Civilisation and the white Caucasian European peoples, savagery, unreason and the "Dark Continent" synonymous with black people, this was the enlightenment in Europe at its worst. The writings in this book reflect these erroneous thought patterns.

In The Experience of Injustice, the French philosopher Emmanuel Renault opens an important new chapter in critical theory. He brings together political theory, critical social science, and a keen sense of the power of popular movements to offer a forceful vision of social justice. Questioning normative political philosophy’s conception of justice, Renault gives an account of injustice as the denial of recognition, placing the experience of social suffering at the heart of contemporary critical theory. Inspired by Axel Honneth, Renault (...) argues that a radicalized version of Honneth’s ethics of recognition can provide a systematic alternative to the liberal-democratic projects of such thinkers as Rawls and Habermas. Renault reformulates Honneth’s theory as a framework founded on experiences of injustice. He develops a complex, psychoanalytically rich account of suffering, disaffiliation, and identity loss to explain these experiences as denials of recognition, linking everyday injustice to a robust defense of the politicization of identity in social struggles. Engaging contemporary French and German critical theory alongside interdisciplinary tools from sociology, psychoanalysis, socialist political theory, social-movement theory, and philosophy, Renault articulates the importance of a theory of recognition for the resurgence of social critique. (shrink)

This is a translation of "Socialite et argent", a text by Emmanuel Levinas originally published in 1987. Levinas describes the emergence of money out of inter-human relations of exchange and the social relations - sociality - that result. While elsewhere he has presented sociality as "non-indifference to alterity" it appears here as "proximity of the stranger" and points to the tension between an economic system based on money and the basic human disposition to respond to the face of the (...) other person. Money both encodes and effaces sociality, both designates and disguises social relations. It arises from the way that needs and interests are manifested in exchange relations, in what he calls the "interestedness" of economic life. But interests are always already cut through by the fact that being is always "being with others". Being is always "inter-being". Interestedness is always confronted by disinterestedness, that is, by a sociality marked by the "goodness of giving", attachment to and concern for the poverty of the other person. Levinas concludes with a discussion of sociality and justice, posing questions about the tension between the demand to respond to an Other immediately before me and at the same time to respond to the demands of an other Other (the third person) who also invites a response. (shrink)

This is a translation of ‘Socialité et argent’, a text by Emmanuel Levinas originally published in 1987. Levinas describes the emergence of money out of interhuman relations of exchange and the social relations – sociality – that result. While elsewhere he has presented sociality as ‘nonindifference to alterity’ it appears here as ‘proximity of the stranger’ and points to the tension between an economic system based on money and the basic human disposition to respond to the face of the (...) other person. Money both encodes and effaces sociality, both designates and disguises social relations. It arises from the way that needs and interests are manifested in exchange relations, in what he calls the ‘interestedness’ of economic life. But interests are always already cut through by the fact that being is always ‘being with others’. Being is always ‘interbeing’. Interestedness is always confronted by disinterestedness, that is, by a sociality marked by the ‘goodness of giving’, attachment to and concern for the poverty of the other person. Levinas concludes with a discussion of sociality and justice, posing questions about the tension between the demand to respond to an Other immediately before me and at the same time to respond to the demands of an other Other (the third person) who also invites a response. (shrink)

Hitherto, the African intellect had been decimated by notable European scholars such as David Hume, Charles Darwin, Friedrich Hegel, Lucien Levy-Bruhl to name a few. The common denominator among these male scholars is that the African intellect is not yet developed to the extent that it can accommodate logical reasoning. Whereas notable African scholars have responded to these charges as misleading whilst exploring ways of coming up with a logic system that can mediate the theory, thought and practice peculiar to (...) Africans yet applicable in other climes, the role of women in this journey has usually been downplayed. This research thereby seeks to fill this void by making a case for the contribution of the Australian Helen Verran who did not engage in armchair scholarship as most of her European male counterparts who deny the African the ability to reason logically, but journeyed to Nigeria to perform some experiments with the Yorùbá numerical system. She is persuaded that through the traditional Yorùbá numerical pattern, an underlying logic system is implied. Even when her conclusions are questionable on several fronts, this research concludes that her role in instilling confidence in the development of artificial logic in Africa must not go unmentioned. (shrink)

Psychological assessment has long been reported as a key component of clinical psychology. This paper examined and shed light on the complexities surrounding the clinical significance of therapeutic approach to treatment Planning. To achieve this objective, the paper searched and used the PsycINFO and PubMed databases and the reference sections of chapters and journal articles to analysed the underlying themes: 1) a strong basis for the usage of therapeutic approach to psychological assessment in treatment plans, 2) explained the conceptual meaning (...) of clinical significant change in therapeutic assessment, 3) used initial theory to explain the therapeutic mechanisms of change in clinical practice, 4) analysed the empirically documenting clinically significant change in therapeutic assessment. Finally, the study suggested that though therapeutic assessment is not sufficient for the systematic study of psychotherapy outcome and process, it is still consistent with both the lay-man and professional expectations regarding treatment outcome and also provides a precise method for classifying clients as “changed” or “unchanged” on the basis of clinical significance criteria. (shrink)

According to Wiredu, the Akan profess secular esteem rather than religious worship to supra-natural beings, who they perceive in an empirical sense. He backs this up by re-reading what he sees as the Akan general ontology in a way that denies them of the concepts of the supernatural, the transcendental, the mental, the spiritual, and an ontologically distinct mind. At the end of denying the three criteria of worship as well as all of these other concepts which might otherwise be (...) available to the Akan, one might struggle to find any evidence that the Akan even had a religion. I dispute this secular reading, and I more generally demonstrate that the characterizations of the Akan attitude to divinity as non-worshipping, non-supernatural, non-transcendent, and non-spiritual, are either conceptually flawed, factually incorrect, or both. (shrink)

I learned very early, perhaps even before 1933 and certainly after Hitler’s huge success at the time of his election to the Reichstag, of Heidegger’s sympathy toward National Socialism. It was the late Alexandre Koyré who mentioned it to me for the first time on his return from a trip to Germany. I could not doubt the news, but took it with stupor and disappointment, and also with the faint hope that it expressed only the temporary lapse of a great (...) speculative mind into practical banality. It cast a shadow over my firm confidence that an unbridgeable distance forever separated the delirious and criminal hatred voiced by Evil on the pages of Mein Kampf from the intellectual vigor and extreme analytical virtuosity displayed in Sein und Zeit, which had opened the field to a new type of philosophical inquiry.Could one question the incomparable impression produced by this book, in which it immediately became apparent that Heidegger was the interlocutor and equal of the greatest—those very few—founders of European philosophy? that here was someone, this seemed obvious, all modern thought would soon have to answer? Emmanuel Levinas has been professor of philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure Israélite de Paris and at the University of Paris I . Among his books that have been translated into English are Totality and Infinity, Ethics and Infinity, and Otherwise Than Being or Beyond Essence. Paula Wissing, a free-lance translator and editor, has recently translated Paul Veyne’s Did the Greeks Believe in Their Myths? (shrink)

This paper examines critically the reconstruction of the ‘Sherlock Holmes sense of deduction’ proposed jointly by M.B. Hintikka and J. Hintikka in the 1980s, and its successor, the interrogative model of inquiry developed by J. Hintikka and his collaborators in the 1990s. The Hintikkas’ model explicitly used game theory in order to formalize a naturalistic approach to inquiry, but the imi abandoned both the game-theoretic formalism, and the naturalistic approach. It is argued that the latter better supports the claim that (...) the imi provides a ‘logic of discovery’, and safeguards its empirical adequacy. Technical changes necessary to this interpretation are presented, and examples are discussed, both formal and informal, that are better analyzed when these changes are in place. The informal examples are borrowed from Conan Doyle’s The Case of Silver Blaze, a favorite of M.B. and J. Hintikka. (shrink)

This is the first English-language translation of an important book that contributes to contemporary debates about social suffering in sociology, social psychology, political theory and philosophy. Renault provides a systematic account of the ways in which social suffering could be conceptualised.

Quisiéramos vivir “bajo el sol de Dios” (Ecl. 8, 15), pero nos descubrimos bajo el sol de Satanás. Nadie más que Bernanos lo ha visto, y también lo ha sabido, pues la literatura alcanza lo que ni la filosofía ni la teología logran expresar, especialmente en lo que respecta al tormento del mal. Oculto bajo la figura del “maquignon picard”, y por tanto de un hombre ordinario, el diablo no se deja ver; prefiere disfrazarse. No existe el mal de un (...) lado y el bien del otro en Bernanos, sino más bien “el mal bajo la figura del bien”. Tal es su suprema astucia, y también su modo más seguro de desenmascararnos. Confundiendo las fronteras, haciéndose pasar por nadie siendo alguien, prefiriendo el “Frío” del hielo al calor de las llamas, y yaciendo con el abad Donissan para quitarle su aliento, Satanás nos acecha siempre, menos para mostrarse que para atraparnos. Una “lectura filosófica” de estas páginas fulgurantes de Sous le soleil de Satan (encuentro del abad Donissan con el maquignon picard) elevará a Bernanos al rango de los más grandes pensadores católicos. Nadie lo había dudado. Pero leerlo y releerlo permite confirmarlo.. (shrink)

L'article explore la conception husserlienne de l'historicité dans le contexte de l'idéalisme transcendantal, en se basant sur les quinze premiers paragraphes de la Krisis. Husserl reconfigure la subjectivité transcendantale en intégrant l'historicité comme un élément essentiel de l'auto-conscience et de l'intersubjectivité. Le texte aborde les apories philosophiques qui surgissent en tentant de réconcilier la téléologie avec la factualité historique, et montre comment l'expérience du mal devient un catalyseur de la réflexion téléologique. On y examine également la distinction entre temporalité et (...) historicité, tout en réfléchissant à la critique de l'ethnocentrisme husserlien et à sa perspective téléologique. Enfin, l'article analyse la responsabilité philosophique de faire face à la crise de la modernité, en proposant une vision de l'histoire comme une tâche collective et génératrice. (shrink)

In this paper, I claim that to understand Hegel’s theory of psychiatric treatment, we must frame the relation between the psychiatrist and her patient using Hegel’s concept of genius as developed in the Anthropology section of the Encyclopedia (§405). As I argue, this notion of genius is both complex and ambiguous, since Hegel presents examples both of good and evil geniuses. What is interesting is that the psychiatrist can potentially correspond to both figures, which reveals what is perhaps Hegel’s greatest (...) contribution to contemporary psychiatry as a practice: the imperative for the practitioner to reflect on its own motivation in the treatment, its own role of authority and, conversely, the condition of its patients. (shrink)

This article argues that Bowers and Paternoster’s emphasis on a moral community marks an important step towards a more ethical and effective approach to anti-doping. However, it also argues that the authors’ proposed strategies undermine their stated goal of effectively engaging athletes as partners in anti-doping efforts and raise ethical concerns. Their proposed emphasis on exploiting shaming as a punishment and their general view of athletes as adversaries fosters mistrust between athletes and those who enforce the anti-doping rules. Instead, this (...) article describes a model for empowering athletes as stakeholders in anti-doping policy as a means to provide anti-doping rules with increased moral legitimacy among athletes. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Dewey's critical conception of work deserves consideration because it combines two types of models of social critique that are usually considered separately in contemporary Dewey scholarship. In the syllabus Social Institutions and the Study of Morals, Dewey contends that the valuation of social settings should be grounded on criteria immanent to social experience, and he applies his model of immanent critique to work-related issues. In his philosophy of education, he highlights that institutional settings should be valued from the point (...) of view of their formative effects, and in Democracy and Education, the formative effects of work are put to the fore. The case of work illustrates the fact that specific institutional settings require that immanent critique be complemented by critique of the formative effects. The psychological and social centrality of work implies that the problems met in the social experience of work produce effects that concern not only the social experience of work but also life outside of work. Therefore, these effects cannot be accurately tackled by an immanent critique of work. (shrink)

The author argues, with reference to a number of Merleau-Ponty’s unpublished manuscripts, that the philosopher’s notion of encroachment (empiétement) has origins in Simone de Beauvoir’s 1945 novel The Blood of Others. He examines how the two philosophers approach the encroachment of freedoms, the political stance of pacifism, and the interpretation of Voltaire’s Candide (Part I). The impact of Élisabeth Lacoin’s death on Beauvoir’s and Merleau-Ponty’s philosophies, as well as their relationships with Jean-Paul Sartre is also considered (Part II).

Cet article s’efforce de distinguer les enjeux ontologiques et logiques de la théorie hégélienne de l’effectivité. Dans un premier temps, il précise en quoi la Science de la logique « coïncide » avec l’ontologie ou la « remplace ». Dans un deuxième temps, il analyse la manière dont Hegel présente la Science de la logique dans son ensemble comme une théorie logique. Il est alors possible, dans un troisième temps, de mieux comprendre la contribution de la section « Effectivité » (...) à la théorie de la vérité de la pensée. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic revealed the far-reaching significance of religion in shaping human interaction within social crises. Efforts to slow down the spread of coronavirus prompted different national governments, including the Federal Government of Nigeria to restrict large density gatherings, enforce lockdowns and promote social distancing, which were largely resisted initially. Organised religion may have influenced citizens’ compliance with government directives for curbing the pandemic. Focussing largely on providing economic assistance to people in need, it may have missed out on the (...) reason for recourse to faith. One outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic was the need to understand the application of religious faith in explaining epidemics and health crises. This work predominantly relies on data from secondary sources (library research and internet materials). Just as it critically investigates Christian-Muslim responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, it seeks also to justify reliance on religion during a health emergency. By the evaluative method of philosophy, we show that although the pandemic triggered dread of annihilation, it brought in its wake a search for ontological meaningfulness. This study therefore argues that Nigerians turned to religion to meet the deep-seated, individual need for meaningfulness (‘survivability’) that is primary to the need of soul and body, which includes material donations by organised religious entities. The primacy of fulfilling this need precedes sociality both ontologically and epistemologically because meaningfulness is an inalienable property of individuality.Contribution: This work presents religion as a rationally defensible need that is fundamentally rooted in individual human nature, even in a pandemic; religion pertains to meaningfulness, which counters human fear of annihilation and meaninglessness. (shrink)

The interpretation of Marx’s references to work and to domination is a vexed question. Can we say that Marx criticizes capitalism in terms of its effects on work? Or does he criticize capitalism from the standpoint of those subject to domination, and with whom his position is one of solidarity? Or does he elaborate a description of the unprecedented transformations brought about in the relations of power, which the category of domination is unable to apprehend effectively? The article argues that (...) these differences in interpretation are actually based on a series of false oppositions. Marx’s aim is in effect to articulate the question of the domination of work and the question of domination at work, insofar as he accords a position of political centrality to the connection between domination and work. (shrink)

The year 2001, the first of our twenty-first century, marks a turning point in the publication of the work of Martin Heidegger. That year, the very first courses he taught during the Third Reich were published. Under the seemingly noble title Being and Truth (Sein und Wahrheit), the double volume 36/37 of the complete works (Gesamtausgabe) grouped the 1933 summer course, The Fundamental Question of Philosophy (Der Grundfrage der Philosophie), and the 1933/34 winter semester course, On the Essence of Truth (...) (Vom Wesen der Wahrheit). Why was this a turning point? For one thing, these are among the most explicitly National Socialist and Hitlerian courses he taught. In them, we discover that Heidegger does not limit .. (shrink)

La demande éducative ne peut être réduite à une résistance à la psychanalyse. Elle doit être resituée dans la contextualité sociale historique et par rapport au sens et à la fonctionnalité de l’échec scolaire comme syndrome ethnique. C’est dans cette perspective anthropologique et institutionnelle que l’auteur propose de réinterroger les relations entre demandes éducatives et psychanalyse, en illustrant son propos par des observations permettant de repérer les conflictualités et les paradoxes présents dans la clinique contemporaine.

Nietzsche considére les notions fondamentales sur lesquelles repose la connaissance humaine comme des fictions. Plutót que de souligner une novelle fois cette conclusion de sa pensée épistémologique, nous táchons dans cet article d'éclairer le cheminement qui l'y a conduit. En effet, lorsque Nietzsche caractérise les «vérités de l'homme» comme autant d'«erreurs irréfutables de l'homme», il adopte manifestement un double point de vue sur la vérité dont il importe de comprendre la logique. Cette double perspective doit selon nous être rapportée à (...) une réception du message de Kant dans la Critique de la raison pure. Nietzsche l'interprète comme une forme extrème de scepticisme aux termes de laquelle les conditions a priori de la possibilité de l'expérience n'ont pas d'auture légitimité, justement, que de rendre possible l'expérience, et de conserver ainsi l'étre contingent qu'est l'homme. En se présentant comme un défenseur de notre science des phénoménes, Kant aurait done reculé devant les conséquences transcendantales de sa critique, pour se replier dans une attitude simplement pragmatique. C'est dés lors une démarche plus radicale, et done plus probe, qui permet à Nietzsche d'élaborer la notion de volonté de puissance.Für Nietzsche sind die Grundbegriffe des menschlichen Wissens Fiktionen. Der Aufsatz will zeigen, wie Nietzsche zu dieser Auffassung kam. Wenn Nietzsche die 'menschelich Warheit' mit einem 'unvermeidlichen Irrtum des Menschen' verbindet, so bezieht er offensichtlich einen doppelten Standpunkt hinsichtlich der Wahrheit, dessen Logik aufgezeigt werden muss. Ich denke, diese doppelte Perspektive muss als eine Antword auf Kants Kritik der reinen Vernunft angeschen werden: Nietzsche interpretiert Kants Lehre als eine extreme Form des Skeptizismus, nach welcher die apriorischen Bedingungen möglicher Erfahrung nur eine Rechtfertigung haben, nämlich Erfahrung möglich zu machen, und damit den Menschen als ein kontingentes Wesen zu bestätigen. Kant erwies sich als Meister der phänomenalen Wissenschaft. Aber asl solcher hat er, für Nietzsche, gerade nicht die transzendentalen Konsequenzen seiner eigenen Fragestellung gezogen, sondern bloß eine pragmatische Antowrt gegeben. Eine rakikalerer und dami redlicher Ansatz wird Nietzsche dazu füren, den Begriff des Willens zur Macht zu entwicklen. (shrink)

Ce texte propose une série de réflexions qui s'inscrivent dans la lignée des travaux menés avec Douglas Hofstadter sur les processus analogiques. Nous estimons que ces réflexions sont à la fois profondément compatibles avec les idées de Gilles Fauconnier et soulignent l'importance de ses contributions. Plus précisément, cet article a trois objets. Le premier remet en question la possibilité d'une perception littérale et rend au contraire cette hypothèse psychologiquement improbable. Il soutient une perspective interprétative selon laquelle les concepts s'interposent dans (...) toutes les activités mentales, de la perception la plus triviale aux idées les plus abstraites. Le deuxième concerne les liens entre analogie et catégorisation, aboutissant au constat que les distinctions établies entre ces notions dans le sens commun et les traditions académiques se dissolvent au fur et à mesure que l'analyse s'approfondit. Le troisième met l'accent sur les intrications contre-intuitives entre form... (shrink)

This book is a defence of perspectivism in the age of post-truth. At the crossroads of science, art and philosophy, it unearths a tradition that we must rediscover: the point of view is not only what divides, it is also what is shared. The book makes a case why perspectivism alone can avoid us falling back into epistemological naivetés. It presents a series of case studies ranging from innovative interpretations of classical authors and key moments in the history of art—from (...) ancient painting, trompe l’oeil, and Brunelleschi’s experiment in Renaissance Florence—to the issue of perspective in the work of contemporary artists such as Robert Smithson. (shrink)

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reconstruir y ordenar aquella parte de la obra de Michel Foucault dedicada a la cuestión del poder y desarrollada fundamentalmente alrededor de la década de 1970. Partiendo de un análisis exhaustivo de las fuentes, se presenta un estudio bibliográfico que no solo cataloga las principales aportaciones de Foucault a este debate, sino que las organiza cronológicamente con minuciosidad. De este modo, acudiendo a los originales, así como a los diferentes estudios que han tratado de (...) ordenar su producción, se ofrece un catálogo detallado de sus textos fundamentales para comprender tanto el alcance como las inflexiones del trabajo desarrollado en el marco de ese «momento político» de su obra. (shrink)

This book seeks to offer a robust foundation of philosophical concepts to students pursuing studies in education. By examining key philosophical theories and their applications in educational settings, the objective is to equip readers with the critical thinking skills necessary to navigate complex educational landscapes.

En 600 av. J.-C., les Bituriges, « rois du monde », dominent la Celtique sous l’autorité d’Ambigat. Leur territoire est uni par le contrôle des bassins versants de la Loire et l’occupation d’une grande clairière céréalière, la Champagne, cernée par les forêts. Le chef-lieu est Avaricum, que Vercingétorix choisira pour venir à bout des légions de César. L’issue est tragique. Malgré Gergovie, la Gaule devient romaine. Commence alors l’histoire du Berry, qui sera pendant 1700 ans le théâtre d’événements majeurs. Parce (...) que le Berry n’a jamais été une province, son destin se fond dans le roman national. Pourtant, c’est en Berry que s’effondre l’Empire romain. C’est en Berry qu’après la double trahison d’Aliénor se joue l’unité de la France. C’est en Berry que Charles VII assure la survie du royaume quand il est chassé de Paris. De Bourges, le duc Jean fait rayonner le gothique international. Puis la seconde renaissance du droit illumine l’Europe des humanistes. C’est sur le Berry que Sully compte pour exalter sa gloire, en Berry que Condé organise la Fronde. Le Berry s’étiole ensuite, et la Révolution l’effacera des cartes. Mais en 1913, le Grand Meaulnes le fait entrer dans la littérature mondiale comme ce paradis perdu, bordé de bois et d’étangs, qui s’est à jamais retiré du temps. (shrink)

Apoyándose en el análisis crítico de discusiones clásicas y contemporáneas sobre democracia laboral, el artículo examina, en primer lugar, los argumentos que pueden formularse para sostener que la democratización del trabajo es posible y deseable, o, por el contrario, que es imposible o ilegítima. Se distinguen a continuación dos escenarios de democratización del trabajo: el primero piensa la democratización del trabajo como una democratización del gobierno corporativo; el segundo la concibe como una democratización de la participación en la actividad colectiva (...) del trabajo. El artículo defiende que la radicalización de la democracia exige democratizar los entornos laborales y comprender el trabajo como un espacio de formación de hábitos democráticos como la autonomía, la cooperación y la deliberación colectiva. (shrink)

Achieving Our Humanity explores a postracial future through a philosophical analysis of the social, cultural, economic and political experiences of race in the past and what this might mean for our present and, most importantly, our future.