Results for 'Daejoong Kim'

965 found
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  1. Corporate Relations with Environmental Organizations Represented by Hyperlinks on the Fortune Global 500 Companies' Websites.Daejoong Kim & Yoonjae Nam - 2012 - Journal of Business Ethics 105 (4):475-487.
    This study investigates corporate relationships with environmental organizations by examining hyperlinks in the corporate environmental responsibility (CER) sections of the Fortune 2008 Global 500 corporate websites. It is assumed that hyperlinked organizations either represent their current inter-organizational relationship or create symbolic relationships among organizations. Results show that Asian companies have fewer hyperlink relations with other organizations compared with those in North America and Western Europe. Network analysis also confirms that U.S. companies are explicitly connected with stakeholders for CER practices, and (...)
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  2.  12
    Human reproductive cloning: An analysis of the Andrews Report.Kim Little - 2002 - Monash Bioethics Review 21 (1):S79-S91.
    There is nothing like an overwhelming consensus of opinion to encourage a less than rigourous approach to analyzing complex ethical issues. Unfortunately, this is nowhere more apparent than in the discussion of human reproductive cloning contained in the federal House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs’ report on human cloning, released last August The report may well fulfil the first half of its project, namely the empirical task of adequately summarizing and categorizing the various submissions made to (...)
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  3.  33
    Confucianism and the Philosophy of Well-Being.Richard Kim - 2020 - New York: Routledge.
    Well-being is topic of perennial concern. It has been of significant interest to scholars across disciplines, culture, and time. But like morality, conceptions of well-being are deeply shaped and influenced by one's particular social and cultural context. We ought to pursue, therefore, a cross-cultural understanding of well-being and moral psychology by taking seriously reflections from a variety of moral traditions. This book develops a Confucian account of well-being, considering contemporary accounts of ethics and virtue in light of early Confucian thought (...)
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  4.  19
    Emotional Empathic Responses to Dynamic Negative Affective Stimuli Is Gender-Dependent.Kim P. C. Kuypers - 2017 - Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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  5.  83
    Why a Right to an Explanation of Algorithmic Decision-Making Should Exist: A Trust-Based Approach.Tae Wan Kim & Bryan R. Routledge - 2022 - Business Ethics Quarterly 32 (1):75-102.
    Businesses increasingly rely on algorithms that are data-trained sets of decision rules (i.e., the output of the processes often called “machine learning”) and implement decisions with little or no human intermediation. In this article, we provide a philosophical foundation for the claim that algorithmic decision-making gives rise to a “right to explanation.” It is often said that, in the digital era, informed consent is dead. This negative view originates from a rigid understanding that presumes informed consent is a static and (...)
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  6. The American Origins of Philosophical Naturalism.Jaegwon Kim - 2003 - Journal of Philosophical Research 28 (9999):83-98.
    If contemporary analytic philosophy can be said to have a philosophical ideology, it undoubtedly is naturalism. Naturalism is often invoked as a motivating ground for many philosophical projects, and “naturalization” programs abound everywhere, in theory of knowledge, philosophy of mind, theory of meaning, metaphysics, and ethics. But what is naturalism, and where does it come from? This paper examines the naturalism debate in midtwentieth-century America as a proximate source of contemporary naturalism. Views of philosophers like Roy Wood Sellars, John Dewey, (...)
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  7.  41
    Risk‐Sensitive Assessment of Decision‐Making Capacity: A Comprehensive Defense.Scott Y. H. Kim & Noah C. Berens - 2023 - Hastings Center Report 53 (4):30-43.
    Should the assessment of decision‐making capacity (DMC) be risk sensitive, that is, should the threshold for DMC vary with risk? The debate over this question is now nearly five decades old. To many, the idea that DMC assessments should be risk sensitive is intuitive and commonsense. To others, the idea is paternalistic or incoherent, or both; they argue that the riskiness of a given decision should increase the epistemic scrutiny in the evaluation of DMC, not increase the threshold for DMC. (...)
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  8. Cooperation and its Evolution.Kim Sterelny, Richard Joyce, Brett Calcott & Ben Fraser (eds.) - 2013 - MIT Press.
    This collection reports on the latest research on an increasingly pivotal issue for evolutionary biology: cooperation. The chapters are written from a variety of disciplinary perspectives and utilize research tools that range from empirical survey to conceptual modeling, reflecting the rich diversity of work in the field. They explore a wide taxonomic range, concentrating on bacteria, social insects, and, especially, humans. -/- Part I (“Agents and Environments”) investigates the connections of social cooperation in social organizations to the conditions that make (...)
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  9.  25
    The Analytic Ideal of Chemical Elements: Robert Boyle and the French Didactic Tradition of Chemistry.Mi Gyung Kim - 2001 - Science in Context 14 (3):361-395.
    ArgumentHistorians have accorded a privileged status to the analytic ideal of elements as a distinctive marker of “modern” chemistry. Boyle’s and Lavoisier’s have been used to characterize their modernity, which has in turn justified their status as the founding fathers of modern chemistry. It has been difficult, however, to establish a viable connection between these two fathers or the genealogy of their definitions. I argue in this paper that French didactic tradition gave rise to the definition Boyle stated in the (...)
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  10. Advice for My Younger Teaching Self.Hannah H. Kim - forthcoming - American Association of Philosophy Teachers Studies in Pedagogy.
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  11.  35
    Periodical amnesia and dédoublement in case-reasoning: Writing psychological cases in late 19th-century France.Kim M. Hajek - 2020 - History of the Human Sciences 33 (3-4):95-110.
    The psychoanalytical case history was in many ways the pivot point of John Forrester’s reflections on case-based reasoning. Yet the Freudian case is not without its own textual forebears. This article closely analyses texts from two earlier case-writing traditions in order to elucidate some of the negotiations by which the case history as a textual form came to articulate the mode of reasoning that we now call ‘thinking in cases’. It reads Eugène Azam’s 1876 observation of Félida X and her (...)
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  12.  27
    Conceptualizing Human–Nature Relationships: Implications of Human Exceptionalist Thinking for Sustainability and Conservation.Joan J. H. Kim, Nicole Betz, Brian Helmuth & John D. Coley - 2023 - Topics in Cognitive Science 15 (3):357-387.
    The ways in which people conceptualize the human–nature relationship have significant implications for proenvironmental values and attitudes, sustainable behavior, and environmental policy measures. Human exceptionalism (HE) is one such conceptual framework, involving the belief that humans and human societies exist independently of the ecosystems in which they are embedded, promoting a sharp ontological boundary between humans and the rest of the natural world. In this paper, we introduce HE in more depth, exploring the impact of HE on perceptions of the (...)
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  13. The Impact of Moral Emotions on Cause-Related Marketing Campaigns: A Cross-Cultural Examination.Jae-Eun Kim & Kim K. P. Johnson - 2013 - Journal of Business Ethics 112 (1):79-90.
    This research was focused on investigating why some consumers might support cause-related marketing campaigns for reasons other than personal benefit by examining the influence of moral emotions and cultural orientation. The authors investigated the extent to which moral emotions operate differently across a cultural variable (US versus Korea) and an individual difference variable (self-construal). A survey method was utilised. Data were collected from a convenience sample of US ( n = 180) and Korean ( n = 191) undergraduates. Moral emotions (...)
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  14. Do Corporations Invest Enough in Environmental Responsibility?Yongtae Kim & Meir Statman - 2012 - Journal of Business Ethics 105 (1):115-129.
    Proponents of corporate environmental responsibility argue that corporations shortchange shareholders by investing too little in environmental responsibility. They claim that corporations can improve their financial performance by increasing their investment in environmental responsibility. Opponents of corporate social responsibility argue that corporations shortchange shareholders by investing too much in environmental responsibility. They claim that corporations can improve their financial performance by reducing their investment in environmental responsibility. Yet, others claim that corporations serve their shareholders well by investing just enough in social (...)
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  15. Being Realistic about Emergence.Jaegwon Kim - 2006 - In Philip Clayton & Paul Davies, The re-emergence of emergence: the emergentist hypothesis from science to religion. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 189.
  16.  54
    The Unstable Boundary of Suffering-Based Euthanasia Regimes.Scott Y. H. Kim - 2022 - American Journal of Bioethics 22 (2):59-62.
    Florijn’s helpful discussion of the Heringa case illustrates the difficulties in drawing a boundary on eligibility conditions for EAS. In Heringa, the Dutch Supreme Court reaffirmed...
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  17. Pragmatic infallibilism.Brian Kim - 2023 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 2 (2):1-22.
    Infallibilism leads to skepticism, and fallibilism is plagued by the threshold problem. Within this narrative, the pragmatic turn in epistemology has been marketed as a way for fallibilists to address the threshold problem. In contrast, pragmatic versions of infallibilism have been left unexplored. However, I propose that going pragmatic offers the infallibilist a way to address its main problem, the skeptical problem. Pragmatic infallibilism, however, is committed to a shifty view of epistemic certainty, where the strength of a subject’s epistemic (...)
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  18. Naïve Realism and Sensorimotor Theory.Daniel S. H. Kim - 2024 - Synthese 204 (105):1-22.
    How can we have a sense of the presence of ordinary three-dimensional objects (e.g., an apple on my desk, a partially occluded cat behind a picket fence) when we are only presented with some parts of objects perceived from a particular egocentric viewpoint (e.g., the facing side of the apple, the unoccluded parts of the cat)? This paper presents and defends a novel answer to this question by incorporating insights from two prominent contemporary theories of perception, naïve realism and sensorimotor (...)
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  19.  74
    (1 other version)Autonomy and the subjective character of experience.Kim Atkins - 2000 - Journal of Applied Philosophy 17 (1):71–79.
  20. Self-awareness in human and chimpanzee infants: What is measured and what is meant by the mark and mirror test?Kim A. Bard, Brenda K. Todd, Chris Bernier, Jennifer Love & David A. Leavens - 2006 - Infancy 9 (2):191-219.
  21. Altruistic cooperation during foraging by the Ache, and the evolved human predisposition to cooperate.Kim Hill - 2002 - Human Nature 13 (1):105-128.
    This paper presents quantitative data on altruistic cooperation during food acquisition by Ache foragers. Cooperative activities are defined as those that entail a cost of time and energy to the donor but primarily lead to an increase in the foraging success of the recipient. Data show that Ache men and women spend about 10% of all foraging time engaged in altruistic cooperation on average, and that on some days they may spend more than 50% of their foraging time in such (...)
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  22. Corporate Social Responsibility as an Organizational Attractiveness for Prospective Public Relations Practitioners.Soo-Yeon Kim & Hyojung Park - 2011 - Journal of Business Ethics 103 (4):639-653.
    This study viewed students majoring in public relations as prospective public relations practitioners and explored their perceptions about corporate social responsibility (CSR) as their job attraction condition. The results showed that the students perceived CSR to be an important ethical fit condition of a company. One of the significant findings is that CSR can be an effective reputation management strategy for prospective employees, particularly when a company’s business is suffering. In examining the effect of CSR efforts on attitudinal and behavioral (...)
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  23.  31
    Care before friendship: care as a model of civic solidarity.Donghye Kim - forthcoming - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy.
    I argue that the principle of care, developed in care ethics, can be a better ground for civic solidarity than that of civic friendship. To make my argument, I present a preliminary categorization of extant discussion on civic solidarity as either falling under the commonality model or the relationship model. I argue that the reciprocity model of civic friendship proposed by Danielle Allen and Sibyl Schwarzenbach serves as a synthesis of the two models, constructing the most compelling theory of civic (...)
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  24.  50
    Frege on logical axioms and non‐evidential epistemic warrants: A paragraph from Grundgesetze.Junyeol Kim - forthcoming - Analytic Philosophy.
    Criticizing psychologism about logic in the Foreword of Grundgesetze, Frege examines an answer to the question of how we can justify our acknowledgment of logical axioms as true—the logical laws that cannot be proved from other laws. The answer he entertains states that we cannot reject logical axioms if we do not want to give up our judgment altogether. Suspending his judgment about this answer, Frege points out that it is still compatible with his anti-psychologist conception of logic. There are (...)
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  25. Locke on Substance.Han-Kyul Kim - 2021 - In Jessica Gordon-Roth & Shelley Weinberg, The Lockean Mind. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 226-236.
    In the Essay, Locke refers to the ordinary-sized natural things as ‘particular sorts of Substances’ (2.23), whereas the ‘three sorts of Substances’ (2.27) are more metaphysically laden sorts: God, finite spirits, and fundamental material particles. He posits the much-contested ‘substratum’ in each particular sort of substance but not any of the three sorts. It should also be noted that his list of the particular sorts includes ‘men’. In regard to this nobler sort, he refers to a further classification – viz., (...)
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  26.  45
    What Does True Equality in Assisted Dying Require?Scott Y. H. Kim - 2023 - American Journal of Bioethics 23 (9):1-4.
    Shavelson et al. (2023) raise the familiar question of parity or fairness in the assisted dying1 debate: if we legally permit the practice for one person, should we not permit everyone similarly si...
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  27.  46
    The epistemology of “On Sense and Reference”.Junyeol Kim - 2023 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 2 (2):1-17.
    This paper sheds light on an epistemological dimension of Frege’s “On Sense and Reference.” Under my suggested reading of it, one of its aims is to suggest a picture about propositional knowledge and its production. According to this picture, judgment, which produces propositional knowledge, is identification of the truth-value True with the reference of a given sentence. The propositional knowledge that p, produced by the judgment that p, consists in the knowledge of the identity between the True and the reference (...)
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  28. Zhuangzi and the Nature of Metaphor.Kim-Chong Chong - 2006 - Philosophy East and West 56 (3):370 - 391.
    While it is well known that Zhuangzi uses metaphor extensively, there is much less appreciation of the role that it plays in his thought-a topic that is investigated in this essay. At the same time, this investigation is closely concerned with questions about the nature of metaphor. Comparisons are made between a central metaphorical structure in the Zhuangzi on the one hand and contemporary views of the nature of metaphor by Donald Davidson and by Lakoff and Johnson on the other. (...)
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  29.  61
    A critique of genealogies.Chin-tai Kim - 1990 - Metaphilosophy 21 (4):391-404.
  30. The “balance of nature” metaphor and equilibrium in population ecology.Kim Cuddington - 2001 - Biology and Philosophy 16 (4):463-479.
    I claim that the balance of nature metaphoris shorthand for a paradigmatic view of natureas a beneficent force. I trace the historicalorigins of this concept and demonstrate that itoperates today in the discipline of populationecology. Although it might be suspected thatthis metaphor is a pre-theoretic description ofthe more precisely defined notion ofequilibrium, I demonstrate that balance ofnature has constricted the meaning ofmathematical equilibrium in population ecology.As well as influencing the meaning ofequilibrium, the metaphor has also loaded themathematical term with values.Environmentalists (...)
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  31.  36
    Rethinking corporate social responsibility under contemporary capitalism: Five ways to reinvent CSR.Rebecca Chunghee Kim - 2022 - Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility 31 (2):346-362.
    Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, Volume 31, Issue 2, Page 346-362, April 2022.
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  32.  8
    Moral Distress and the Intrapsychic Hazards of Medical Practice.Daniel T. Kim - 2024 - In Bharat Ranganathan & Caroline Anglim, Religion and Social Criticism: Tradition, Method, and Values. Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 139-162.
    In this chapter, I will consider Miller’s reading of Augustine on the emotions that should arise in a person who, in pursuing justifiable ends, causes morally undesirable eventualities. Drawing on Miller’s article “Augustine, Moral Luck, and the Ethics of Regret and Shame,” I focus on the concept of what he calls “intrapsychic luck” and argue that it offers a new, further humanizing insight into discourses on moral distress in modern medicine. Moral distress, which was first coined in the nursing literature (...)
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  33. The concept of Zhen 真 in the zhuangzi.Kim-Chong Chong - 2011 - Philosophy East and West 61 (2):324-346.
    The term zhen 真 in the Zhuangzi 莊子 is commonly associated with the zhen ren 真人 or "true person." We find metaphorical descriptions such as that he can go through fire and water unharmed. On the other hand, some scholars would claim that there is a more mystical element to the Zhuangzi that is missed if we think that such descriptions are "merely" metaphorical. However, the term zhen is not only applied to the zhen ren, and this essay has the (...)
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  34. Can AI become an Expert?Hyeongyun Kim - 2024 - Journal of Ai Humanities 16 (4):113-136.
    With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), understanding its capabilities and limitations has become significant for mitigating unfounded anxiety and unwarranted optimism. As part of this endeavor, this study delves into the following question: Can AI become an expert? More precisely, should society confer the authority of experts on AI even if its decision-making process is highly opaque? Throughout the investigation, I aim to identify certain normative challenges in elevating current AI to a level comparable to that of human (...)
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  35. Workshop on Information Systems Information Technologies (ISIT 2006)-A Resource Balancing Scheme in Heterogeneous Mobile Networks.Sangjoon Park, Youngchul Kim, Hyungbin Bang, Kwanjoong Kim, Youngsong Mun & Byunggi Kim - 2006 - In O. Stock & M. Schaerf, Lecture Notes In Computer Science. Springer Verlag. pp. 319-329.
  36.  43
    Face to face with emotion: Holistic face processing is modulated by emotional state.Kim M. Curby, Kareem J. Johnson & Alyssa Tyson - 2012 - Cognition and Emotion 26 (1):93-102.
  37.  39
    How Corporate Reputation Disclosures Affect Stakeholders’ Behavioral Intentions: Mediating Mechanisms of Perceived Organizational Performance and Corporate Reputation.Kim T. Baumgartner, Carolin A. Ernst & Thomas M. Fischer - 2020 - Journal of Business Ethics 175 (2):361-389.
    Corporate reputation is decisive for stakeholders’ supporting or repelling behavior and, therefore, one of firms’ most valuable intangible resources. Drawing on signaling theory, this paper focuses on the usefulness of voluntarily provided corporate reputation disclosures (CRDs) and examines their impact on stakeholders’ attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. Our experimental vignette studies reveal that CRDs reduce stakeholders’ information asymmetries, which positively affects perceived organizational performance and corporate reputation as well as stakeholders’ purchase, investment, and employment intentions. The relationships between CRDs and stakeholders’ (...)
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  38.  35
    Zhuangzi and the Issue of Human Nature.Kim-Chong Chong - 2023 - Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy 22 (2):237-254.
    The issue of human nature or xing 性 was a major philosophical topic of the mid- and late-Warring States period of ancient China. It was famously discussed, for example, in the Mencius. Zhuangzi 莊子 lived around the same time as Mencius and one might expect that he, too, would have discussed it. Surprisingly, the term xing is absent from the Inner Chapters of the Zhuangzi. There have been different responses to this, namely, that Zhuangzi: used different terms equivalent to xing; (...)
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  39.  59
    Ethical Modernization: Research Misconduct and Research Ethics Reforms in Korea Following the Hwang Affair.Jongyoung Kim & Kibeom Park - 2013 - Science and Engineering Ethics 19 (2):355-380.
    The Hwang affair, a dramatic and far reaching instance of scientific fraud, shocked the world. This collective national failure prompted various organizations in Korea, including universities, regulatory agencies, and research associations, to engage in self-criticism and research ethics reforms. This paper aims, first, to document and review research misconduct perpetrated by Hwang and members of his research team, with particular attention to the agencies that failed to regulate and then supervise Hwang’s research. The paper then examines the research ethics reforms (...)
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  40.  42
    Organizational Event Stigma: Typology, Processes, and Stickiness.Kim Clark & Yuan Li - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 186 (3):511-530.
    What do events such as scandals, industrial accidents, activist threats, and mass shootings have in common? They can all trigger an audience’s stigma judgment about the organization involved in the event. Despite the prevalence of these stigma-triggering events, management research has provided little conceptual work to characterize the dimensions and processes of organizational event stigma. This article takes the perspective of the evaluating audience to unpack the stigma judgment process, identify critical dimensions for categorizing types of event stigma, and explore (...)
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  41. Zhuangzi and the nature of metaphor.Kim Chong Chong - 2006 - Philosophy East and West 56 (3):370-391.
    : While it is well known that Zhuangzi uses metaphor extensively, there is much less appreciation of the role that it plays in his thought—a topic that is investigated in this essay. At the same time, this investigation is closely concerned with questions about the nature of metaphor. Comparisons are made between a central metaphorical structure in the Zhuangzi on the one hand and contemporary views of the nature of metaphor by Donald Davidson and by Lakoff and Johnson on the (...)
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  42. Friendship, trust and forgiveness.Kim Atkins - 2002 - Philosophia 29 (1-4):111-132.
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  43.  43
    The First Person: An Essay on Reference and Intentionality.Jaegwon Kim - 1986 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 46 (3):483-507.
  44.  20
    Executive Migration Matters: The Transfer of CSR Profiles Across Organizations.Eonsoo Kim, Jon Jungbien Moon & Bongsun Kim - 2022 - Business and Society 61 (1):155-190.
    This study investigates whether and how the corporate social responsibility (CSR) profile of a company transfers to another company when an executive leaves a firm. We integrate upper echelon and institutional theories, and develop a novel measure of CSR profiles to explore this issue with a longitudinal data set of executive migrations over a 14-year period. We find that migrated executives assimilate elements of their old firms’ CSR profiles into their new firms (i.e., narrowing the distance between the two firms’ (...)
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  45.  94
    Zhuangzi’s Cheng Xin and its Implications for Virtue and Perspectives.Chong Kim-Chong - 2011 - Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy 10 (4):427-443.
    The concept of the cheng xin in the Zhuangzi claims that the cognitive function of the heart-mind is not over and above its affective states and in charge of them in developing and controlling virtue, as assumed by the Confucians and others. This joint cognitive and affective nature of the heart-mind denies ethical and epistemic certainty. Individual perspectives are limited given habits of thought, attitudes, personal orientations and particular cognitive/affective experiences. Nevertheless, the heart-mind has a vast imaginative capacity that allows (...)
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  46.  37
    Objectivity, honesty, and integrity: How American scientists talked about their virtues, 1945–2000.Kim M. Hajek, Herman Paul & Sjang ten Hagen - 2024 - History of Science 62 (3):442-469.
    What kind of people make good scientists? What personal qualities do scholars say their peers should exhibit? And how do they express these expectations? This article explores these issues by mapping the kinds of virtues discussed by American scientists between 1945 and 2000. Our wide-ranging comparative analysis maps scientific virtue talk across three distinct disciplines – physics, psychology, and history – and across sources that typify those disciplines’ scientific ethos – introductory textbooks, book reviews, and codes of ethics. We find (...)
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  47.  24
    The Layers of Chemical Language, I: Constitution of Bodies v. Structure of Matter.Mi Gyung Kim - 1992 - History of Science 30 (4):69-96.
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  48.  35
    Mencius and Xunzi between Humaneness and Justice.Sungmoon Kim - 2023 - Philosophy East and West 73 (2):439-449.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Mencius and Xunzi between Humaneness and JusticeSungmoon Kim (bio)In his now classic Disputers of the Tao (1989), A. C. Graham aptly captured the central feature of the ancient Chinese world of thought in terms of the dispute about the Way between competing philosophical schools. But it has since long remained an intellectual challenge how to understand and evaluate the unfolding of the philosophical schools in ancient China [End Page (...)
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  49.  37
    Master and Slave: the Dialectic of Human-Artificial Intelligence Engagement.Tae Wan Kim, Fabrizio Maimone, Katherina Pattit, Alejo José Sison & Benito Teehankee - 2021 - Humanistic Management Journal 6 (3):355-371.
    The massive introduction of artificial intelligence has triggered significant societal concerns, ranging from “technological unemployment” and the dominance of algorithms in the work place and in everyday life, among others. While AI is made by humans and is, therefore, dependent on the latter for its purpose, the increasing capabilities of AI to carry out productive activities for humans can lead the latter to unwitting slavish existence. This has become evident, for example, in the area of social media use, where AI (...)
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  50.  29
    Do we want AI judges? The acceptance of AI judges’ judicial decision-making on moral foundations.Taenyun Kim & Wei Peng - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-14.
    This study explored the acceptance of artificial intelligence-based judicial decision-making (AI-JDM) as compared to human judges, focusing on the moral foundations of the cases involved using within-subject experiments. The study found a general aversion toward AI-JDM regarding perceived risk, permissibility, and social approval. However, when cases are rooted in the moral foundation of fairness, AI-JDM receives slightly higher social approval, though the effect size remains small. The study also found that demographic factors like racial/ethnic status and age significantly affect these (...)
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