Animals, like humans, suffer and die from natural causes. This is particularly true of animals living in the wild, given their high exposure to, and low capacity to cope with, harmful natural processes. Most wild animals likely have short lives, full of suffering, usually ending in terrible deaths. This book argues that on the assumption that we have reasons to assist others in need, we should intervene in nature to prevent or reduce the harms wild animals suffer, provided that it (...) is feasible and that the expected result is positive overall. It is of the utmost importance that academics from different disciplines as well as animal advocates begin to confront this issue. The more people are concerned with wild animal suffering, the more probable it is that safe and effective solutions to the plight of wild animals will be implemented in the future. (shrink)

In this paper, following the taxonomy developed by Mackenzie, Rogers and Dodds of different sources and states of vulnerability, I claim that wild animals are inherently and situationally vulnerable. This is because they can experience suffering as a response to certain internal and external states and have a high exposure to, and a low capacity to cope with, harmful natural processes. From this it follows that we have a moral obligation to support and assist individuals who are occurrently vulnerable and (...) to reduce the risk of dispositional vulnerabilities becoming occurrent in the future, by endorsing some form of what I call ‘environmental enhancement’. Finally, I pay critical attention to how to prevent interventions aimed at ameliorating vulnerability from paradoxically generating pathogenic vulnerabilities. (shrink)

O trabalho aborda questões bastante discutidas na contemporaneidade, buscando uma maior compreensão do pensamento filosófico na educação. Na tentativa de propor um entendimento da problemática em que se voltou a Filosofia da Educação, o estudo analisa as discussões controversas entre analíticos e continentais, reconhecendo em Habermas e Rorty a possibilidade de abandonar o pensamento idealista e subjetivo da tradição filosófica. O objetivo é refletir sobre as abordagens teóricas e metodológicas utilizadas nessas discussões, identificando as contribuições que a hermenêutica, o pragmatismo (...) e a filosofia da linguagem podem viabilizar à educação, assinalando a necessidade de desenvolver mudanças nos modos de se pensar e gerir a formação. Em defesa de uma produção semântica para o estudo filosófico no processo de formação de professores, o texto demarca algumas críticas à filosofia da educação por estar voltada apenas para a filosofia continental (antes da virada lingüística), relatando a pretensão de redescobrir o sujeito educativo na linguagem. O estudo, voltado às discussões filosóficas mais atuais do mundo ocidental, pretende incitar a concretização das propostas de grandes aportes teóricos do pensamento, possibilitando repensar o modelo da pedagogia tradicional à luz de novos critérios de avaliação, desenvolvendo através da linguagem, um novo espírito para o estudo da filosofia da educação. Essa reabertura, permite repensar a imagem da filosofia contemporânea e suas implicações educacionais, facilitando a ultrapassagem dos limites conceituais das teorias filosóficas dogmáticas, presas ao historicismo, reconstruindo o cenário teórico baseado no entendimento pragmático e hermenêutico da situação atual. (shrink)

How are the contemporary conceptions of the living body and health related to numerical systems? Addressing the contemporary practice of quantification of bodies and health, such a question is bound to arise. As a discipline historically positioned amidst natural sciences, technology, and art, medicine has always been sensitive to theories and apparatuses able to quantify and reshape the living body, as well as to the practical possibility of operating on it. This is why, in the era where telecommunication, algorithmic information (...) technology, and data-driven decision making are reaching their apex, new forms of medical practice, and new alliances between medicine and technology are emerging as a direct consequence of the evolution of technology. This is what was particularly aimed at by the International Congress "The Quantification of Bodies. Organism, Health, and Representation", which took place at the University of Coimbra on 28-29 November 2019, organized by the IEF - Institute for Philosophical Studies. The present book collects some of the papers presented there, selected according to their interdisciplinary approach and/or to their more informative nature, suitable even for non-specialist readers. A collection that reflects, in a fragment, many of the potentialities opened by this new field of studies. (shrink)

Sumário - Introdução; Ética e política; Jornada de seis horas; As utopias do século XXI; Dois mil e cinquenta; Política e ética; Política e ética II; Política e ética III; Desenvolvimento moral; O programa de direitos humanos; A verdade e o futuro da nação; Restaurando a ética; Moral e interesse; A eficácia sempre vence; A volta da política; O policial Beltrame; O amor cidadão.

This paper argues that: a) the indiscriminate application of the German model to all European countries has fostered economic growth in the EU at different speeds; b) Italy, the cradle of Catholic capitalism, is currently attempting to react against austerity measures - imposed by the economic constrictions of the German model – by focusing on the third sector and non-profit companies.

Este artigo investe na ideia de que a infância é um dispositivo histórico do poder. Tem-se como referência analítica Michel Foucault, que concebe a noção de dispositivo em suas discussões a respeito da sexualidade. A hipótese geradora é a de que, a partir do momento em que a criança se torna um dos grupos estratégicos do dispositivo da sexualidade, produz-se sobre ela um conjunto heterogêneo de regimes de verdades e práticas que configura uma maneira de ser e ter uma infância, (...) influindo significativamente nas perspectivas pedagógicas modernas. Dialogando com Deleuze, Agamben e Veyne, considera-se que todo dispositivo possui: linhas de visibilidade e de enunciação que são, respectivamente, máquinas de “fazer ver” e de “fazer falar” ; linhas de força, que sustentam os campos de visibilidade e os regimes de enunciabilidade; e linhas de subjetivação que são, segundo Deleuze a dimensão do “si próprio” e que configuram o sujeito infantil. Apresenta-se três grupos de práticas articuladas às estas características do dispositivo: as práticas pedagógicas, as práticas divisórias e identitárias de gênero e de sexualidade e as práticas médicas. Observa-se que, para Foucault, o dispositivo da sexualidade disciplina os corpos, regula e normatiza a população, regulamenta o prazer e os saberes sobre o sexo, e, além disso, ocupa-se, por meio desse regime sobre o sexo, da preservação da espécie humana. A infância como dispositivo, na perspectiva ora apresentada neste artigo, também regulamenta a criança, constituindo-a em “sujeito infantil”, estabelecendo uma pedagogia e uma ciência que compuseram o pensamento pedagógico moderno sobre e para infância, ocupando-se também da preservação e da manutenção dessa espécie outra, a criança. Palavras-chave: Infância. Educação. Foucault. Dispositivo. (shrink)

From its initial conceptualization as emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced personal efficacy for the help professions, burnout has received increasing attention in modern times, especially after the 2019 WHO’s inclusion of this syndrome in the ICD-11 list. Burnout can be measured using several psychometric instruments that range in dimensionality, number of items, copyrighted, and free use formats. Here, we report the psychometric properties of data gathered with the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory in a sample of Portuguese Aircraft maintenance technicians. As far (...) as we know, this is the first study addressing the burnout syndrome in this occupational group. Data gathered with the OLBI displayed good evidence of validity related to internal structure, to other variables, with good evidence of reliability. We showed that burnout significantly correlated with mental and physical fatigue emphasizing the vital critical role that these variables play with safety in the aviation industry. (shrink)

This book provides new theoretical approaches to the subject of virtuality. All chapters reflect the importance of extending the analysis of the concept of “the virtual” to areas of knowledge that, until today, have not been fully included in its philosophical foundations. The respective chapters share new insights on art, media, psychic systems and technology, while also presenting new ways of articulating the concept of the virtual with regard to the main premises of Western thought. Given its thematic scope, this (...) book is intended not only for a philosophical audience, but also for all scientists who have turned to the humanities in search of answers to their questions. (shrink)

No Tratado político, Espinosa, ao primeiro movimento do texto, faz dura crítica àqueles que criaram utopias ao tratarem da política. Tais filósofos, afirma, por tomarem os homens não pelo que são, mas pelo que gostariam que fossem, conceberam uma forma de política que nunca pôde ser posta em aplicação. Tese muito próxima à de Maquiavel, presente em O Príncipe, segundo a qual, para escrever coisa útil neste campo, deve-se ir direto alla verità effettuale della cosa che alla immaginazione di essa. (...) Não casualmente, portanto, no Capítulo V do Tratado político, último parágrafo, Espinosa usa os termos ‘agudíssimo’ e ‘prudentíssimo’ ao se referir ao florentino. Há mais Maquiavel em Espinosa para além das citações elogiosas? O artigo procurará tratar desta questão ao mostrar alguns traços comuns às respectivas filosofias políticas. Ao que indicam as fontes primárias e alguns comentadores, Espinosa teria se apropriado, e reconceitualizado, à sua maneira, teses-chave do florentino para escrever suas obras, em particular o Tratado político. (shrink)

No primeiro movimento o artigo analisa, em panorama, a ontologia espinosana. Após, mostra como, do interior dos conceitos presentes na ontologia, derivam os de homem, desejo, alegria e tristeza, esperança e medo, segurança e desespero, ação e paixão. Da relação entre ontologia, homens e desejo – bem como dos demais afetos –, são extraídas, em breves considerações, algumas teses políticas de Espinosa. Levanta-se, neste movimento argumentativo, a hipótese de que as teses políticas espinosanas derivam de sua ontologia e de sua (...) concepção de homem como desejo e variação de potência. O conceito de desejo é analisado à luz da variação de potência e do tema do direito natural, o qual, em Espinosa, se identifica a potência. Quando das breves derivações à política, algumas teses hobbesianas – relacionadas aos temas da multidão, povo, representação, direito natural, estado civil, etc. – são trazidas à argumentação para que se mostre, por contraste, o peso das inovações espinosanas. (shrink)

In der philosophischen Debatte uber den Status und die Funktion von Erkenntnis und Wissen spielt Ernst Cassirers Kulturphilosophie der symbolischen Formen eine wichtige Rolle. Sprache, Mythos, Wissenschaft und Kunst zahlen zu den symbolischen Formen, die Cassirer untersucht, um die geistige Gestaltung des Wirklichen zu verstehen. Nahe an den Wissenschaften zeigt er, wie das Symbolische entsteht, indem dem Sinneseindruck ein Index, eine Ordnung und ein Ort zugewiesen und ein Name verliehen wird. Das Symbolische druckt eine bestimmte Orientierung, eine Grundtendenz und besondere (...) Form des Denkens aus, auch im Feld der Begriffe der Wissenschaften. Cassirers Theorie des Symbols hat die erkenntnistheoretische Konzeption der blossen nachahmenden Abbildung des Wirklichen uberwunden. Das Erkennen hat die Funktion, der gegenstandlichen Welt in ihrer komplexen Mehrdimensionalitat in freier Tatigkeit des Geistes Gestalt und menschliche Bedeutung zu verleihen. Aus seiner Kritik an der aristotelischen Substanz-Ontologie und am dogmatischen Realismus entwickelt Cassirer seine funktionstheoretische Perspektive des Symbolischen, auf deren anti-deterministischer und zugleich nicht-relativistischer Basis von der epistemischen Freiheit des Menschen als <I>animal symbolicum gesprochen werden kann.". (shrink)

With the six volumes of the Writings edited by the Peirce Edition Project at Indiana University since 1982, the monumental work of Charles S. Peirce has finally received the care, respect, and love that it deserves. The sixth volume, object of attention of this review, represents a thorough selection and edition of Peirce's writings from 1886 to 1890.

This article discusses the significance of historical research in normative political philosophy. Methodologically ahistoricist philosophers argue that historical research has limited relevance to political philosophy as it only serves to validate if a theory is sufficiently historically fact-sensitive. However, this perspective allows for minimal engagement with intellectual history. In contrast, I advocate for a more substantial role of historical research, suggesting that it not only provides evidence to refute political philosophical views but also serves as a source of imaginative resources. (...) I show that thinkers from across the humanities, like R.J. Collingwood, Quentin Skinner, Michel Foucault, Raymond Geuss, David Graeber, and Bernard Williams, have recognised the importance of these imaginative resources in shaping methodological reflections. These thinkers are concerned that limiting the relevance of history to normative theorising exposes ahistoricist thinkers to imaginative failures. I argue that this is best construed as a concern about the epistemic reliability of their evaluative judgments. Imaginative failures can introduce biases that unjustifiably restrict the range of solutions to practical collective problems they contemplate. Historical research serves a normative function that is unavailable to the methodologically ahistoricist approach by preventing such failures. (shrink)

The Weatherall Report claims that research on non-human primates is permitted and morally required. The argument rests on the following thought experiment: > The hospital fire : A hospital is on fire. Some of the residents are humans and others are non-human animals. You can only save one group. What do you do? Some people have the intuition that we should rescue the humans. According to the report, if we accept that human lives have priority over non-human lives in this (...) case, consistency requires us to support the use of non-human animals in research. This is because both cases are about saving human lives at the expense of the lives of non-human animals. Two critical replies appeared in the literature, by E J Moore1 and Muireann Quigley.2 In a recent paper3 Gardar Arnason claims that such objections fail. I will argue, however, that his assessment is unconvincing. The first objection pressed by Moore is that there are fundamental disanalogies between The hospital fire and biomedical research. In that scenario we face a life-or-death emergency situation whereas in biomedical research we do not. In such situations it may be justified to prioritise those closest to us (eg, species …. (shrink)

The ability to extract patterns from sensory input across time and space is thought to underlie the development and acquisition of language and literacy skills, particularly the subdomains marked by the learning of probabilistic knowledge. Thus, impairments in procedural learning are hypothesized to underlie neurodevelopmental disorders, such as dyslexia and developmental language disorder. In the present meta‐analysis, comprising 2396 participants from 39 independent studies, the continuous relationship between language, literacy, and procedural learning on the Serial Reaction Time task (SRTT) was (...) assessed across children and adults with typical development (TD), dyslexia, and Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). Despite a significant, but very small, relationship between procedural learning and overall language and literacy measures, this pattern was not observed at the group‐level when examining TD, dyslexic, and DLD groups separately. Based on the procedural/declarative model, a positive relationship was expected between procedural learning and language and literacy measures for the typically developing group; however, no such relationship was observed. This was also the case for the disordered groups (ps >.05). Also counter to expectations, the magnitude of the relationship between procedural learning and grammar and phonology did not differ between TD and DLD (ps >.05), nor between the TD and dyslexic group on reading, spelling, and phonology (ps >.05). While lending little support to the procedural/declarative model, we consider that these results may be the consequence of poor psychometric properties of the SRTT as a measure of procedural learning. (shrink)

O fenómeno da corrupção não pode ser pensado sem a inclusão das suas potencialidades simbólicas. A informação que, pela acção dos mass media, aparece construída sob a forma de escândalo, acaba por determinar a própria construção da sua natureza factual. Logo, aqui impera a questão de saber por que é que as práticas corruptas favorecem o discurso do escândalo, bem como a legitimação dos mass media como instrumentos de objectivação dos comportamentos ilícitos. Procurar-se-á ponderar essas questões, mediante a formulação de (...) uma estética da "invisibilidade" inerente aos meios de comunicação, que é, por sua vez, reforçada pelas potencialidades discursivas das práticas corruptas. (shrink)

Não há um objecto, único e último, a que possamos chamar “imagem”. A formação de cada médium obedece a processos de configuração – tanto materiais quanto cognitivos –, cuja essência abarca as relações que são geradas com os demais. A imagem é um médium. Um médium, ainda que necessariamente provido de materialidade, é um objecto para a percepção. A questão é, pois, sempre dupla: saber como são gerados para e geridos pela nossa percepção os meios simbólicos e o respectivo universo (...) simbólico a que pertencem. (shrink)

This paper comparatively presents three notions related to the concept of creative fantasy. These three terms (”imagination”, ”imaginaire”, ”imaginal”) have been developed by the French school of research on the imagination (“recherches sur l’imaginaire”), which is little known in the Anglo-Saxon academic field. As such, the terms don’t even have convenient translations and linguistic equivalents. Briefly, imagination is fantasy conceived as a combinatory faculty of the psyche. French rationalistic “philosophes” saw it as a misleading and rather weakly creative ability. ”L’imaginaire” (...) is the resourceful and inventive aspect of fantasy, as conceived by the Romantics and then theorized by psychoanalysis and contemporary French philosophers. ”L’imaginal”, or ”mundus imaginalis” is a concept defined by Henry Corbin in order to designate fantasies as self-sustained, ontological beings. (shrink)

This article provides a conceptual and empirical assessment of UN brokered partnerships that seek to deepen or create inclusive and sustainable agricultural supply chains in sub-Saharan Africa. More specifically it appraises the decision-making mechanisms, processes of partnership brokerage and project implementation within the UNDP Growing Sustainable Business Initiative (GSB) in Kenya. The paper argues that the lack of bottom-up participation in decision-making mechanisms and the predominantly economic imperatives driving the GSB partnership projects have failed to reach out to the partnerships’ (...) intended beneficiaries—Kenyan small producers of nuts and mangoes. In conclusion it is suggested that opening up the GSB platform might hold the promise of reconciling sustainable business models with (some) poverty reduction. (shrink)

In a first approach, “caring” can be understood as a way of articulating time in full agreement with the need of others. Therefore, and thanks to care, we profit with the access to a peculiar consciousness of time which transcends the practical time of caring and simultaneously fosters and frames our own perception of time itself. Nevertheless, we know that in several care institutions there is a kind of “economic time” which is necessary both to the meeting with the most (...) urgent needs as to fill the scarcity of the available resources. The time of institutionalized care is, above all, measured by the spatial conditions and possibilities as well as by the individuals who daily dwell and struggle in between such factors. The institutionalization of care practices tends to arouse an apparent primacy of space over time. Hospitals, nursing homes, day-care centers for children, recovery centers, among others, are now more likely than ever to fill the lack of time of individuals. Therefore, space is also a material reaction both to the lack of time and to the consciousness of time, especially boosted by those who abandon their loved ones. Based on these multiple articulations of time and space, I will try to show how the relational nature of care is transformed and gives rise to new ways of conceiving the idea of caring. (shrink)

In this book, authors from a wide interdisciplinary spectrum discuss the issue of care. The book covers both philosophical and therapeutic studies and contains a three-pronged approach to discussing the concepts of care: vulnerability, otherness, and therapy. Above all, it is a matter of combining, in a plural form, a path with multiple theoretical and conceptual bifurcations, but which always point to an observation of society from the perspective of human vulnerability.

This study aimed to analyze the explanatory contribution of social responsibility and organizational justice on commitment through the setting up of a theoretical model in order to better understand the relationships that are established between these constructs. The empirical study was developed in a public higher education institution with a sample of 233 employees, professors and staff. The proposed model was estimated using a structural equation model. It was possible to observe a relationship between interactional justice perceptions and social responsibility (...) and there contribute to the explanation of organizational affective commitment. At the same time, it was possible to observe a relationship between distributive justice and social responsibility of employees. (shrink)

Around the world, many schools were closed as one of the measures to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. School closure brought about important challenges to the students' learning process. This context requires strong self-regulatory competences and agency for autonomous learning. Moreover, online remote learning was the main alternative response to classroom learning, which increased the inequalities between students with and without access to technological resources or for those with low digital literacy. All considered, to level the playing field (...) for students without digital resources, there is an urgent need to promote self-regulatory competences through offline intervention solutions. The current paper describes a project with this purpose, using radio broadcasting and letters to reach elementary students without digital resources. Moreover, potential reach and participants' perspectives of the project implementation are presented and discussed. The project draws on a prior evidence-based story-tool intervention grounded on a self-regulated learning framework. The original intervention was set previous to the COVID-19 pandemic and was implemented in the classroom context (N= 1,103 students). Once the schools had been closed down, the mode of intervention was adapted with the collaboration of the community. Alternative solutions were developed as follows: (i) story chapters were read on the radio and students received to their homes a printed script, prompting reflection, and suggesting related activities; (ii) students were provided with the story-tool to read autonomously and received letters from the main characters of the story which included, for example, suggestions for activities and reflection. These two alternative modes of intervention delivery potentially reached 394 elementary students, including students with digital resources. Interviews conducted with a group of students were provided information about the positive aspects of these two modes of intervention delivery, perceived learning (e.g., planning), constraints, and suggestions to improve the project. The current work is likely to merit attention from researchers and educational practitioners, given the need to use offline alternatives to provide support for students without digital resources to engage in autonomous learning during the pandemic period. This project may also be used as an alternative or a complementary solution to online modality. (shrink)

Nesta publicação se reúnem contribuições que abarcam algumas das principais questões que a Sociedade Moderna continua a colocar ao trabalho filosófico, rejeitando respostas pré-formatadas e exigindo novos modos de observar, reflectir e ler a realidade. É esse o desafio a que correspondem individual e colectivamente estes ensaios em torno de media, política e sentido.

É com o propósito de encetar uma crítica do legado etnocêntrico e de tornar visível a função do conceito de cultura para o pensamento filosófico que será aqui introduzida a análise do conceito de símbolo. Este último servir-nos-á para sair do limitado espectro epistémico da identidade e, reorganizando as bases teórico-filosóficas do conceito de cultura, abrir caminho à multiplicidade dos processos de formação de sentido.

A filosofia diderotiana consubstancia, na perfeição, um enraizamento das possibilidades da razão na vasta teia estética tecida pelas relações sensíveis que o ser humano mantém com as suas construções culturais, sejam estas as da própria linguagem ou as do universo artístico. Aliás, se há imperativo teórico que pode ser retirado da multifacetada obra de Diderot, é o que pressupõe uma reconciliação epistémica da filosofia com a estética, compreendida esta última não, apenas, como fonte inigualável de informações da natureza da sensibilidade (...) e da natureza dos fenómenos sensíveis, mas, também, como âmago reflexivo fundamental para serem filosoficamente articulados todos os conteúdos e conceitos que escapam à forja do pensamento escrupulosamente dedutivo. Dando sequência analítica a tal imperativo e recorrendo quer aos textos filosóficos quer aos textos literários do enciclopedista, os autores dos capítulos deste volume mostram-nos os vários pontos de intercessão da vida do pensamento com as suas dimensões materiais e sensíveis, assim como as principais consequências que daí resultam para a configuração das formas de organização social. Em muitos casos, o retorno ao sensível, promovido por Diderot, significa tanto a ênfase posta na emancipação da e pela arte quanto a imprescindível crítica do ideário social do seu tempo e da sociedade moderna em geral. Os pressupostos materialistas da filosofia diderotiana, tantas vezes equivocamente dissecados, são, nesse sentido primeiro, correlatos inevitáveis das várias funções reflexivas e críticas exercidas pela inclusão da sensibilidade nos modos de articulação das vivências subjectivas e intersubjectivas. Logo, no conceito de “matéria” encontra-se já a indelével marca do conceito de “sensibilidade” ou, se assim se preferir, o sensível é o terminus a quo da inteligibilidade do material. (shrink)

Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Carlos Castaneda’s books and his New Age shamanistic religion raise, beyond the controversy regarding the counterfeit character of his ethnographic narrative and charlatanism, several methodological problems. Educated within the emerging paradigm of emic studies and ethnomethodoly of the 1960s, Castaneda used it in order to set a very clever methodological (...) trap: Can an ethnologist and historian of religions discard a religious movement on account that its initiator is a charlatan or, at best, an enlightened or self-deluded individual? In order to tackle this dilemma, in this article I successively rally several methods and hermeneutics: reader-response theory, phenomenological anthropology, ethnomethodology and emic studies, psychoanalysis, fictional worlds theory, and “make believe / make belief” theatrical theory. (shrink)

In this book, authors from a wide interdisciplinary spectrum discuss the issue of care. The book covers both philosophical and therapeutic studies and contains a three-pronged approach to discussing the concepts of care: vulnerability, otherness, and therapy. Above all, it is a matter of combining, in a plural form, a path with multiple theoretical and conceptual bifurcations, but which always point to an observation of society from the perspective of human vulnerability.

Verificou-se que, embora haja uma série de publicações contextualizando o pensamento de Rousseau no debate contemporâneo sobre a filosofia ambiental, a participação de seu pensamento é ainda diminuta. Relacionaram-se então alguns conceitos fundamentais da ecologia radical contemporânea com a filosofia rousseauniana. Constatou-se que ambos procedem a uma crítica radical do antropocentrismo, propondo, como alternativa, um ecocentrismo. Concentrou-se no conceito de “valor intrínseco” da natureza e suas implicações éticas no relacionamento entre homem e ambiente. No caso de Rousseau essa relação se (...) desenvolve por meio de uma profunda análise das paixões amor-de-si e amor-próprio. Constatou-se que tanto a ecologia radical como Rousseau não acreditam na possibilidade de uma volta ao estado de natureza, porém é possível recuperar a experiência feliz da ligação com a totalidade da vida, que esse estado proporcionava aos homens. A recuperação somente pode ocorrer em outro registro, em meio à civilização e à tecnologia. Mostrou-se a importância da estratégia rousseauniana nessa questão ao propor a expansão do amor-próprio até uma dimensão de totalidade, recuperando dessa forma a possibilidade de uma vida feliz e significativa. Entretanto, tanto Rousseau como os partidários da ecologia radical consideram as dificuldades em se realizar tanto a experiência da totalidade como da vida ética na relação entre homem e natureza, dada as condições da contemporaneidade. (shrink)

O tema de fundo do artigo é o dos regimes políticos em Espinosa. O objetivo é o de analisar, no interior deste tema mais amplo, o da distribuição da potência entre os membros do corpo político como critério comum aos regimes. A questão dos regimes, em Espinosa, não passa apenas pela definição do número dos que governam. Um rol de conceitos - homem como potência, afetos, multidão, imperium, entre outros - deve ser levado em conta para tratar da clássica questão.

In a first approach, “caring” can be understood as a way of articulating time in full agreement with the need of others. Therefore, and thanks to care, we profit with the access to a peculiar consciousness of time which transcends the practical time of caring and simultaneously fosters and frames our own perception of time itself. Nevertheless, we know that in several care institutions there is a kind of “economic time” which is necessary both to the meeting with the most (...) urgent needs as to fill the scarcity of the available resources. The time of institutionalized care is, above all, measured by the spatial conditions and possibilities as well as by the individuals who daily dwell and struggle in between such factors. The institutionalization of care practices tends to arouse an apparent primacy of space over time. Hospitals, nursing homes, day-care centers for children, recovery centers, among others, are now more likely than ever to fill the lack of time of individuals. Therefore, space is also a material reaction both to the lack of time and to the consciousness of time, especially boosted by those who abandon their loved ones. Based on these multiple articulations of time and space, I will try to show how the relational nature of care is transformed and gives rise to new ways of conceiving the idea of caring. (shrink)