Quienes estiman el ensayo, para leerlo o escribirlo, no pueden sustraerse al sortilegio de un género que encierra infinitas posibilidades estéticas y literarias. Eugenio Montejo convierte sus reflexiones en torno al acto literario, sea como poeta o lector atento y acucioso, en un trabajo intelectual de buena factura lingüística. Su libro El taller blanco, publicado por primera vez hace algunos años por Fundarte y reeditado en 1996 por el Departamento de Publicaciones de la Universidad Metropolitana de México, recopila un conjunto (...) de ensayos que ejemplifican dominio estilístico y serena claridad lírica para abordar los temas literarios más disímiles. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta e discute a influência do cristianismo na obra do filósofo brasileiro Roberto Mangabeira Unger, que se apresenta como um herdeiro e continuador do que entende ser a ortodoxia ocidental. Inicia examinando a dupla consciência cristã representada nas interpretações de Nietzsche (tendo a questão do ressentimento como foco) e a de Unamuno (debruçada sobre o problema da agonia), ambas tomadas em seu sentido formador dos valores mais característicos da civilização ocidental. Em seguida, analisamos a maneira pela qual Unger (...) enxerga o desenvolvimento e a tradução do cristianismo na cultura romântica que desabrochou na modernidade europeia. E, na sua última parte, o texto reflete acerca da relação entre moral e política, tal como desdobrada, no pensamento de Unger, numa institucionalidade democrática específica. Concluímos que uma ordem sob o domínio do experimentalismo democrático melhor condiz com o potencial de realização da identidade do homem ocidental. (shrink)

Three philosophical attitudes in dialogue are suggested in answering the question posed by the Journal. An inviting, First Inner Voice undeerstands philosophy as a shareable theoretical task that can be explained and understood even across distant philosophical paradigms. A Second Inner Voice, sometimes termed in the dialogue as sceptic, distrusts any metaphilosophical definition of what philosophy is and what it should do, but would, nevertheless, aspire to retain a certain universalistic understanding of its own work, though it cannot be strongly (...) and conceptualy rendered. A Third Inner Voice, regarded in the text as somewhat Hegelian, insists in the unavoidability of strong philosophical definitions both in historical and in conceptual terms. No proposal or conclusion is forwarded regarding what should be done in contemporary philosophy, though an analysis of harm experiences is taken as an example of philosophical work. (shrink)

This article is a review and reflection of the new elements of rights and laws, applied to the principle of justice and sovereignty, but above all in the demonstration that law as a science once again allows us to conceive that as a science it evolves and must be modified according to the new conducts that the State and society require, such is the case of the constitutional recognition that this type of rights have. In the last decades, human beings (...) have evidenced that the way in which they interact with nature is causing serious consequences to the ecosystems that compose it. In the past, these consequences were not yet evident and, therefore, the environmental awareness that exists today did not exist. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and reflect on certain conditions of this right in Ecuador. (shrink)

Desde el surgimiento de la biopolítica esta ha ido evolucionando hacia unos planteamientos neoliberales y hacia la construcción de una ingeniería social a través de una agenda política donde el problema del cambio climático se encuentra muy presente. Este es un problema que ha movilizado a la comunidad científica. Gracias al progreso tecnológico se están planteando soluciones para frenar la degradación del planeta. Sin embargo, cada vez hay más artistas contemporáneos que a través de sus obras quieren difundir el asunto (...) medioambiental con el fin de contribuir a la sensibilización de la sociedad. (shrink)

Las actuales sociedades de mercado han dado lugar a situaciones de extrema desigualdad y descontento social, lo que constituye una de las principales causas de la actual crisis de la democracia en casi todos los países de Occidente, en especial en Latinoamérica. Debido a lo anterior, han vuelto a cobrar vigencia las tesis que desde un principio hicieron frente a la concepción liberal de la libertad y la democracia. En este ensayo se examinan brevemente estas corrientes “contraliberales” de la democracia (...) y se ponen en evidencia serios inconvenientes a los que pueden llevar por cuenta de uno de sus elementos esenciales: el cultivo de la virtud cívica de las personas y la identidad y responsabilidad con la sociedad que aquélla implica. (shrink)

This chapter draws parallels between Leopoldo Zea and Stanley Cavell's thought. It forms the basis of this argument in their thought on circumstantialism. Cavell and Zea both reflect on the American circumstance, a circumstance conditioned by the discovery, colonizations, and nationalization of Americas, together with the American people's heroic desire to connect, continuously and urgently, with themselves and their destiny as Americans.

This paper proposes to reflect from a semiotic perspective on the transformation that brands have undergone since the rise of the Internet. After a brief theoretical introduction to digital communication and the semiotics of brands, the case of the Google brand is analyzed by applying concepts of generative and interpretive semiotics. The paper holds that the iconic and linguistic enunciations are secondary with respect to interaction. In digital media interaction — the interactive experience that the Internet user lives — is (...) a fundamental component of the hypermedia cocktail and occupies a central position in the brand building process. The article concludes with some of the questions and special characteristics raised by so-called eBranding. (shrink)

El autor describe y comenta la obra literaria de Abraham Maimónides que ilustra con la traducción de dos escritos de Abraham, uno donde el hijo de Maimónides describe sus afanes literarios y otro donde defiende a su padre contra los ataques de los tradicionalistas. Importante es también el testimonio del historiógrafo Yosef Sambari sobre el hijo de Maimónides. En conjunto la obra de Abraham tiene una tendencia racionalista, heredada de su padre, pero con un sesgo de pietismo, que heredó de (...) la familia materna, y que se inspira en las corrientes sufistas islámicas. (shrink)

INTUIÇÕES DO POÉTICO. UMA POÉTICA PARA A EDUCAÇÃO.

Very often, phenomenology has been presented as opposed to structuralism. We aim to contest that opposition. We will argue that Husserl has influenced on structuralism in the early 20th century, and that phenomenolgy shows itself as a neither a global (trivial) nor a methodic struc-turalism. Indeed,..

I present different approaches to psychological causality usually neglected. The debate between mechanism and dualism in psychology has obscured other pluralistic philosophical positions. I begin by setting out Schopenhauer’s position, the "analogic" one, which includes, in a pluralistic view, diverse causations (mechanical, stimulate, and motive reasons) but with a monism of the will at the noumenal level. Then, I review other approaches in psychology and biological sciences: dialectical, constructivist and biosemiotics. All agree to see reality as plural and self-constituted. En (...) este trabajo presento distintos enfoques sobre la causalidad psicológica normalmente desatendidos. El debate entre mecanicismo y dualismo en la psicología ha oscurecido otras posiciones filosóficas pluralistas. Comienzo por exponer la postura "analógica" de Schopenhauer, que incluye -de forma pluralista- una diversidad de causaciones (mecánica, estimular y causalidad por motivos) pero con un monismo de la voluntad en el plano nouménico. Después reviso otros enfoques dialécticos en la psicología y en las ciencias biológicas: dialécticas, constructivistas y biosemióticas. Todos ellos coinciden en ver la realidad como plural y autoconstituida. (shrink)

After a personal and academic relationship, over twenty years here roughly trace a personal account of the significance of this relationship to me.

Este trabajo estudia la concentración de población inmigrante en un barrio marginal, en proceso de degradación, el cambio social que produce esta situación y las dificultades en la interacción social entre los diferentes grupos de población, divididos por el rechazo social y unas representaciones sociales negativas.This work studies immigrant population's concentration in a marginal neighborhood, in degradation process, the social change that produces this situation and the difficulties in the social interaction among the different population groups, divided by the social (...) rejection and some negative social representations. (shrink)

This paper addresses the meaning and importance of Alexandre Morujão’s work for the reception of husserlian phenomenology in the Portuguese university. It gives also an overall view of his philosophical activity and interests, either as a university professor and researcher, or as a translator of philosophical works. The paper tracks also some of philosophical influences, sometimes hidden in the author’s published works, such as the influence of the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gassett. Regarding phenomenology (and especially husserlian phenomenology), the paper (...) shows that Alexandre Morujão’s work tried to highlight the following three main themes: 1) the radical character of phenomenological attitude, as the science of origins and as a unitary theoretical connection of propositions grounded in ultimate evidences· 2) the ensuing radical awareness of the phenomenological Ego, not only as a pole of identity but above all as a set of habits, i.e. a series of synthesis passively persisting in his own personal life; 3) the relation of transcendental subjectivity to the life-world, as the world of intuition and immediate experience, and the ultimate ground of meaning. (shrink)

Shadows are intriguing phenomena. They do not have mass or energy. So, they are unable to have some basic characteristics of the objects of which they are shadows: they cannot move by themselves and they cannot experience the same kind of changes. At first sight, any theory of perception can skip this optical phenomenon or look at it only as a side-effect. Actually, in order to be seen objects must be illuminated and one of the consequences of this is that (...) they project a shadow over the surrounding space. Is that all? In this paper I will argue that, from a phenomenological point of view (or at least from a Husserlian oriented phenomenology), shadows, with their specific hyletic data, must be considered as an element of the process of constitution of spatial-temporal objectivities. In other words, shadows no less than other predicates, like extension or hardness, although in a different manner, belong to the a priori structure of those objectivities. This means that their ontological status is quite different from that of fictitious objects or hallucinations. To show this I will draw mainly in Husserl’s Lesson Thing and Space, from 1907, and other unpublished texts during Husserl’s lifetime, like the second volume of the Ideas and the Lesson of 1925 on Psychological Phenomenology. (shrink)

In this paper, I want to defend the proposal that one has to be a realist about the existence and causal efficacy of reasons if one wants to have rationally justified actions. On this basis, I will propose to understand intentional action in terms of justification alone, not in terms of justification plus causation. I shall argue that an action is intentional, under a certain description, if, and only if, it is justified, under that description, by the agent’s reasons. The (...) proposal recommends itself as being capable of solving the problem of wayward causal chains and is promising as a way of avoiding epiphenomenalism of mental properties. (shrink)

A indústria cultural tem nos aniversários mais diversos oportunidades de (auto) celebração com virtualidades cada vez mais exploradas. Neste caso interessa-nos a celebração dos 150 anos do nascimento de Freud, embora outros exemplos, à primeira vista até mais originais, fossem possíveis (como a ainda recente azáfama em torno dos 250 anos do terramoto de Lisboa). O que torna o caso dos 150 anos de Freud tão interessante é ver como em seu torno se procedeu à habitual evocação festiva, típica da...

Une épistémologie phénoménologique est nécessairement intéressée aux points de contact et de passage entre problèmes scientifiques et problèmes philosophiques. Il est instructif, dans cette perspective, de revenir sur un moment historiquement décisif, mais éminemment équivoque, encore porteur de prolongements et de retournements dont nous n’avons peut-être pas encore pris toute la mesure : l’énoncé du principe de Pauli. Le statut logique de cet énoncé est lui-même ambigu : règle technique, semi-empirique, postulat, principe ou théorème, etc. Pour le meilleur et le (...) pire, ce principe se trouve accouplé dès l’origine au problème de l’individuation en physique. Nous proposons de revenir sur quelques traits philosophiquement saillants des interprétations que Weyl et de Broglie proposent dudit « principe d’exclusion Pauli » (ou PEP). L’un et l’autre y voient l’occasion d’un approfondissement du principe d’individuation prévalant jusqu’alors dans la physique classique : l’espace. Weyl associe le PEP au principe leibnizien des indiscernables et tente de modéliser l’espace en jeu au moyen de la théorie des groupes. Les changements de position de Pauli lui-même à ce propos ne sont pas moins instructifs. La position de De Broglie sur ce principe est un marqueur de sa trajectoire : de la théorie audacieuse, et, équivoque, de « l’onde-pilote », jusqu’à celle dite de la « double solution », en passant par la période de rétractation consécutive au congrès de Solvay de 1927. Ce qui persiste d’un bout à l’autre, c’est un partage entre espace « réel » empirique et espace de configuration mathématique imaginaire. Chez l’un et l’autre, cette interprétation est ainsi indissociable d’un nouveau partage du subjectif et de l’objectif et d’une réflexion critique sur le principe traditionnel d’individuation qu’est l’espace (ou le temps physique) au profit d’une articulation toujours plus subtile et complexe entre l’espace de la phénoménalisation (de l’observation) et les « espaces » de la modélisation mathématique, en particulier les espaces des états possibles décrits dans le formalisme de la statistique quantique. (shrink)

In his autobiography, Skinner states that Walden Two was an anarchist society because no person was in control and the community was planned in such a way that institutions were not needed. Based on that statement, this article aims to evaluate an anarchist interpretation of Walden Two. The text is divided into 3 parts. The first part presents a definition of anarchism, covering its criticism of domination and a defense of self-managed society (anarchy). In the second part, some convergence points (...) of Walden Two and anarchism are indicated in 3 social spheres (economic, political, and cultural). The last part analyzes the divergences between the community described in Walden Two and an anarchist society, with an emphasis on the issue of Walden Two’s political inequality. It is concluded that the divergences between Walden Two and anarchism are decisive and prevent the community described in Skinner’s book from being classified as an anarchist one, and, therefore, they counter Skinner’s own statement. (shrink)