L’encadrement aporétique est une méthode d’animation en Philosophie Pour Enfants et Adolescents basé sur la confrontation d’idées, et par là d’argumentations divergentes. Il s’agit d’inviter les jeunes à toucher aux limites de leur entendement en les amenant dans l’impasse générée par les mises en contradiction de leurs opinions, les mises en opposition de leurs explications, les mises en demeure de leurs certitudes. Ce qui est pensé est remis en question, du seul fait qu’une autre manière de le penser existe. La (...) cohabitation de ses variétés de pensées engendre la nécessité de parfaire la réflexion et d’approfondir le raisonnement. L’aporie se conçoit alors comme un moyen de contrainte privilégié permettant la progression de la pensée. Il s’agit ici, dans un premier temps, de présenter les fondements théoriques d’un tel encadrement philosophique basé sur l’aporie, et dans un second temps, d’exposer sa praticabilité. (shrink)

Professeur Finkelstein avait posée la question, pourquoi, bien que leurs réalisations scientifiques et leur scientifique approche soient similaires, Bernard était beaucoup plus connu dans son pays, France, et à son époque, que Bois-Reymond en Allemagne? Une question similaire a été posée au sujet du pourquoi Darwin est connu pour la théorie de l'évolution, tandis que Wallace a été remis en arrière-fond dans leur temps et dans l'histoire. Selon Finkelstein, la cause de la differences entre Bois-Reymond et Bernard, peut être trouvée (...) dans la culture et la place de la science dans l'œil public en France contre les memes choses en Allemagne. C'est-à-dire, la rhétorique de la science a été plus respectée en France qu'en Allemagne, ce que Finkelstein a soutenu avec persuasion et éloquence. (shrink)

Dr André Berge : médecin et psychanalyste, est directeur médical du Centre psycho-pédagogique Claude Bernard. Les données traditionnelles, toutes les valeurs, tous les principes sont discutés et sans cesse remis en cause. Et pourtant, personne ne saurait échapper à la nécessité d’adopter dans l’existence une ligne de conduite — c’est-à-dire une morale — sous peine de sombrer dans l’incohérence. Mais l’homme, s’il a besoin d’une morale, n’en est pas moins enclin à l’utiliser pour s’écraser lui-même et tend parfois à (...) transformer cet instrument en une arme qu’il lui arrive de retourner contre sa propre personne. C’est cela qu’il s’agit d’empêcher. Ce que veut établir cet ouvrage, ce sont les bases d’une morale psychologique tendant à remédier au désarroi des esprits et à contribuer à l’avènement d’un nouvel humanisme. (shrink)

The inconclusiveness of previous research on the association between gender diverse boards and corporate social performance has led us to revisit the question in light of stakeholder management and institutional theories. Given that corporate social responsibility is a multidimensional concept, we test the influence of GDB on various groups of stakeholders. By considering the interaction between stakeholders’ power and directors’ personal motivations toward the prioritization of stakeholders’ claims, we find that GDB are positively related to CSR dimensions that are related (...) to less powerful stakeholders such as the environment, contractors, and the community. However, GDB do not appear to have a significant impact on CSR dimensions that are associated with stakeholders who benefit from more institutionalized power, such as employees and customers. (shrink)

We investigate the nature of the sense of presence that usually accompanies perceptual experience. We show that the notion of a sense of presence can be interpreted in two ways, corresponding to the sense that we are acquainted with an object, and the sense that the object is real. In this essay, we focus on the sense of reality. Drawing on several case studies such as derealization disorder, Parkinson’s disease and virtual reality, we argue that the sense of reality is (...) two-way independent from the spatial and sensory contents of experience. We suggest that the sense of reality is an affective experience akin to a metacognitive feeling. Finally, we present a potentially important implication of our account for the current debate between Intentionalism and Naïve Realism. Since perception is “opaque” with respect to the reality of what is perceived, Intentionalism cannot refer to the sense of reality as what differentiates perception from sensory-like experiences such as imaginings. In contrast, Naïve Realism has an independent explanation of the specificity of perception. (shrink)

We argue that thought insertion primarily involves a disruption of the sense of ownership for thoughts and that the lack of a sense of agency is but a consequence of this disruption. We defend the hypothesis that this disruption of the sense of ownership stems from a fail- ure in the online integration of the contextual information related to a thought, in partic- ular contextual information concerning the different causal factors that may be implicated in their production. Loss of unity (...) of consciousness, manifested by incoherent subjective experiences is a general phenomenal characteristic of schizophrenia. This loss of coherence has been hypothesized to reflect a generalized deficit of contextual information integration not conveyed by, but related to, a target event. This deficit is manifested across many cog- nitive domains. We argue that it is also manifested in the process of thinking itself, result- ing in causally decontextualized thoughts that are experienced as inserted thoughts. (shrink)

Résumé L’écriture, la peinture et la relation à l’architecture sont les trois points d’entrée de ce rappel de l’œuvre de Claude Rutault, au travers d’une mise en parallèle avec celle de Rémy Zaugg. Sur le mode du témoignage, Xavier Douroux revient sur l’histoire du Consortium et de sa coopération avec Claude Rutault, notamment sur les expériences de peinture « en architecture » à la villa Savoye de Le Corbusier, à l’agence de Dominique Perrault, au pavillon de Mies Van (...) der Rohe, et à l’ Éclat de folie de Bernard Tschumi. (shrink)

Guillaume d'Ockham fut l'initiateur principal d'une approche sémantique aux phénomènes cognitifs: la pensée, pour lui, est un discours intérieur et il propose de l'analyser systématiquement à travers les catégories de la grammaire et celles — surtout — de la théorie nouvelle des « propriétés des termes » . On examine ici comment cette suggestion fut reçue chez les philosophes anglais du temps d'Ockham, en particulier: Gauthier Chatton, Hugues Lawton, le Pseudo-Campsall, Crathorn, Robert Holkot et Adam Wodeham. William of Ockham initiated (...) a semantical approach to cognitive phenomena: thought, for him, is a mental discourse and he proposes to analyse this discourse systematically with the help of the categories of grammar and that of the relatively new theory of « the properties of terms » . What is studied here is the reception of this suggestion among English philosophers in Ockham's own time, notably: Walter Chatton, Hugh Lawton, the Pseudo-Campsall, Crathorn, Robert Holcot and Adam Wodeham. (shrink)

Blood coagulation is regulated through a complex network of biochemical reactions of blood factors. The main acting enzyme is thrombin whose propagation in blood plasma leads to fibrin clot formation. Spontaneous clot formation is normally controlled through the action of different plasma inhibitors, in particular, through the thrombin binding by antithrombin. In the current study we develop a mathematical model of clot formation both in quiescent plasma and in blood flow and determine the analytical conditions on the antithrombin concentration corresponding (...) to different regimes of blood coagulation. (shrink)

The French school of theoretical biology has been mainly initiated in Poitiers during the sixties by scientists like J. Besson, G. Bouligand, P. Gavaudan, M. P. Schützenberger and R. Thom, launching many new research domains on the fractal dimension, the combinatorial properties of the genetic code and related amino-acids as well as on the genetic regulation of the biological processes. Presently, the biological science knows that RNA molecules are often involved in the regulation of complex genetic networks as effectors, e.g., (...) activators, inhibitors or hybrids. Examples of such networks will be given showing that there exist RNA “relics” that have played an important role during evolution and have survived in many genomes, whose probability distribution of their sub-sequences is quantified by the Shannon entropy, and the robustness of the dynamics of the networks they regulate can be characterized by the Kolmogorov–Sinaï dynamic entropy and attractor entropy. (shrink)

Imagine that in entering a café, you are struck by the absence of Pierre, with whom you have an appointment. Or imagine that you realize that your keys are missing because they are not hanging from the usual ring-holder. What is the nature of these absence experiences? In this article, we discuss a recent view defended by Farennikova (2012) according to which we literally perceive absences of things in much the same way as we perceive present things. We criticize and (...) reject the perceptual interpretation of absence experiences but we also reject the cognitive view which reduces them to beliefs. We propose an intermediary, metacognitive account according to which absence experiences belong to a specific kind of affective experience, involving the feeling of surprise. (shrink)

Perceptual experiences have been construed either as representational mental states—Representationalism—or as direct mental relations to the external world—Disjunctivism. Both conceptions are critical reactions to the so-called ‘Argument from Hallucination’, according to which perceptions cannot be about the external world, since they are subjectively indiscriminable from other, hallucinatory experiences, which are about sense-data ormind-dependent entities. Representationalism agrees that perceptions and hallucinations share their most specific mental kind, but accounts for hallucinations as misrepresentations of the external world. According to Disjunctivism, the phenomenal (...) character of perceptions is exhausted by worldly objects and features, and thus must be different from the phenomenal character of hallucinations. Disjunctivism claims that subjective indiscriminability is not the result of a common experiential ground, but is because of our inability to discriminate, from the inside, hallucinations from perceptions. At first sight, Representationalism is more congenial to the way cognitive science deals with perception. However, empirically oriented revisions of Disjunctivism could be developed and tested by giving a metacognitive account of hallucinations. Two versions of this account can be formulated, depending on whether metacognition is understood as explicit metarepresentation or as implicit monitoring of first-order informational states. The first version faces serious objections, but the second is more promising, as it embodies a more realistic view of perceptual phenomenology as having both sensory and affective aspects. Affectbased phenomenology is constituted by various metacognitive feelings, such as the feeling of being perceptually confronted with the world itself, rather than with pictures or mere representations. (shrink)

In this paper I discuss an intriguing and relatively little studied symptomatic expression of schizophrenia known as experiences of activity in which patients form the delusion that they can control some external events by the sole means of their mind. I argue that experiences of activity result from patients being prone to aberrantly infer causal relations between unrelated events in a retrospective way owing to widespread predictive deficits. Moreover, I suggest that such deficits may, in addition, lead to an aberrant (...) intentional binding effect i.e., the subjective compression of the temporal interval between an intentional action and its external effects. In particular, it might be that patient’s thoughts are bound to the external events they aimed to control producing, arguably, a temporal contiguity between these two components. Such temporal contiguity would reinforce or sustain the feeling that the patient mind is directly causally efficient. (shrink)

Dans le récit d’Héraclide connu sous le nom de « Parabole de la Panégyrie », Pythagore répond ironiquement au tyran Léon qu’il n’a aucun savoir-faire (sophia) et qu’il se contente d’aimer ( philein) le savoir ( sophia), définissant ainsi la philo-sophia comme aspiration à la sophia entendue comme savoir supérieur et désintéressé. L’hypothèse d’une création de la Parabole à partir des oeuvres de la maturité de Platon est peu probante, car la thématique sophia/philo-sophia apparaît chez ce dernier dès les premiers (...) dialogues et la comparaison développée par Pythagore pour définir la philosophia se réfère au thème des « trois vies » qui est bien antérieur à Platon. Enfin l’importance de la philia et de la sophia chez les premiers pythagoriciens est une raison supplémentaire d’attribuer l’origine de la Parabole au pythagorisme ancien. (shrink)

We propose two theories, one generalizing the notion of regularity, the other symmetric to it. Under two additional axioms one obtains model completeness of both theories. Models of these theories can be viewed as rings of sections of sheaves whose stalks are valuation rings. Regular rings correspond to the special case where all stalks are trivial valuation rings, that is fields.

The view that infants possess a full-fledged propositional language-of-thought (LoT) is appealing, providing a unifying account for infants’ precocious reasoning skills in many domains. However, careful appraisal of empirical evidence suggests that there is still no convincing evidence that infants possess discrete representations of abstract relations, suggesting that infants’ LoT remains incomplete. Parallel arguments hold for perception.

Helvétius and the philosophy of happiness.--The player's illusion.--The beyond.--The question of free will.--The insurrection of the vertebrates.--The pessimism of Leopardi.--The colors of life.--The art of seeing.--The rivers of France.--The fall of days.--Insinuations.--Footprints on the sand.

Most studies of motifs of biological regulatory networks focus on the analysis of asymptotical behaviours, but transient properties are rarely addressed. In the line of our previous study devoted to isolated circuits 19:172–178, 2003), we consider chorded circuits, that are motifs made of an elementary positive or negative circuit with a chord, possibly a self-loop. We provide detailed descriptions of the boolean dynamics of chorded circuits versus isolated circuits, under the synchronous and asynchronous updating schemes within the logical formalism. To (...) this end, we address the description of the trajectories in the dynamics of isolated circuits with coding techniques and adapt them for chorded circuits. The use of the logical modeling gives access to mathematical tools allowing complete analytical analysis of basic yet important motifs. In particular, we show that whatever the chosen updating rule, the dynamics depends on a small number of parameters. (shrink)

The Tindemans report on the European union and the decision to organize direct elections for the European Parliament have been two important events in European afjairs in 1976. This article analyses the origins, developments and bearing of these two events.Although his mandate was initiated and encouraged at the highest level - that of the European heads of state -, Mr. Tindemans' attempt to propose concrete steps in order to achieve a real political union in Europe did not get through. It (...) received a rather cold reception from several states who opposed some of his proposals on different grounds.At the Conference of The Hague, Mr. Tindemans was able to get a formal support to his ideas, but no decision was taken to implement any of them.The decision to organize direct elections for the European Parliament, which can be seen as a concrete step toward the implementation of the long awaited European union, is facing the same kind of resistance at the national level. Although the Nine have all agreed to do everything possible to organize these elections in the spring of 1978, there are still unsolved problems which are both technical and political. Moreover, even if they are taking place, it is not at all sure that they will bring about substantive changes in the role and functions of the European Parliament. (shrink)

Sensory substitution devices make use of one substituting modality to get access to environmental information normally accessed through another modality . Based on behavioural and neuroimaging data, some authors have claimed that using a vision-substituting device results in visual perception. Reviewing these data, we contend that this claim is untenable. We argue that the kind of information processed by a SSD is metamodal, so that it can be accessed through any sensory modality and that the phenomenology associated with the use (...) of a SSD is best described in terms of spatial phenomenology, only. (shrink)

Essai sur la lecture du monde par la philosophie, à la lumière de la pensée de Martin Heidegger et Günther Anders, à travers des commentaires et réflexions suscitées par des images du photographe M. Koch. Electre 2018.

La désignation de risques comme problèmes publics ainsi que la sélection et la hiérarchisation de ces risques s’expliquent souvent de trois grandes façons : soit comme le résultat d’arbitrages opérés par les autorités publiques ; soit comme le résultat de confrontations entre « société civile » et autorités publiques ; soit encore comme le résultat de la manière dont de multiples acteurs définissent et construisent les problèmes. Une des questions qui se posent est celle du statut de ces explications mobilisées (...) par des acteurs et des chercheurs. Correspondent-elles à des modes d’analyses ou bien sont-elles avant tout des discours intégrant les contraintes rhétoriques propres à tout problème public faisant l’objet de nombreuses appropriations, comme c’est le cas aujourd’hui avec les risques collectifs ?The designation of risks as public problems as well as the selection and the grading of these risks are often explained in three great ways : either like the result of arbitrations operated by the public authorities ; either like the result of confrontations between « civil society », and public authorities ; or still as the result of the way in which multiple actors define and build the problems. One of the questions which arise is that of the status of these explanations mobilized by actors and researchers. Do they correspond to modes of analyses or are they above all speeches integrating the rhetorical constraints which are specific to any public problem being the subject of many appropriations, as it is the case today with collective risks ? (shrink)

Les traces matérielles du travail du bronze à Delphes sont quelques ratés de coulée (un garde- joue de casque, une situle, des pointes de flèche) et une valve de moule ; la coulée dans un moule en deux valves est attestée par quelques autres objets.