is in fact a therapeutic measure. (shrink)

Ces livres semblent à première vue assez similaires puisqu’ils se consacrent tous les deux à l’étude de la maternité, de l’époque moderne jusqu’à nos jours, et accordent une place importante à la littérature. Les mutations importantes de la maternité ces dernières décennies rendent pertinentes l’étude des représentations et du vécu des mères dans le temps long. Ce champ historiographique est cependant loin d’être vierge en France ; de nombreux travaux lui ont été consacrés depuis les années 1...

Un spectre hante l'Université française : celui de la déconstruction. Créé par Jacques Derrida à la fin des années 1960, ce concept est devenu, dans l'esprit des réactionnaires de tout poil, le mot-valise désignant tout ce qu'ils haïssent dans la pensée, lorsque celle-ci cherche à émanciper davantage qu'à ordonner. Dégénérescence de la culture, mépris pour les grandes œuvres, délire interprétatif, amphigouri linguistique, danger politique, confusion sexuelle, licence morale : à en croire les ennemis de la déconstruction, tout ce qui va' (...) mal dans le monde lui est imputable. Que signifie la fixation frénétique d'une frange d'intellectuels sur tout ce qui peut ressembler à une pensée différente, inventive et fondamentalement démocratique? Que cela signifie-t-il, si ce n'est la volonté de policer la pensée et ses institutions, pour mieux, ensuite, policer les corps? Telle est l'interrogation qui a présidé au colloque "Qui a peur de la déconstruction?", qui s'est tenu à l'École normale supérieure et à la Sorbonne en janvier 2023. En voici les actes."--Cover page 4. (shrink)

In Hippias Minor, Plato does not merely condemn Homer as a reference in ethical matters. He opposes two uses of poetry when it comes to referring to and giving meaning to it: poetry as a source of knowledge admitted and frozen by tradition, ethically normative, and poetry as a source of philosophical questions, conducive to ethical reflection. The debate shows that Socrates’ view of Homer, as well as his Homeric point of view, allow us to ask good and often paradoxical (...) questions about the link between truth, falsity, knowledge and calculation, which are essential for those who want to build solid ethics. The dialogue then shows how the philosopher enriches the meaning of the Homeric text. (shrink)

Cet article a pour objectif d’apporter un éclaircissement sur l’évolution des représentations d’attachement à l’âge adulte, et plus exactement, au sein de la relation de couple. Nous avons en particulier étudié l’influence des modèles internes opérants ( MIO ) et de l’organisation défensive sur la qualité des représentations d’attachement mise en place par rapport au conjoint. Il s’avère que dans les couples réunissant une personne sécure avec un conjoint insécure, c’est la personne sécure qui révisera ses MIO en développant des (...) représentations d’attachement similaires à celles de son conjoint. Ces résultats tendent à confirmer la théorie de l’exclusion défensive comme frein au changement. (shrink)

Demenageries, Thinking (of) Animals after Derrida is a collection of essays on animality following Jacques Derrida's work. The Western philosophical tradition separated animals from men by excluding the former from everything that was considered “proper to man”: laughing, suffering, mourning, and above all, thinking. The “animal” has traditionally been considered the absolute Other of humans. This radical otherness has served as the rationale for the domination, exploitation and slaughter of animals. What Derrida called “la pensée de l'animal” (which means both (...) thinking concerning the animal and “animal thinking”) may help us understand differently such apparently human features as language, thought and writing. It may also help us think anew about such highly philosophical concerns as differences, otherness, the end(s) of history and the world at large. Thanks to the ethical and epistemological crisis of Western humanism, “animality” has become an almost fashionable topic. However,Demenageries is the first collection to take Derrida's thinking on animal thinking as a starting point, a way of reflecting not only on animals but starting from them, in order to address a variety of issues from a vast range of theoretical perspectives: philosophy, literature, cultural theory, anthropology, ethics, politics, religion, feminism, postcolonialism and, of course, posthumanism. (shrink)