SOMMAIRE § 1. Une théorie de l?intentionnalité est-elle possible ? § 2. Se libérer d?une équivoque : l?intentionnalisme brentanien § 3. Le pros ti en tant que schème originaire de la référence inten­tionnelle. § 4. Immanence, inhérence, attribution § 5. La distinction entre contenu et objet : la dernière phase § 6. L?esprit et le monde.

Le but du présent essai est de montrer la différence entre la phénoménologie descriptive et la phénoménologie transcendantale en ce qui concerne la per­ception et la constitution du sens objectif de l’expérience. La conception générale qui anime notre travail peut être caractérisée comme « néo-brenta­nienne ». -/- Nous ne visons pas à une exposition complète de la théorie de la synthèse passive telle qu’elle est développée principalement dans le volume XI des Husserliana1. Notre but n’est pas de faire un résumé (...) de cette doc­trine2, mais d’en comprendre certains points critiques. -/- Ce que Husserl appelle « la sphère de la passivité » (der Sphäre der Passivität)3 est en fait un titre générique pour une série de problèmes particulièrement riches. Elle fait écho aux thèmes centraux de la phénoméno­logie husserlienne : la structure du remplissement, le rapport entre représen­tations vides et représentations intuitives, le rapport entre sens et intuition, la constitution de l’objet, la genèse de nos concepts et finalement le continu perceptif et son unité. Comme la passivité au sens qui nous intéresse re­couvre un champ plus large que les concepts de synthèse passive et d’inten­tion passive, nous nous bornerons à interroger seulement certains passages de l’œuvre husserlienne, notamment les recherches sur la constitution dans les Ideen II (Hua IV) et le cours sur les synthèses passives (Hua XI). Il faudra rappeler que, s’étendant de la VIe Recherche logique — le sensible et l’intel­ligible, le rapport entre la réceptivité et la spontanéité — et la découverte du concept de monde de la vie (Lebenswelt), la question de la passivité est, au fond, quelque chose qui traverse comme un fil conducteur toute l’œuvre de Husserl. Toutefois, malgré l’attention accordée par Husserl à la passivité de la conscience, nous voudrions suggérer dans ce travail que (1) son idée de la pensée humaine n’est rien d’autre que l’idée d’une expérience qui, en tant que remplissement du sens, est nécessairement liée à l’activité de l’esprit ; (2) et que cette idée n’est pas seulement une abstraction de ce que nous appelons « expérience », mais qu’elle empêche une véritable description des actes de conscience par rapport au réel, le réel n’étant jamais quelque chose que le sens peut saisir dans sa totalité4. Dans l’optique husserlienne, la raison présente une aspiration à l’unité5 que notre perception semble incapable de satisfaire. La transformation transcendantale de l’intentionnalité brentanienne implique une relation au réel telle qu’elle porte en elle, dans sa structure, un sens implicite. La possibilité de saisir ce sens « caché » dans les profondeurs des actes mentaux est précisément ce que nous allons mettre en question dans le présent essai. (shrink)

L’objectif du présent travail est de montrer que la reprise de la question catégoriale et de la dé nition du sens de l’être opérée par brentano manifeste la volonté de revenir sur les fondements de la métaphysique classique pour dé nir à nouveau le concept de réalité.

Rudolf Hermann Lotze (1817-1881) fut l'une des figures majeures de la philosophie allemande au XIXe siècle. Philosophe, logicien, psychologue, médecin, il a connu à son époque une renommée extraordinaire. Professeur de philosophie à l'Université de Göttingen, où il succéda à Herbart, il mena un parcours de recherche aussi original qu'influent. Entre romantisme et positivisme, entre naturalisme et historicisme, sa doctrine ne s'est jamais confondue avec les courants les plus importants de son époque. Admirée et suivie, autant en Allemagne qu'à l'étranger, (...) sa pensée fut ensuite, après sa mort, condamnée à l'oubli en raison de son supposé éclectisme méthodologique et, finalement, classée sous la rubrique ambiguë d'idéal-réalisme. Le legs de Lotze s'inscrit dans un rapport complexe à la phénoménologie, à la philosophie analytique naissante, au pragmatisme américain et au néokantisme allemand jusqu'à Heidegger. L'analyse de ce legs n'a cependant jamais bénéficié d'une réflexion critique capable d'en mesurer la portée et les limites. Par un travail d'évaluation historico-critique, ce volume se propose de combler cette lacune. (shrink)

O presente trabalho visa mostrar a diferença substancial entre o projeto de psicologia descritiva de Brentano e a fenomenologia transcendental de Husserl e seu impacto na filosofia contemporânea da consciência. Em particular, consideraremos a questão da autorreflexividade da primeira pessoa ou, em outras palavras, o problema da referência do deíctico “eu” do ponto de vista da fenomenologia. Duas teorias de nível único, a teoria da consciência pré-reflexiva e a teoria da autorrepresentação, serão analisadas bem como a relação entre a consciência (...) fenomênica e a intencionalidade. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage pionnier dans le domaine de la phénoménologie contemporaine présente l'avant-garde de la recherche sur l’histoire et la philosophie de l’action du point de vue de la première personne. Une étude incontournable pour toute personne travaillant dans cette tradition. This groundbreaking book in contemporary phenomenology offers the cutting-edge of research on both history and philosophy of action from the first-person point of view. An essential study for anyone working in this area.

Franz Brentano was a leading philosopher and psychologist of the nineteenth century. Indeed, the impact of his scholarship was so great that he became synonymous with a school of thought and a new approach in scientific philosophy. The Brentano School stood against the Idealistic and post-Kantian German tradition and Brentano played a crucial role in the founding of Austrian philosophy. He had an enormous impact on the work of Husserl and Heidegger, as well as on Moore’s _Ethics_ and Stout and (...) Russell’s analysis of mind. In particular, situated between the phenomenology movement and the analytic tradition, the concept of intentionality was redefined by Brentano and has been—and remains—a key concept of twentieth- and twentieth-first century philosophy of mind. But Brentano not only reshaped philosophy of mind; he was also a remarkable and innovative thinker in several other fields of philosophy, and recent debate in metaethics, metaphysics, and the history of analytic philosophy shows a strong resurgence of interest in Brentano’s thought. Published to coincide with the centenary of Brentano’s death, this four-volume collection, a new title from Routledge Major Works, provides an essential intellectual tool for the exegetical evaluation of all aspects of Brentano’s work. Bringing together early reviews and reactions from his contemporaries—many of which have never before been translated into English—as well as the best critical assessments of Brentano’s work, this ‘mini library’ provides Brentano scholars, historians of philosophy and psychology, and phenomenologists, with a rigorous historical appraisal of Brentano’s thought and influence. Brentano’s relationships with Husserl, Heidegger, and the phenomenological tradition are examined in depth, alongside investigations of key themes from his work on Aristotle, medieval and modern philosophy, philosophy of mind, logic, ontology, ethics, aesthetics, philosophy of religion, and the philosophy of history. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to amend some misunderstandings about Franz Brentano's thesis of intentionality, defending a different interpretation from the current one about the nature of intentional object and intentional correlate, and proposing an analysis of the origin of this conceptual confusion. The main problem lies in his student Anton Marty's interpretation of the immanent object, paving the way for an immanentist reading of Brentano's theory of intentionality.

Table of Contents 0. Introduction Part I. Life and mechanism 1. Guido Giglioni (Macerata) Scaliger Bacon Harvey: A Trajectory in the Early Modern History of Vegetative Life 2. Andreas Blank (Klagenfurt) Jacob Schegk on Plants, Medicaments, and the Question of Emergence 3. Oana Matei (Arad/Bucharest) Particles, universal spirit, and seeds: John Evelyn's theory of matter in Elysium Britannicum 4. Luca Tonetti (Bologna) Stimulus and fibre theory in Giorgio Baglivi’s medicine: A reassessment 5. Antonio Clericuzio (Roma Tre) ‘Febris non est morbus, (...) sed bellum contra morbum’. A study of seventeenth-century theories of fevers. 6. Riccardo Chiaradonna (Roma Tre) Plotinus and Ficino in Ralph Cudworth’s philosophy of nature 7. Raphaële Andrault (CNRS-ENS Lyon) The chain of motions and the chain of thoughts. The diachronic mechanism of Spinoza's friends. 8. Antonio M. Nunziante (Padova) Both Natural and Supernatural: Leibniz’s Integrated Model of Life 9. Marco Storni (Neuchâtel) Experience, Analogy and Mechanism in Maupertuis’s Theory of Generation 10. Cécilia Bognon-Küss (Louvain-La-Neuve) Intussusception, vital mechanisms and the ontology of life 11. Charles Wolfe (Toulouse) Expanded mechanism or heuristic vitalism? Part II. Mechanisms of the mind 12. Emanuela Scribano (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice) Powers of the Body and Eclipse of the Soul. From Descartes On 13. Ursula Renz (Graz) Shaftesbury’s Conception of Human Thought 14. Matteo Favaretti Camposampiero (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice) Psychology and Mechanism: Christian Wolff on the Soul-Body Analogy 15. Federico Boccaccini (Brasilia) Mental Machinery and active powers from Hartley to Ward 16. Paolo Pecere (Roma Tre) Mechanism, organization, mind: a Kantian legacy in 19th century psychology 17. Lydia Patton (Virginia Tech) Organic Memory and the Perils of Perigenesis: the Helmholtz-Hering Debate. (shrink)

RESUMEN El artículo reconstruye la concepción metodológica de Leibniz de finales del periodo parisino, que subyace al tratado Sobre la cuadratura aritmética del círculo, la elipse y la hipérbola (1676). Se muestra que Leibniz concibió un procedimiento en el cual el hallazgo de nuevos conocimientos de alguna manera coincide con su demostración, y en el que los procesos de análisis y síntesis se emplean de diversas maneras. ABSTRACT The article reconstructs Leibniz's methodological conception of the late Parisian period underlying the (...) treatise On the Arithmetical Squaring of the Circle, the Ellipse, and the Hyperbola (1676). It is shown that Leibniz conceived of a procedure where the finding of new knowledge somehow coincided with its demonstration and in which the processes of analysis and synthesis were employed in various ways. (shrink)

Resumen: En este trabajo examinaremos la evolución del tratamiento de la noción de “espacio” en los escritos de juventud de Leibniz. Distinguiremos tres momentos del desarrollo de esta noción. En un primer momento, consideraremos la concepción del espacio como un “lugar universal” que el filósofo de Leipzig presentó entre 1669 y 1671. En segundo lugar, abordaremos algunos escritos físicos de 1672 en los que introdujo el movimiento en la definición de cuerpo. Esto lo llevó a rechazar su concepción anterior del (...) espacio como “lugar universal”. En tercer lugar, consideraremos algunos textos redactados entre 1675 y 1676 en los que elaboró un examen de la noción de “espacio universal” que difiere de la concepción desarrollada en el periodo preparisino y que se vincula con el surgimiento de la noción de extensión como atributo de Dios.: In this paper we will examine the evolution of the treatment of the notion of “space” in the young Leibniz’s writings. We will distinguish three moments of the development of this notion. First, we will consider the conception of space as a “universal place” which the philosopher of Leipzig presented between 1669 and 1671. Then, we will examine some physical writings of 1672 in which he introduced motion in the definition of body. This led him to reject his previous conception of space as “universal place”. Third, we will consider some texts written between 1675 and 1676 in which he developed an exam of the notion of “universal space” which differs from the conception he held in the pre-Parisian period and which is related with the emergence of the notion of extension as an attribute of God. (shrink)

A Second level Master in “Clinical Bioethics Consultation” has been organized in Italy to offer an opportunity to offer an adequate training to carry out an ethics consultation in different health fields. The master has been promoted and realized by different institutions: Catholic University of Sacred Hearth in Rome, Insubria University in Varese, “Federico II” University in Naples, Lanza Foundation in Padua and the Local Health and Social Care Unit n.7 in Veneto Region. The aim of the master is (...) train ethics consultants to offer help regarding a correct decision, which will take by others. The choice must be as much as possible shared between patient, family and health care team. Ethics consultation can be primarily request by the physicians, nurses and health care staff such as support about a choice that wants to be the most appropriate and to clarify a dilemma between different options. Secondly an ethics consultation can be demand by the patient and the family members to find a clarification about their dilemmas and future choices. Also the administrative staff could ask the consultation, when it need to better explain ad example about a specific clinical case or a question concerned the health policy. (shrink)

We present a generalization of the problem of pattern recognition to arbitrary probabilistic models. This version deals with the problem of recognizing an individual pattern among a family of different species or classes of objects which obey probabilistic laws which do not comply with Kolmogorov’s axioms. We show that such a scenario accommodates many important examples, and in particular, we provide a rigorous definition of the classical and the quantum pattern recognition problems, respectively. Our framework allows for the introduction of (...) non-trivial correlations between the different species involved, opening the door to a new way of harnessing these physical resources for solving pattern recognition problems. Finally, we present some examples and discuss the computational complexity of the quantum pattern recognition problem, showing that the most important quantum computation algorithms can be described as non-Kolmogorovian pattern recognition problems. (shrink)

In the same days in which Albert Einstein was completing his formulation of the theory of general relativity, David Hilbert arrived to the same field equations following a different path and different mathematical procedures. In this article, both ways to get to the same formal result will be analyzed, together with the exchange of letters between the two scientists, underlining the two different, but extremely sharp, creativities.

Human cerebral organoids are three-dimensional biological cultures grown in the laboratory to mimic as closely as possible the cellular composition, structure, and function of the corresponding organ, the brain. For now, cerebral organoids lack blood vessels and other characteristics of the human brain, but are also capable of having coordinated electrical activity. They have been usefully employed for the study of several diseases and the development of the nervous system in unprecedented ways. Research on human cerebral organoids is proceeding at (...) a very fast pace and their complexity is bound to improve. This raises the question of whether cerebral organoids will also be able to develop the unique feature of the human brain, consciousness. If this is the case, some ethical issues would arise. In this article, we discuss the necessary neural correlates and constraints for the emergence of consciousness according to some of the most debated neuroscientific theories. Based on this, we consider what the moral status of a potentially conscious brain organoid might be, in light of ethical and ontological arguments. We conclude by proposing a precautionary principle and some leads for further investigation. In particular, we consider the outcomes of some very recent experiments as entities of a potential new kind. (shrink)