Traces the development of the integral and the differential calculus and related theories since ancient times.

The best things in my Ufe have come to me by accident and this book results from one such accident: my having the opportunity, out of the blue, to go to work as H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr. 's, research assistant at the Institute for the Medical Humanities in the University of Texas Medi cal Branch at Galveston, Texas, in 1974, on the recommendation of our teacher at the University of Texas at Austin, Irwin C. Lieb. During that summer Tris "lent" (...) me to Chester Bums, who has done important schol arly work over the years on the history of medical ethics. I was just finding out what bioethics was and Chester sent me to the rare book room of the Medical Branch Library to do some work on something called "medical deontology. " I discovered that this new field of bioethics had a history. This string of accidents continued, in 1975, when Warren Reich (who in 1979 made the excellent decisions to hire me to the faculty in bioethics at the Georgetown University School of Medicine and to persuade Andre Hellegers to appoint me to the Kennedy Institute of Ethics) took Tris Engelhardt's word for it that I could write on the history of modem medical ethics for Warren's major new project, the Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Warren then asked me to write on eighteenth-century British medical ethics. (shrink)

This book derives from a 1993 National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute on Knowledge, Teaching, and Wisdom. The Institute took place at the University of California, Berkeley, and was co-directed by Keith Lehrer and Nicholas D. Smith. The aims of the Institute were several: we sought to reintroduce wisdom as a topic of discussion among contemporary philosophers, to undertake an historical investigation of how and when and why it was that wisdom faded from philosophical view, and to ask how (...) contemporary epistemological theories might apply to the obviously related subjects of teaching and wisdom. In recruiting participants, Lehrer and Smith put the greatest emphasis on those with professional interests in epistemology and the history of philosophy, of the ancient Greeks especially ancient Greek philosophy (because in the writings all three subjects of the Institute were explicitly related and discussed). But in addition to these two groups, some effort was made also to include others, with academic specializations in a variety of fields other than epistemology and the history of philosophy, to ensure that a broad perspective could be achieved in our discussions. To an obvious extent, the papers in this book reflect the recruitment emphases and variety. They also testify to the extent that the Institute managed to bring life to our subjects, and to raise very old questions in a contemporary context. (shrink)

This perceptive study of John Case, teacher of philosophy at Oxford from the mid-1560s until his death in 1600 and author of expositions of Aristotle which became standard textbooks of the time, focuses on his intellectual and cultural milieu and reveals.

Joint attention has been extensively studied in the developmental literature because of overwhelming evidence that the ability to socially coordinate visual attention to an object is essential to healthy developmental outcomes, including language learning. The goal of this study was to understand the complex system of sensory-motor behaviors that may underlie the establishment of joint attention between parents and toddlers. In an experimental task, parents and toddlers played together with multiple toys. We objectively measured joint attention—and the sensory-motor behaviors that (...) underlie it—using a dual head-mounted eye-tracking system and frame-by-frame coding of manual actions. By tracking the momentary visual fixations and hand actions of each participant, we precisely determined just how often they fixated on the same object at the same time, the visual behaviors that preceded joint attention and manual behaviors that preceded and co-occurred with joint attention. We found that multiple sequential sensory-motor patterns lead to joint attention. In addition, there are developmental changes in this multi-pathway system evidenced as variations in strength among multiple routes. We propose that coordinated visual attention between parents and toddlers is primarily a sensory-motor behavior. Skill in achieving coordinated visual attention in social settings—like skills in other sensory-motor domains—emerges from multiple pathways to the same functional end. (shrink)

This volume reprints in a scholar's edition the first English-language texts on bioethics, John Gregory's (1724-1773) Observations on the Duties and Offices of a Physician and on the Method of Prosecuting Enquiries in Philosophy (London, 1770) and Lectures on the Duties and Qualifications of a Physician (London, 1772). Five previously unpublished manuscripts of Gregory's lectures are also included. An introduction places Gregory's medical ethics and philosophy of medicine in their eighteenth-century contexts of Scottish Enlightenment history and culture, Baconian science and (...) philosophy of medicine, medical practice, the feminine and feminist philosophy of the Bluestocking Circle, and moral sense philosophy, particularly David Hume's concept of sympathy, and provides a bibliography of primary and secondary sources as an aid to teaching and future scholarship. The book's index provides access to Gregory's texts, by using both historical terms and current terminology of bioethics. A volume in the subseries Classics of Medical Ethics. (shrink)

Leibniz's earliest philosophy and its importance for his mature philosophy have not been examined in detail, particularly in the level of detail that one can achieve by placing Leibniz's philosophy in the context of the sources for two of the most basic concerns of his philosophical career: his metaphysics of individuals and the principle oftheir individuation. In this book I provide for the first time a detailed examination of these two Leibnizian themes and trace its implications for how we should (...) interpret other major Leibnizian themes and for how we should read Leibniz and other philosophers of the sixteenth and later centuries as 'modem' philosophers. Leibniz began his philosophical career more than 300 years ago, a fact that shapes fundamentally my attempt in the pages that follow to come to terms now with the texts that he left us. Leibniz's did not do philosophy in a way wholly congenial to twentieth century philosophical methodologies, especially those that have enjoyed some prominence in recent Anglo-American philosophy. Moreover, as we shall see, Leibniz is not a modem philosopher, when 'modem' is understood to mean making a sharp break with medieval philosophy. Indeed, I shall argue, scholars should discard such terms as 'modem' from historical philosophical scholarship, so that old texts can be allowed to remain old - to stand on their own in and from times now long past. (shrink)

Katz (English, North Carolina State U.) examines the correlation between Reader Response Criticism and the philosophy of science engendered by the Copenhagen School of New Physics, and assesses the scientific empiricism that controls the parameters of reading and writing theory to look at the possibility of teaching reading and writing as "rhetorical music." He reinterprets Cicero's rhetorical theory in light of recent revisionist scholarship, and sketches a temporal model of affective response in reading and writing. Annotation copyright by Book News, (...) Inc., Portland, OR. (shrink)

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Der subjektive Faktor" verfügbar.

Why was Ivan Pavlevich Pavlov so widely celebrated in the decades after 1900? As his story of the 'freedom reflex' illustrates, Pavlov often overstated his observations. By calling all innate behaviour a reflex and all learned behaviour a conditional reflex, he meant to eliminate consciousness and volition from science. Pavlov's universal reflex explanation became the prototype for behaviourism.

Law (Philosophical concept); methodology.

There is a curious reluctance in many quarters to try to apply to the philosophical questions the ordinary person in the street is continually raising, the technique and results of recent logical and philosophical analysis. Ordinary persons like Uncle Tom and Aunt Mary persist in asking questions about the meaning of the Universe and the destiny of the individual. Yet, on the whole, the only answers that are offered come from those quarters that find themselves to-day increasingly out of tune (...) with the temper and idiom of the times and more and more out-manoeuvred by the “talkie” and the gossip columnist of the gutter press. This situation has certain unfortunate results, and consequently imposes on philosophical analysis a special function at the present time. (shrink)

تقومُ فكرةُ هذه الدِّراسة على الرَّبط بينَ القُدرة على اكتساب اللُّغة الثَّانية وطبيعة البيئة الَّتي تُستَخدَمُ فيها هذه اللُّغة. وينشُدُ الباحثُ تطبيقَ فكرتِهِ على نموذج تعليم العربيَّة للنَّاطقينَ بالتُّركيَّة، نظرًا لحاجة هؤلاء إلى استخدام العربيَّة في مُجتمعهم التُّركيّ. ولأنَّ تعليمَ اللُّغة العربيَّة يستدعي الوُقُوفَ على واقع استعمالِها، سواءٌ أكانَ هذا الاستعمالُ في بيئتها العربيَّة أم في بيئةٍ أخرى، فإنَّ هذه الدِّراسةَ تسعى إلى تقديم رؤيةٍ منهجيَّة لكيفيَّة بناء مُدوَّنةٍ لُغويَّةٍ مُتوازية [ثُنائيَّة اللُّغة] بينَ: التُّركيَّة والعربيَّة، ثُمَّ مُعالجة هذه الـمُدوَّنة لاستخلاص (...) المعارف الرَّئيسة من الـمُفرَدات والتَّراكيب [العربيَّة] الأكثر مُناسبَةً لبيئة الـمُتعلِّم [التُّركيَّة]، استرشادًا بمعايير الإطار الأوروبيّ المرجعيّ العامّ للُّغات (CEFR). وقد التزَمَت الدِّراسةُ المنهجَ الوصفيّ الَّذي يُعنى بدراسة الظَّواهر اللُّغويَّة والتَّعبير عنها كمًّا وكيفًا، على الصُّورة الَّتي تبدو عليها اللُّغةُ في الواقع، انطلاقًا من أدبيَّات لسانيَّات الـمُدوَّنة من ناحيةٍ واللِّسانيَّات التَّربويَّة من ناحيةٍ أخرى. وتهدفُ الدِّراسةُ إلى مُعالَجة الفجوة بينَ الـمُقرَّرات التَّعليميَّة للعربيَّة – بمُستوياتها الـمُختلفة – والبيئة [غَير العربيَّة] الَّتي يعيشُ فيها الـمُتعلِّم التُّركيّ؛ حيثُ يجدُ هذا الـمُتعلـمُ نفسَه مُضطرًّا إلى تعلُّم كثيرٍ من الـمُفرَدات والأساليب والتَّراكيب الَّتي قد تكونُ غريبةً أو نادرة الاستخدام في مُجتَمَعه، الأمر الَّذي ينعكسُ على قُدرته على مُمارسة اللُّغة والتَّمكُّن منها. وقد توصَّلَت الدِّراسةُ إلى جُملةٍ من النَّتائج، منها: تطوير مُدوَّنة لُغويَّة مُتوازية بينَ التُّركيَّة والعربيَّة ومُعالجة مادَّتها لغاية تعليم العربيَّة للنَّاطقينَ بالتُّركيَّة، وتقديم تصوُّر منهجيٍّ لكيفيَّة توظيف هذه الـمُدوَّنة في تعليم العربيَّة كلُغة ثانية، وطرح مُقاربة اقتصاديَّة تُساعدُ على الإفادة من الموارد التَّعليميَّة في توفير الوقت والجُهد الـمَبذُولَين في عمليَّتَي التَّعليم والتَّعلُّم. (shrink)

In physics, free will is debated mainly in regard to the observer-dependent effects. To eliminate them from quantum mechanics, superdeterminism postulates that the universe is a computation, and consciousness is an automaton. As a result, free will is impossible. Quantum no-go theorems tell us that the only natural phenomenon that might be able to account for every bit of freedom in the universe is quantum randomness. With randomness in Nature, the universe could not have been predetermined completely in the sense (...) that it should be impossible in principle to compute from the big bang or at any later moment whether live and conscious observers might or might not appear there. After all, superdeterminism comes to be either self-inconsistent by assuming randomness, at least, at the initial conditions of the big bang, or untestable and mysterious by pushing every bit of freedom in back to the prerequisites of the universe “designed” in the big bang. (shrink)