Many studies examine a stressors-professional burnout (PB) relation, but only few consider the role of ethical conflicts (ECs) in this context. The aim of this study was to characterize ECs' frequency and level of burden with them among nurses and to establish the relations between ECs' frequency, burden and PB. One hundred nurses participated in this study. ECs' frequency and burden were tested with an originally developed questionnaire. PB was examined with Maslach Burnout Inventory. Most frequent ECs concerned a nurse-patient (...) relationship. PB was positively related to ECs' frequency (r = .54; p = .001) and burden (r = .22; p = .03). Frequency of specific conflict did not imply burden with it and vice versa. ECs' frequency seems more important for PB than a level of burden with them. The most frequent and the most burdening conflicts may lead to development of PB but the less frequent and less burdening ones are also dangerous. (shrink)

Język nauk pedagogicznych wielokrotnie poddawany był krytyce. Jego porządkowanie należy rozpocząć od sprecyzowania pojęć: „wychowanie”, „kształcenie” i „nauczanie”, uważanych za podstawowe pojęcia pedagogiczne, a dotąd nieokreślone w sposób zyskujący aprobatę przynajmniej większości pedagogów. Większość kontrowersji i sporów dotyczy przede wszystkim treści i zakresu pojęcia „wychowanie ". Różnorodność ujęć i sposobów użycia tego terminu powoduje trudności w porozumiewaniu się, wieloznaczność i chaos w dyskusjach i rozważaniach pedagogicznych. Analiza literatury ze zwróceniem szczególnej uwagi na definicje omawianego pojęcia i codzienna praktyka pedagogiczna pozwoliły (...) na przeprowadzenie próby uświadomienia wszystkim posługującym się językiem nauk pedagogicznych trudności, z jakimi borykają się pedagodzy teoretycy w precyzowaniu swego języka. (shrink)

Looking at Holocaust testimonies, which in her view always involve some form of translation, the author seeks to develop an ethics of translation in the context of Levinas’ hyperbolic ethics of responsibility. Calling on Benjamin and Derrida to make explicit the precipitous task of the translator, she argues that the translator faces an ethical call or assignation that resembles the fundamental structure of Levinasian subjectivity. The author relates the paradoxes of translation in Holocaust testimony to Levinas’ silence on the problem (...) of translation—puzzling if one considers Levinas’ focus on the ethical essence of language, his multilingualism, and the fact that he wrote his texts in a second language. She proposes that the trace of the philosopher’s displacement from his linguistic community can be discerned in his exilic conception of ethical subjectivity and in the testimonial impetus that animates his work. Thus, although Levinas’ Saying is posited as a translinguistic horizon that transcends the boundaries of a particular national language, it carries the remainder of the disavowed loss of the mother tongue. (shrink)

The article consists of two parts. In the first one, I discuss the idea of ecological solidarity, which is interpreted by me as solidarity sensu largo resulting from the sense of belonging to a community of living and suffering beings. In the second part of the article I answer the question: what connects animal rights with the rights of human beings? In my opinion, if the European civilisation did not develop a category of solidarity, there would be no concept of (...) human rights, and without the category of eco-solidarity there would be no concept of animal rights. (shrink)

The paper presents state of art in the area of emotion studies. It is stressed that emotions are multicomponent processes including neural, expression, subjective and social elements. We have tried to show that synchronization and coordination of these elements from elementary through intermediate to the most complex level may be understood in terms of emergent processes. Manifestations of emergence may be observed both in social aspects of emotions, as well as subjective and expression ones. Although the idea of emergent processes (...) was not explicitly used by contributors of this volume, the traces of it are present in their papers. (shrink)

One of the most influential views in privacy scholarship is that privacy protects individual autonomy. On the early liberal view, the exercise of autonomy requires detachment from social and political life and privacy facilitates it. This view of privacy still informs current legal and political practice. As this view of privacy presupposes a tension between privacy and society, it is responsible for the underrating of privacy in legal and political practice. Over the last decades, liberal reflection on autonomy has shifted (...) from the early liberal understanding of autonomy as calling for detachment from social life to the idea of autonomy as socially embedded. This development has brought about a corresponding adjustment in the liberal concept of privacy: privacy has come to be seen as a social rather than merely an individual interest. The social turn in thinking about privacy has gone a long way to change the problematic image of privacy in legal and political practice. It has not gone far enough, however, to draw conclusions regarding the political relevance of privacy. I argue that we should understand autonomy as politically embedded. Revised along these lines, privacy has a political value: when we claim privacy, we do not make a claim to withdraw from political life, but rather make a claim to protect certain forms of political engagement. (shrink)

Why obey the state? Dorota Mokrosińska presents a fresh analysis of the most influential theories of political obligation and develops a novel approach to this foundational problem of political philosophy, an intriguing combination of the elements of natural duty and associative theories. The theory of political obligation developed in the book extends the scope of the contemporary debate on political obligation by arguing that political obligation can be binding even under the jurisdiction of unjust states. The arguments pursued in (...) the book are illustrated with the results of sociological research concerning the reasons that governed people's attitudes to the authoritarian communist regimes in East Europe viz. communist Poland. This book provides the first detailed argument of how a theory of political obligation can apply to subjects of an unjust state. (shrink)

_Violence: Probing the Boundaries around the World_ includes implicit and explicit contributions to the conceptualisation of violent processes across the world, the circumstances that enable them to exist and opens ways to think valuable interventions.

In this article, we examine the presence of selected themes of John Dewey's _Art as Experience_ mainly in Polish humanistic thought. Our focus is on frameworks in which art-related experience is not only a distinct field of aesthetic research but is also a factor in understanding of art as a process modeled upon all other experiences. We outline philosophical, aesthetic, and educational contexts inspired by Dewey's multifaceted aesthetics, particularly in connection with contemporary considerations on democracy, the humanities, and creative practices. (...) We give special attention to Dewey's explorations of literature, which substantiate the importance of the imagination as a preparation for ethical action. (shrink)

Pythagorean Women Philosophers argues for a rewriting of Greek philosophical history so as to include female intellectuals. Dutsch presents testimonies regarding the role of women in the Pythagorean school as demonstrating their active contribution to the philosophical tradition.

Rethinks the existing definitions of aesthetics and ethics and the relations between them.

Starting from the observation that the construction of vague reference in legal texts is intended by the legislator, we examine the intensifier adjective grave linked to linguistic vagueness. The aim is to define the meanings of grave and the role of the noun it qualifies, and to identify Polish equivalents in comparable and parallel legal texts. After mentioning studies on vagueness and vague reference, we analyse definitions that indicate two meanings: ‘importance’ and ‘consequence. The ‘cause-consequence’ relationship becomes central to the (...) study of the categories of intensifiable nouns and grave meanings. The Polish equivalents prove that it is polysemous and that the place of the N in the logical relation must be taken into account. (shrink)

The concept of the responsibility to protect has generated considerable controversy since its formulation in the 2001 Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereig...

AIDS is an example of the global threat. In my article I would like to present the most important ethical dilemmas related to global outspreading of AIDS/HIV epidemic in the world and also make an attempt of finding a possible solution. I assume that the dilemmas could be described in three basic dimensions: The first discussed ethical problem is related to treating sick people by the healthy people. We observe the discrimination of people suffering from AIDS/HIV and it stands in (...) opposition to Christianity and Church which commands to accept sick people, to respect and help them. The second discussed aspect concerns ethical challenges that modern medicine must face regarding the outspread of AIDS and HIV. On one hand, medical stuff who have contact with blood must incessantly confront their fear of infection with duty of helping people and providing medical care. On the other hand, medical professionals may encounter the moral dilemma how to keep medical records in secret and protect interests of people who are exposed to infection. The last important ethical dimension of global AIDS epidemic and other civilisation illnesses, which has been recently observed, is the polarization of the world in the field of health. (shrink)

The main purpose of this article is to show the general development of Władysław Sebyła’s works in his next tomes Pieśni szczurołapa (Song of the ratcatcher), Koncert egotyczny (Egotic concert), Obrazy myśli (Views of thoughts). Poetry for Sebyła is the way of finding a man, showing the truth about himself by means of a literal word. Like also expressing a beauty of a nature, world by leading a dialog with himself. Besides he is looking for new people with whom he (...) could talk about the significance of life. He supports on the authority of Cyprian Kamil Norwid and Jan Lechoń. His poetry is not to give any answer to the problems but to ask neverending questions. (shrink)

When does eating become art? Can a cook be an artist? This book answers these questions by exploring the position of taste in contemporary culture and the manners in which taste meanders its way into the realm of art.

Artykuł zajmuje się problemem struktury i specyfiki twierdzeń dyscyplin praktycznych wyodrębnionych obok teoretycznych w naukach empirycznych. Wymieniony problem, jak i kwestia dychotomicznego podziału nauk empirycznych, jest ciągle powodem licznych kontrowersji. Aktualnie rozpowszechniona jest, różna od pozytywistycznej, koncepcja prawa empirycznego jako zdania ściśle ogólnego, gwarantującego prawdziwość odpowiednich warunkowych zdań kontrfaktycznych. W poglądach metodologów i badaczy, uprawiających refleksję metodologiczną, zarysowały się dwa główne stanowiska o dyrektywalnej i niedyrektywelnej - opisowej strukturze twierdzeń nauk praktycznych. W ramach pierwszego stanowiska decydujący wpływ na poglądy wielu (...) metodologów wywarły koncepcje T. Kotarbińskiego i A. Podgóreckiego. W obu przypadkach kwestią wielce problematyczną jest wartość logiczna tak podejmowanych twierdzeń, analiza przykładów wykazuje, że nie są one zdaniami w sensie logicznym. Pozostałe propozycje w ramach dyrektywalnej koncepcji twierdzeń posiadają wymienione i inne niedopatrzenia natury metodologicznej. Zwrot w poglądach dotyczących twierdzeń nauk praktycznych datuje się od stwierdzenia H. Stonerta, iż nauki empiryczna nie różnią się pod względem twierdzeń. Stanowisko to nie zyskało aprobaty, ale skierowało poszukiwania uzasadnienia wyróżniania nauk praktycznych na płaszczyznę idealizacyjnej teorii nauki, również kontrowersyjnej. Zwolennicy tej koncepcji stoją na stanowisku niedyrektywalnej postaci twierdzeń i przyjmują, iż są to twierdzenia idealizacyjne, spełnione w dziedzinie typów idealnych bądź faktualno-idealizacyjne. Twierdzenia idealizacyjne są wg L. Nowaka w naukach praktycznych twierdzeniami optymalizacyjnymi, podającymi warunki realizacji ideałów i wzorów. Analiza przykładów twierdzeń optymalizacyjnych w pedagogice przeprowadzona w artykule wykazała, iż twierdzenia te charakteryzują się podrzędnością instrumentalną i aksjologlozną. Wgląd w czynności badawcze prowadzone w ramach nauk praktycznych pozwolił na ustalenie etapów poprzedzających formułowanie twierdzeń optymalizacyjnych, będących podstawą projektowania modeli realnych, a tychże modelach twierdzenia optymalizacyjne dotyczą kolejnych rozwiązań postawionego problemu optymalizacji, czyli realizowania przyjętego kryterium efektywności, równoznacznego np. z kryterium jakości w naukach technicznych. Twierdzenia optymalizacyjne są elementami teorii optymalizacyjnej, określają zależność i między wartością postulowaną w kryterium efektywności a czynnikami, od których zależy jej realizacja. Przedstawione rozważania wskazują na fakt, że metodologia nauk praktycznych jest dziedziną aktualnie rozwijającą się. Należy przypuszczać, iż wyniki jej badań znajdą zastosowanie w doskonaleniu procedury badawczej i budowanych teorii w poszczególnych naukach praktycznych. (shrink)

The aim of the paper is to present a reconstruction of the constitutive theses of cognitive relativism. The reconstruction is based on some examples of well-known theses and statements that are conceived to be relativistic. I distinguish three constituents of cognitive relativism: 1) the thesis of constructive character of cognition, 2) the thesis of pluralism of cognitive schemes, 3) the thesis of incommensurability of cognitive schemes. The rest of the article aims at, first, proving that Quine's philosophical standpoint is not (...) relativistic as it clashes with the third thesis of relativism. And, second, I try to argue that a relativist may avoid the consequence of agnosticism but, which is not surprising, he/she has to radically reject the idea of the objective truth as the purpose of our cognition. (shrink)

The article examines the impact of environmental quality on shaping the development policy of Polish voivodeships. The main analytical tool used was the synthetic index of environmental quality, compiled by means of the Perkal method. It was constructed in order to organize Polish voivodeships in terms of environmental quality, which was determined in a comprehensive way on the basis of three thematic areas: advantages of the natural environment, the level of pollution of the environment as well as active protective activities. (...) The obtained values of synthetic measures were then compared to the level of economic growth of Polish regions. It was necessary in determining which voivodeships perceive the quality of the environment as the main factor enhancing their economic growth, and which treat it as a barrier to economic development. (shrink)

The paper analyzes a handful of works for children and youth that are based on mythology and deal with depression, a topic that is becoming more frequent in contemporary children’s and young adults’ culture, mainly because of the need to break the mental he­alth taboo. These are the newest edition of Laura Orvieto’s Storie di bambini molto antichi, Rachel Smythe’s digital comics Lore Olympus, Patricia Satjawatcha­raphong’s short animation Reflection, and the webcomic series Therapy created by Anastasia Gorshkova. They provide examples (...) from literary and audio-visual culture for very young re­aders and more adult teenagers and youth, raising the issue of deep sadness utilizing storytelling and not in a didactic way. Some of the protagonists struggling with the problem are far from lively chara­cters in conventional interpretations of the myths, so the texts play upon stereotypes entrenched in the culture. It appears that children’s works inspired by classical antiquity have significant interpretative potential and educational value – as well as the ability to surprise the audience. (shrink)

On the basis of the classical view on a metaphoric utterance stemming from Aristotle, there is proposed a kind of the systematisation of some concepts of metaphor. The approaches considered seem to be almost incomparable because of the difficulty in finding common ground for such a comparison or even certain correspondence between the ways in which the very notion is perceived and defined by various authors.

Książka stanowi syntetyczną próbę spojrzenia na libertarianizm. Porządkując sposoby rozumienia i opisywania libertarianizmu podejmuje dyskusje z tezami utożsamiającymi libertarianizm z doktryną prokapitalistyczną czy prosocjalistyczną, identyfikującymi go z anarchizmem. Wykazuje jego obecność również w metafizyce, naturyzmie, postępowej edukacji i teorii wolnej miłości, liberalizmie, socjalizmie, marksizmie i feminizmie. Prezentacja historii użycia pojęć „libertarianin”, „libertarianizm” i im podobnych od XVIII wieku do XX wieku (w Anglii, Stanach Zjednoczonych, Francji, Rosji, Włoszech, Hiszpanii), koncentruje się przede wszystkim na aspekcie myśli, ale także odwołuje się do (...) dziejów ruchów społecznych. Kończy się próbą zdefiniowania libertarianizmu. The book is a synthetic attempt to look at libertarianism. Through organizing ways how libertarianism is understood and described, it starts the discussions of the theses that recognize libertarianism as the pro-capitalist or pro-socialist doctrine, identifying it with anarchism. It shows its presence in metaphysics, naturism, progressive education and the theory of free love, liberalism, socialism, Marxism and feminism. The presentation of the history of the use of the terms “libertarian”, “libertarianism” and the like since the eighteenth century is primarily focused on the aspect of thought, but it also refers to the history of social movements. The article ends with an attempt to define libertarianism. Das Buch ist ein synthetischer Versuch einen Überblick über Libertarismus zu verschaffen. Indem es die Arten des Verstehens und der Beschreibung ordnet, erörtert das Werk die Thesen, die den Libertarismus mit den prokapitalistischen oder prosozialistischen Doktrinen gleichsetzen und ihn mit Anarchismus identifizieren. Zeigt seine Anwesenheit auch in Metaphysik, Naturismus, moderner Bildung und der Theorie der freien Liebe, Liberalismus, Sozialismus, Marxismus und Feminismus. Präsentiert die Geschichte des Begriffs „Libertär“, „Libertarismus“ und ihnen gleichen seit 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert (in England, Vereinigten Staaten, Frankreich, Russland, Italien, Spanien) konzentriert sich vor allem auf den Aspekt des Denkens aber bezieht sich auch auf die Geschichte der sozialen Bewegungen. Schließlich versucht das Buch Libertarismus zu definieren. (shrink)

Recenzja książek W. Buchner, Wojna i konkwista. Hiszpańska myśl polityczna Złotego Wieku i A.A. Chaufe, Wiara i wolność. Myśl ekonomiczna późnych scholastyków.