There are limitations of obstetric estimation of neonatal outcome in extremely premature newborns. Predicting outcomes, survival, and morbidity are often uncertain, such as in cases of extreme prematurity, certain fetal anomalies, intrauterine growth restriction, and intrauterine infection. Informed consent, truth telling, the maternal–fetal conflict, decision making, and the fetus as a patient are the most important issues of obstetric and neonatal ethics. Because the boundary between utility and futility is not clear, the best interest of the mother, the fetus, and (...) the newborn will be subject of discussion every time. Here, we report a case of obstetric patient to discuss. (shrink)

Aim: This study was carried out in order to determine ethical decision-making levels of oncology nurses. Ethical Consideration: Research Ethics Committee's approval was obtained prior to the data collection. Permission to use the Turkish version of the Nursing Dilemma Test was received from Birgül Cerit. Written approval was taken from school administrators to conduct the study confirming that there were no invasive procedures planned for human beings during the study period. The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. (...) Verbal consent was obtained from each of the nurses who agreed to participate after they were informed about the study content. Method: The population of this study conducted in a descriptive way consisted of a total of 96 nurses working at the oncology units and outpatient chemotherapy units of four different hospitals between September 2017 and March 2018. The study sample included 60 nurses who responded to the question form. The data of the study were collected using “Nurses Information Questionnaire” and “Nursing Dilemma Test” developed by Crisham in 1981. Results: Oncology nurses’ mean scores in Principled Thinking (49.00 ± 6.46) and those in Practical Considerations (18.35 ± 4.47) were found to be above the moderate level. It was determined that the oncology nurses participated in the study were familiar with situations similar to the dilemmas included in the Nursing Dilemma Test (15.00 ± 4.20). Conclusion: It was concluded that oncology nurses try to take ethical principles into consideration but are also affected by environmental factors while making decisions concerning ethical dilemmas. The most frequently encountered ethical dilemmas by oncology nurses include the following: deciding not to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation, telling the truth to the patient, studies being carried out without the patient’s content, and patient’s refusal of treatment. In order to improve oncology nurses’ critical thinking and ethical decision-making skills, it is important to determine ethical dilemmas encountered by oncology nurses, and nurses should be encouraged to be involved in ethical decision-making process through cooperation with the other healthcare personnel. (shrink)

Becoming productive with grammatical categories is a gradual process in children's language development. Here, we investigated this transition process by focusing on Turkish causatives. Previous research examining spontaneous and elicited production of Turkish causatives with familiar verbs attested the onset and early stages of productivity at ages 2 to 3 (Aksu-Koç & Slobin, 1985; Nakipoğlu, Uzundag, & Sarıgül, 2021). So far, however, we know very little about children's understanding of causatives with novel verbs. In the present study, we asked: (a) (...) When does the generalization of causative morphology in a novel context emerge? and (b) What role does child-directed input play in this development? To answer the first question, we conducted comprehension-judgment experiments with children aged 2;6–6;11 using pseudo-verbs (Study 1 & 2). Results showed that children preferred the Turkish causative suffix -DIr over an unrelated or no suffix to denote caused events earliest at age 4;10. To answer the second question, we analyzed child-directed speech from a longitudinal corpus of Turkish language acquisition (Study 3). Results showed that when addressing children younger than age 3, caregivers used the -DIr suffix with little variation considering the overall variability of verbs they could utter. Overall, these findings suggest that productivity with morphological causatives in a novel context emerges in a later stage of acquisition. This later development might partly be accounted for by the insufficient variation of morphological causatives in the early input. (shrink)

Discrimination is a negative, destructive and marginalizing attitude as old as the history of humanity. It becomes visible in many different forms such as racism, sexism, nationalism, sectarianism, religiousness, and classism. When we look at the sources of discriminatory attitudes and tendencies, we encounter a wide range of reasons. For example, factors such as wrong learning, created fears, distorted feelings of hatred, scientific, philosophical, political thoughts, religiouspolitical personalities, and flawed educational understandings can be shown as some of these. In this (...) study, while the meaning, source, problems and solutions to the problem of religious intolerance, which is one of the discriminatory attitudes, are discussed from historical and social perspectives, the views of the American philosopher Martha Nussbaum are taken into consideration. (shrink)

The paper is composed of two parts. The first part covers juvenile delinquency with all its characteristics. When analyzing the delinquency, we gave a special place to the socio-pathological phenomena which is more and more present and the rate is higher from year to year. Social pathology is a huge issue that requires special commitment, first, for its detection and then prevention. Within the delinquency, we also cover the most common crimes committed by juveniles. In the second part of this (...) paper, the authors deal in more details with a specific form of crime which can also be committed by juveniles: child sexual abuse and pedophilia. First, the difference between child sexual abuse and pedophilia will be discussed, a difference that is of particular importance in cases where minors are abusers. Furthermore, the main characteristics of cases when both perpetrators and victims of sexual abuse are minors will be addressed. Although these criminal offenses are rarer in practice unlike the criminal offenses and deviant behaviors treated in the first part, however, knowing the main characteristics and specifics of such cases is of particular importance for the legal-criminal treatment of the perpetrators of these criminal offenses. (shrink)

18. yüzyılın başlarında vefat ettiği düşünülen Şevkizâde Süleyman Efendi, tütün kullanımının yaygınlaştığı ve şiddetli yasaklamalar sonrası yasakların gevşediği bir dönemde yaşamış bir Osmanlı âlimidir. Bu dönem, Şeyhülislam Bahâî Mehmed Efendi’nin tütünün mubahlığına dair verdiği fetvası ve devletin tütünü resmen vergilendirmesi sonrasına tekabül eder. Söz konusu dönemde tütün kullanmanın hükmüyle ilgili tartışmalar yoğun bir şekilde devam etmekte olup, lehte ve aleyhte pek çok risâle kaleme alınmıştır. Konuyla ilgili risale kaleme alan müelliflerden biri olan Şevkizâde risalesinde, tütün kullanımı ile ilgili tartışmalarda uygun (...) olmayan deliller ve hakarete varan sert bir üslup kullanıldığı, tütün içilmesine engel olmak ve fitneyi önlemek üzere bu eserlerde konuyla ilgili nass bulunmadığı ve kıyasla hüküm istihraç etmenin ihmal edildiği gibi pek çok asılsız iddialarda bulunulduğunu belirtir. Söz konusu tartışmaların ise insanları kafa karışıklığı içinde bıraktığını, bu nedenle Kitap, sünnet ve müçtehitlerin görüşleri ışığında mesele ile ilgili doğruları ortaya koymak üzere kısa bir risale telif ettiğini belirtir. Tütünle ilgili genellemeci bir hükümden kaçınan Şevkizâde risalesinde; tütün kullananların mescide gelmekten menedilmesi, tütünün habâisten olup olmadığı, devlet başkanının tütün hakkındaki emrinin hükmü ve bağlayıcılığı, tütün kullanmanın haramlığını ve mubahlığını savunanların bazı iddialarının değerlendirilmesi ve tütün içmenin oruca etkisi gibi meselere ayrı ayrı temas eder. Bu makalede Şevkizâde’nin tütün hakkındaki risâlesi tanıtıldı ve incelendi, ayrıntılı olarak muhtevasına temas edildi ve son olarak risâlenin tahkikli metnine yer verildi. (shrink)

Dürr-i meknūn (The hidden pearl) is one of the best-known and most frequently cited but least studied works of fifteenth-century Ottoman literature. An anonymously written encyclopedic work in Turkish, it covers a wide range of subjects, starting with the creation and ending with the day of judgment. Although no fifteenth-century copy has survived, the Dürr displays a close ideological and intertextual relationship with other well-known fifteenth-century Ottoman works that were the building blocks of an indigenous Ottoman religious, historical, political, and (...) apocalyptic literature on which later generations relied. This article critically reviews the Dürr by situating it against the backdrop of the political context of the 1460s and early 1470s, informed by Sultan Meḥmed II’s imperial policies seeking to unite the Islamic world under one rule and by the dire crusade threat menacing the Ottoman empire posed by Venice and its allies in 1472–73. I argue that the work was composed by a member of the scholarly elite to criticize Meḥmed’s imperial ambitions and, most notably, his designs to conquer the Mamluk sultanate, which the Dürr identifies as a disastrous endeavor that would lead to the conquest of Islam by the Christians. (shrink)

This article aims to make a distinction among contemporary artworks that use algorithmic technologies. Departing from Science, Technology and Society (STS) studies, the focus is given to artworks that use algorithmic agencies, as assemblages of human and nonhuman entities. Making an ethno-methodological analysis of three artworks, The Pitiful Story of Deniz Yılmaz (2015–present) of Bager Akbay, Artificial Intelligence for Governance, the Kitty AI (2016) of Pınar Yoldaş and Plantoid (2015) of Primavera Di Filippi, the article examines paratactical use of algorithmic (...) agencies in contemporary artistic practice. Exploring, revealing and learning from the tactics used by platforms, corporations and institutions that control and govern, paratactical use of algorithmic agencies generates a self-reflexive perspective on such tactics of control. Paratactical works also explore absurdities and contingencies embedded in algorithmic technologies. They work within failures and errors, and perform subversive ways of thinking, acting and enacting. In conclusion, paratactical works deal with the reproduction, distribution and normalization of ignorance, extinction, degeneration, corruption and destruction. (shrink)

In Critique of Forms of Life, Rahel Jaeggi develops an immanent critique to evaluate and criticize forms of life. Jaeggi seeks a criterion that relies neither on external nor internal standards but rather on an imminent, non-teleological quasi-standard rooted in ongoing social dynamics. She claims that social learning processes can serve as a standard or indicator of progress within forms of life; however, she does not fully explain how these learning processes demonstrate both normative and functional progress. In this paper, (...) I argue that Jaeggi’s immanent critique requires a more robust conception of agency, one that emphasizes the role of creativity in the dialectical relationship between active and passive learning processes. Such a framework would better capture the progressive and regressive movements within forms of life. Furthermore, I expand on how creativity in narrating forms of life animates active learning processes and determines the success or failure of social transformations from both functional and normative perspectives. I suggest that the focus should be on how individuals and collective groups, as learners, actively transform their social environments through new experiences and imaginative narratives, in order to detect the immanent problems that occur in the learning processes of forms of life themselves. (shrink)

Wearing facial masks became a common practice worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigated (1) whether facial masks that cover adult faces affect 4- to 6-year-old children’s recognition of emotions in those faces and (2) whether the duration of children’s exposure to masks is associated with emotion recognition. We tested children from Switzerland (N = 38) and Brazil (N = 41). Brazil represented longer mask exposure due to a stricter mandate during COVID-19. Children had to choose a face displaying (...) a specific emotion (happy, angry, or sad) when the face wore either no cover, a facial mask, or sunglasses. The longer hours of mask exposure were associated with better emotion recognition. Controlling for the hours of exposure, children were less likely to recognise emotions in partially hideen faces. Moreover, Brazilian children were more accurate in recognising happy faces than Swiss children. Overall, facial masks may negatively impact children’s emotion recognition. However, prolonged exposure appears to buffer the lack of facial cues from the nose and mouth. In conclusion, restricting facial cues due to masks may impair kindergarten children’s emotion recognition in the short run. However, it may facilitate their broader reading of facial emotional cues in the long run. (shrink)

The authors of the book believe that utopia is a multidimensional concept, hence best understood with a multidisciplinary perspective. The book seeks utopian thinking in political theory, international law, populism, Turkish Islamism, and it dilates on the themes of modernism and classless society in the selected utopias.

Anaphora resolution is one of the most active research areas in natural language processing. This study examines focusing as a tool for the resolution of pronouns which are a kind of anaphora. Focusing is a discourse phenomenon like anaphora. Candy Sidner formalized focusing in her 1979 MIT PhD thesis and devised several algorithms to resolve definite anaphora including pronouns. She presented her theory in a computational framework but did not generally implement the algorithms. Her algorithms related to focusing and pronoun (...) resolution are implemented in this paper. This implementation provides a better comprehension of the theory both from a conceptual and a computational point of view. The resulting program is tested on different discourse segments, and evaluation and analysis of the experiments are presented together with the statistical results. (shrink)

Deflationism, one of the influential philosophical doctrines of truth, holds that there is no property of truth, and that overt uses of the predicate "true" are redundant. However, the hypothetical examples used by theorists to exemplify deflationism are isolated sentences, offering little to examine what the predicate adds to meaning within context. We oppose the theory not on philosophical but on empirical grounds. We collect 7,610 occurrences of "it is true that" from 10 influential periodicals published in the United States. (...) We classify and annotate these with respect to the positions of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions that they contain. This way we investigate the contextual relationships between the proposition following "it is true that" with its surroundings. Overall, 34 different syntactical patterns are encountered. In some occurrences of "true", the predicate acts in the same manner as a performative verb does. These occurrences, having been observed in linguistically reliable media, constitute pragmatic counter-examples to deflationism. (shrink)

In the Muslim conception of religion, hadiths are considered as the se-cond source after the Ḳurʾān. In the minds of those who believe in the Ḳurʾān, there is no hesitation about the authenticity of this divine book since it has come to us through tawātur. As for the hadiths, since their relation to the Prophet is determined by the method of isnād, criticisms are mostly concentrated at this point. Muslim scholars resorted to the science of al-Djarḥ wa’l-taʿdīl to solve the (...) problem of the attribution of hadiths to Prophet Muhammad. There are criticisms directed towards hadiths and scholars who played significant roles in the formation of the Islamic schools of thought by non-Muslim schloars living in Islamic regions as well. George Tarabishi, a Syrian writer and translator, is a scholar who has written numerous works on Islam and the Arab civilization shaped by Islam. This study focuses on his criticisms of al-Shāfiʿī’s understanding of hadith in his work, From the Islam of the Qur’an to the Islam of Hadith. Tarabishi’s criticisms against al-Shāfiʿī in his work were identified through document analysis technique and examined through the descriptive method. (shrink)

In Critique of Forms of Life, Rahel Jaeggi develops an immanent critique to evaluate and criticize forms of life. Jaeggi seeks a criterion that relies neither on external nor internal standards but rather on an imminent, non-teleological quasi-standard rooted in ongoing social dynamics. She claims that social learning processes can serve as a standard or indicator of progress within forms of life; however, she does not fully explain how these learning processes demonstrate both normative and functional progress. In this paper, (...) I argue that Jaeggi’s immanent critique requires a more robust conception of agency, one that emphasizes the role of creativity in the dialectical relationship between active and passive learning processes. Such a framework would better capture the progressive and regressive movements within forms of life. Furthermore, I expand on how creativity in narrating forms of life animates active learning processes and determines the success or failure of social transformations from both functional and normative perspectives. I suggest that the focus should be on how individuals and collective groups, as learners, actively transform their social environments through new experiences and imaginative narratives, in order to detect the immanent problems that occur in the learning processes of forms of life themselves. (shrink)

Bu çalışma, çalışanlarda işkoliklikle benlik saygısı ilişkisinde algılanan örgütsel desteğin aracılık rolünü tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma verilerini elde etmek için, Çorum ilinde bir kamu hastanesinde görev yapan 200 çalışana anket form uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket formunda demografik sorular dahil olmak üzere, hastane çalışanlarında işkoliklik, algılanan örgütsel destek ve benlik saygısını ölçmeye yönelik, ülkemizdeki çalışmalarda yaygın kullanılan geçerlilik ve güvenirlik analizleri yapılmış üç ayrı ölçek kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS programında belirli analizlere tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda: algılanan örgütsel desteğin; işten zevk (...) alma (işkoliklik alt boyutu) ile kendini sevme (benlik saygısı alt boyutu) arasındaki ilişkide, işten zevk alma (işkoliklik alt boyutu) ile öz-yeterlilik (benlik saygısı alt boyutu) arasındaki ilişkide ve işe güdülenme hissi (işkoliklik alt boyutu) ile kendini sevme (benlik saygısı alt boyutu) arasındaki ilişkide kısmı aracılık rolü olduğu ve yine algılanan örgütsel desteğin; işe güdülenme hissi (işkoliklik alt boyutu) ile öz-yeterlilik (benlik saygısı alt boyutu) arasındaki ilişkide kısmı aracılık rolünün olduğu tespit edilmiştir. (shrink)